Civil Engineering Final Exam Review Fall 2024 PDF

CE-UY 1002 Introduction to Civil Engineering Final Exam Review Fall 2024 Topic #1 – Civil Engineering Sub-disciplines What is engineering? What is civil engineering? Civil engineering sub-disciplines ENVIRONMENTAL Water resources Structural Transpo...

CE-UY 1002 Introduction to Civil Engineering Final Exam Review Fall 2024 Topic #1 – Civil Engineering Sub-disciplines What is engineering? What is civil engineering? Civil engineering sub-disciplines ENVIRONMENTAL Water resources Structural Transportation Geotechnical Construction Urban systems/informatics Wednesday, December 11, 2024 2  What is Engineering? Each of these statements is true: Engineers use math and science principles to solve problems. Engineers design stuff. Engineering is the creative application of science, mathematical methods, and empirical evidence to the innovation, design, construction, and maintenance of structures, machines, materials, devices, systems, processes, and organizations. Engineering is the application of science to the optimum conversion of the resources of nature to the uses of humankind.  “The great liability of the engineer compared to men of other professions is that his works are out in the open where all can see them.... He cannot bury his mistakes... and hope people will forget. The engineer simply cannot deny he did it. If his works do not work, he is damned... To the engineer falls the job of clothing the bare bones of science with life, comfort, and hope.” President Herbert Hoover, 1954 (https://hooverpresidentialfoundation.org/speeches/engineering-as-a-profession/)  What is Civil Engineering? “the art and science of designing the infrastructure of a modern Civilized society” --www.discoverengineering.org (2002)  What is Infrastructure? Roads Bridges Mass transportation Airports Ports Waterways Water supply Waste treatment and disposal Energy supply Communications ???  CE Subdisciplines Structural Engineering Water Resources Engineering Environmental Engineering Transportation Engineering Geotechnical Engineering Construction Engineering Urban Systems/Informatics CE Subdisciplines Structural Engineering Water Resources Engineering Environmental Engineering Transportation Engineering Geotechnical Engineering Construction Engineering Urban Systems/Informatics  Structural Engineering Buildings – single family homes to skyscrapers Issues: Loads? Geometry? Materials?  Structural Engineering Bridges Tacoma Narrows, WA Brooklyn Bridge, NYC Verrazano Narrows, NYC Issues: Loads? Geometry? Materials? Hangzhou Bay Bridge, China Tower Bridge, London  Structural Engineering Stadiums/arenas Wembley Stadium Yankee Stadium Barclays Center The Colosseum Issues: Loads? Geometry? Materials?  Structural Engineering Dams New Croton Dam, NY Hoover Dam Issues: Loads? Geometry? Materials? Tarbela Dam, Pakistan  Structural Engineering Towers, oil drilling platforms Issues: Loads? Geometry? Materials?  Structural Engineering Retaining walls Issues: Loads? Geometry? Materials?  Water Resources Engineering Water supply systems Issues: Amt. available vs. amt. needed Water quality Collection and distribution  Water Resources Engineering Drainage systems Issues: Quantity Quality Pipe size, material Discharge location  Water Resources Engineering Stormwater detention/retention ponds Issues: Quantity – sizing requirements Quality – inlet and outlet Materials – manmade vs natural Discharge location  Water Resources Engineering Flood control structures New Orleans levees Issues: Quantity – flood predictions Hydraulic forces  Water Resources Engineering Coastal protection Issues: Shoreline sediment transport Sea level rise  Environmental Engineering Clean water supply Issues: Water quality standards Physical and chemical treatment  Environmental Engineering Wastewater management Newtown Creek WWTP, NYC Issues: Physical, chemical and biological treatment Water recycling Discharge of treated water PFAS in biosolids  Environmental Engineering Air pollution control Issues: Types of air pollutants Treatment processes Transport of air pollutants  Environmental Engineering Solid waste disposal Issues: Transport of waste Leachate – contaminated water Methane production and capture Alternatives to landfills  Environmental Engineering Groundwater remediation Issues: Groundwater flow Behavior of different contaminants Alternative remediation techniques  Environmental Engineering Alternative energy sources biofuel solar wind Issues: Research and development; micro turbine Economics fuel cell  Transportation Engineering Highways and road networks Issues: Capacity Alignment Multi-modal use Pavement design  Transportation Engineering Railways Chicago Rail Yard Issues: Subways, commuter rail, freight Horizontal and vertical alignment Station location  Transportation Engineering Airports Heydar Aliyev, Azerbaijan Issues: Capacity Layout Runway design Hartsfield Jackson, Atlanta  Transportation Engineering Parking facilities Issues: Capacity Layout Traffic flow  Transportation Engineering Traffic control and signal systems Issues: Capacity and flow control Automated systems Driver psychology  Geotechnical Engineering Foundation design Issues: Design load Subsurface formations Corrosive conditions Superstructure type https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Point-of-zero-bearing-pressure-lying-outside-of-shear-perimeter_fig1_282634214  Geotechnical Engineering Slope stability analysis Issues: Geometry Location of water table Subsurface materials Subsurface layering  Geotechnical Engineering Construction dewatering Issues: Location of water table Depth of foundation Water disposal plan  Geotechnical Engineering Site remediation Issues: Groundwater flow Behavior of different contaminants Alternative remediation techniques  Geotechnical Engineering Landfill design Issues: Slope stability Liner design Cap design  Construction Engineering & Management ISSUES: design management cost estimating and control scheduling building information modeling contract administration construction management material and equipment procurement quality control temporary structures SAFETY!  Urban Systems/Informatics Big Data The Internet of Things Interdisciplinary Urban Problems Issues: Pop. growth Cybersecurity AI/new tech Topic #2 – Effective teams Good characteristics Bad characteristics Commitment Floundering Flexibility Overbearing participants Engagement Dominating participants Reliability/responsibility Reluctant participants Active listening Unquestioned acceptance of Open communication opinions as facts Willing helpers Rush to accomplishment Respectful Attribution Problem solvers Discounts and ‘plops’ Recognition of own Wanderlust shortcomings Feuding team members Wednesday, December 11, 2024 3 INTRODUCTION Every organization relies on effective teams to drive it toward success. But what does being a team player really mean? Yes, these individuals perform well within a team, but if we break that down, what components make someone an effective team player? GOOD CHARACTERISTIC #1: THEY ARE COMMITTED TO THE TEAM Committed team players give their time and energy to someone or something they believe in. However, genuine commitment is much more than that. Team players who are genuinely committed do so without any expectation of return, conditions, or rewards, and support the team’s goals 100%. Have each other’s back.  Narrowing the list… Do any challenges we’ve mentioned appear more than once? That is, do any of the challenges we’ve mentioned threaten multiple CE subdisciplines? economics 1111 politics 111 population 11111 labor cybersecurity 1 natural resources 11111 climate change 111111111 maintenance 11 safety 1111 sustainability 11111111 resilience 11111  Wrapping up… So, what does this mean? What are some things that we (everyone) should be doing now? What are some things that we (engineers/ engineering students) should be doing now?  Homework Some of you may believe that we should have settled on a different greatest future challenge. If so… Tell me what you believe the greatest future challenge is. Explain why. Support your position with data/information found in the scientific/popular literature. This will require you to do independent research outside of class. If you agree with the greatest future challenge that we chose, refer to item #2 above. I want AT LEAST 500 words. This is an individual assignment. GOOD CHARACTERISTIC #2: THEY ARE FLEXIBLE We can’t always predict when changes are going to happen, much less prepare for them. That’s why flexibility is so important. Flexible team players have learned to view change as an opportunity to benefit the company, the team, or their career rather than thinking, “Why are we doing this? Things are fine like they’ve always been.” A change mindset is more than good, it’s necessary GOOD CHARACTERISTIC #3: THEY ARE ENGAGED It’s a good thing to get involved and be proactive. Great team players ask questions for clarity and understanding and contribute where they can. When all team members are actively engaged, the workload is lighter and more enjoyable for all. GOOD CHARACTERISTIC #4: THEY ARE RELIABLE AND RESPONSIBLE An excellent team player completes tasks in order of priority, not necessarily in order that they’re given. When they aren’t sure of what should take priority, they ask their manager. As a reliable and responsible team player, you should be able to manage your time effectively, be prepared for meetings, and be trusted to work on your own without constant supervision. Your manager and teammates will feel like they can rely on you for help and support whenever needed. Just get stuff done. GOOD CHARACTERISTIC #5: THEY LISTEN ACTIVELY You are a team player only if you respectfully consider the viewpoints and ideas of other people as well. Active listening is harder than you think. When you hear someone saying something you don’t agree with, listen to understand, not answer. Consider what they’re saying and more importantly, why they believe that. Be present. GOOD CHARACTERISTIC #6: THEY COMMUNICATE WITH THEIR TEAM Open communication is key on a team, and good team players actively work to keep other team members informed. No one likes to be blind-sided. When team members share information and everyone is on the same page, it could be the difference between the success and failure of a project. Team members who are informed are more likely to trust you, stay engaged, and are more motivated to reciprocate. GOOD CHARACTERISTIC #7: THEY LEND A HELPING HAND Look for opportunities to help your team members grow. For example, if a member of your team is having trouble with a technology tool that is easy for you, offer to sit down with them and show them what you know. A word of caution: your passion may be confusing and come across as condescending to the other person. Remember to be genuine and courteous. GOOD CHARACTERISTIC #8: THEY ARE RESPECTFUL It is important to be self-aware of how you treat others. Respect is earned over a long period of time, but can be lost in a moment. An ideal team player knows how to have fun but would never do it at someone else’s expense. You earn the respect of your co-workers a lot more quickly by expressing genuine interest in them rather than trying to make them interested in you. Understanding incivility GOOD CHARACTERISTIC #9: THEY ARE PROBLEM SOLVERS It is easy for everyone to point out problems; however, there is no reason why you can’t offer solutions yourself. Your teammates will appreciate your skills, which can also help you earn respect more quickly. Just get stuff done (again). GOOD CHARACTERISTIC #10: THEY RECOGNIZE AND ACKNOWLEDGE WHEN THEY ARE WRONG A good team player will back off an idea when it becomes clear it’s not the right path. Acknowledge what went wrong, or won’t work, and don’t be a stubborn stick in the mud; rather, focus on what’s important and keep moving forward. Admit it quickly and emphatically Topic #3 – Greatest CivEngr challenges of the future We thought about this in terms of each sub-discipline What are some important steps that average people can take today to address the challenge(s)? What are some important steps that civil engineers (and civil engineering students) can take today to address the challenges? Wednesday, December 11, 2024 4  Where do we begin? Well, first…maybe we should define “greatest” in this context How would you define it? Time sensitive – most pressing Most impactful of how we live Most labor intensive Most severe if challenge not met Hardest to solve Most subdisciplines involved  GREATEST…for each subdiscipline Structural Engineering Water Resources Engineering Environmental Engineering Transportation Engineering Geotechnical Engineering Construction Engineering Urban Systems/Informatics  GREATEST…for STRUCTURAL Recall: Buildings, bridges, dams, towers, etc. Greatest future challenges Materials – new ones and more of them Land availability Resilience Rising sea levels (climate change) Sustainability Maintenance of existing structures Economics  GREATEST…for WATER RESOURCES Recall: Water supply, flood control, coastal protection, etc. Greatest future challenges Combine sewer overflow (CSO) Pollution Groundwater depletion Rising sea levels (climate change) Recovery efforts from natural disasters Declining birth rate Desalination Economics Physical build up of water systems Equitable access to clean water  GREATEST…for ENVIRONMENTAL Recall: Water/wastewater treatment, air pollution, alt. energy, etc. Greatest future challenges Politics – government policy PFAS Waste disposal/treatment Electric grid stability New energy sources Cybersecurity Population growth economics  GREATEST…for TRANSPORTATION Recall: Highways, railways, airports, traffic control, etc. Greatest future challenges Overpopulation/congestion Traffic management – time inefficiency Urban sprawl Project-related disaster/loss of life Sustainability New tech Increased demand Maintenance of existing stuff Energy efficiency Economics Space requirements  GREATEST…for GEOTECHNICAL Recall: Foundations, slope stability, site remediation, etc. Greatest future challenges Rising sea level (climate change) Natural disasters PFAS remediation Groundwater depletion/contamination Work around existing infrastructure Ecosystem preservation  GREATEST…for CONSTRUCTION Recall: Management, scheduling, quality control, etc. Greatest future challenges Regulations Safety Labor force Seasonal constraints to construction projects (climate change) Economics Updating infrastructure w/o uprooting people Population shifts (impact on necessity of certain projects) Zoning (and landmarks) Sustainability Demand forecasting Materials Scale-ability Time management  GREATEST…for URBAN SYSTEMS Recall: Enhancing the quality of urban life Greatest future challenges Cybersecurity Population Public transportation Communication Safety Zoning/recreation areas (work-life balance) Affordability (housing/fuel/…) Building efficiency Topic #4 – Professional licensure National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES) Why become a professional engineer (PE)? Gain societal trust Opportunities Compensation NCEES model law What does it mean to “practice” engineering? What are the licensure requirements? ABET FE and PE exams Wednesday, December 11, 2024 5 The Vision of the National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES) is to provide leadership in professional licensure of engineers and surveyors through excellence in uniform laws, licensing standards, and professional ethics in order to safeguard the health, safety, and welfare of the public and to shape the future of professional licensure. The Mission of NCEES is to advance licensure for engineers and surveyors in order to safeguard the health, safety, and welfare of the public. https://ncees.org/wp-content/uploads/Model_Law_2021_web-2.pdf Why become a professional engineer? Full disclosure: I AM NOT A PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER! First and foremost, engineers need the trust of society. Licensure plays a role in achieving that trust. There are opportunities: Only about 20% of today’s practicing engineers are licensed. Many employers desire licensed candidates. Compensation: Professional engineers often earn considerably more than their unlicensed peers. https://ncees.org/wp-content/uploads/Model_Law_2021_web-2.pdf  69 engineering and surveying licensing boards from all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. https://ncees.org/about/#:~:text=The%20Council's%20members%20are%20the,%2C%20Northeast%2C%20Southern%2C%20Western. NCEES Model Law The NCEES Model Law sets forth broad ideas about the regulation of engineering and surveying licensure. https://ncees.org/wp-content/uploads/Model_Law_2021_web-2.pdf NCEES Model Law Practice of Engineering – The term “Practice of Engineering” shall mean any service or creative work requiring engineering education, training, and experience in the application of engineering principles and the interpretation of engineering data to engineering activities that potentially impact the health, safety, and welfare of the public. https://ncees.org/wp-content/uploads/Model_Law_2021_web-2.pdf NCEES Model Law The services may include, but not be limited to, providing planning, studies, designs, design coordination, drawings, specifications, and other technical submissions; teaching engineering design courses; performing surveying that is incidental to the practice of engineering; and reviewing construction or other design products for the purposes of monitoring compliance with drawings and specifications related to engineered works. https://ncees.org/wp-content/uploads/Model_Law_2021_web-2.pdf NCEES Model Law An individual shall be construed to practice engineering if he or she does any of the following: a. Practices any discipline of the profession of engineering or holds himself or herself out as able and entitled to practice any discipline of engineering b. Represents himself or herself to be a professional engineer by verbal claim, sign, advertisement, letterhead, or card or in any other way c. Through the use of some other title, implies that he or she is a professional engineer under this Act. https://ncees.org/wp-content/uploads/Model_Law_2021_web-2.pdf New York Consolidated Laws, Education Law (EDN) CHAPTER 16, TITLE 8, ARTICLE 145 §7201. Definition of practice of engineering. The practice of the profession of engineering is defined as performing professional service such as consultation, investigation, evaluation, planning, design or supervision of construction or operation in connection with any utilities, structures, buildings, machines, equipment, processes, works, or projects wherein the safeguarding of life, health and property is concerned, when such service or work requires the application of engineering principles and data. https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/EDN/7201  New York Consolidated Laws, Education Law (EDN) CHAPTER 16, TITLE 8, ARTICLE 145 §7206. Requirements for a license as a professional engineer. To qualify for a license as a professional engineer an applicant shall fulfill the following requirements: 1. Application: file an application with the department; 2. Education: have received an education, including a bachelor's or higher degree based on a program in engineering, in accordance with the commissioner's regulations; https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/EDN/7206  New York Consolidated Laws, Education Law (EDN) CHAPTER 16, TITLE 8, ARTICLE 145 §7206. Requirements for a license as a professional engineer. 1. Experience: have at least four years in work satisfactory to the board, provided that the board may accept study beyond the bachelor's degree in partial fulfillment of this requirement; 2. Examination: pass an examination satisfactory to the board and in accordance with the commissioner's regulations; https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/EDN/7206  New York Consolidated Laws, Education Law (EDN) CHAPTER 16, TITLE 8, ARTICLE 145 §7206. Requirements for a license as a professional engineer. 1. Age: be at least twenty-one years of age; 2. Citizenship or immigration status: be a United States citizen or an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence in the United States; 3. Character: be of good moral character as determined by the department; and 4. Fees: pay a fee of.... https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/EDN/7206 Education ABET Engineering Accreditation Commission (EAC) Accreditation; or NCEES Engineering Education Standard https://ncees.org/engineering/ncees-engineering- education-standard/ Examinations Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) CIVIL CBT Exam Specifications Effective Beginning July 2020 The FE exam is a computer-based test (CBT). It is closed book with an electronic reference. Examinees have 6 hours to complete the exam, which contains 110 questions. The 6-hour time also includes a tutorial and an optional scheduled break. The FE exam uses both the International System of Units (SI) and the U.S. Customary System (USCS). https://ncees.org/engineering/fe/  Examinations Principles and Practice of Engineering (PE) Exam Civil: Construction Civil: Geotechnical Civil: Structural Civil: Transportation Civil: Water Resources and Environmental The PE Civil exam includes multiple-choice questions as well as alternative item types (AITs). https://ncees.org/engineering/pe/civil-cbt/ Topic #5 – Engineering ethics Why study engineering ethics? Engineer’s impact on modern life Development of moral autonomy Protect PUBLIC HEALTH AND SAFETY Ethical theories Utilitarianism, Duty ethics, Rights ethics, Virtue ethics Be aware of your professional responsibilities and the pitfalls NSPE Code of Ethics Preamble, Fundamental canons, Rules of practice, Professional obligations Wednesday, December 11, 2024 6 PRESENTATION OVERVIEW Why study ethics? Class lists three reasons Four ethical theories Utilitarianism Duty Rights Virtue Whatare your ethical responsibilities as an engineer? 2 WHY STUDY ETHICS? Nosingle profession impacts modern life as completely as engineering Cars/roads/bridges Medical devices/prosthetics Drinking water Electronic devices/internet/social media It is imperative that engineers understand the enormity of their roles in society 3 WHY STUDY ETHICS? Develop moral autonomy Develop the ability to think critically and independently about moral issues Learn to apply moral thinking to situations that arise in professional engineering practice Develop awareness of professional responsibilities as engineers to protect public health and safety 4 WHY STUDY ETHICS? Personal ethics: how we treat others in our day- to-day lives Professionalethics: involves choices on an organizational level rather than a personal level Relationships between two corporations, between a corporation and the government, or between corporations and groups of individuals 5 ETHICAL THEORIES Ethical theories are prescriptive, i.e., they define. That is, they define what we ought to do and how we ought to behave from a moral perspective, as opposed to an economic, religious, or political viewpoint Morality refers generally to actual principles of conduct practiced by individuals or groups Ethicaltheories differ according to what is held to be the most important moral concept 6 ETHICAL THEORIES Utilitarianism Duty ethics Rights ethics Virtue ethics 7 UTILITARIANISM (JEREMY BENTHAM) 1748- 1832 Onlyhappiness is good in itself (intrinsic good); everything else is good only as a means to happiness Actions should produce the most good (most happiness) for the most people Moralityof an action determined solely through an assessment of its consequences Majordrawback: it fails to take into account considerations of justice Example – The unhappiness of minority groups is acceptable as long as the majority is happy 8 DUTY ETHICS (IMMANUEL KANT) 1724- 1804 Themorality of an action is based on the action's adherence to a rule or set of rules Rules bind one to his duties Value the good will: the intention to do one’s duty (instead of happiness as the only intrinsic good) Duties can be consistently adopted as a guide for action Majordrawback: It’s not always clear how to rank duties Example – Atomic bombs were dropped in Japan to end WW2 (the duty). 12 American POWs were killed, not to 9 mention tens of thousands of Japanese citizens. What RIGHTS ETHICS (JOHN 1632- LOCKE) 1704 Obligations arise because humans have rights Other creatures? Can they think/reason? Can they suffer? People have fundamental rights that others have duty to protect Rightsto life, liberty, and property generated by one’s labor Problem:emphasis on individual may be at the expense of community Example: Previous WW2 scenario in reverse 10 VIRTUE ETHICS (DAVID 1711- HUME) 1776 Actions are right if they support good character traits (virtues) and wrong if they support bad character traits (vices) Virtuesare acquired habits that enable us to engage in rational activities – activities that define us as human beings (Aristotle) Morality is related not to action but to virtue Problem: Which activities, exactly, are virtuous? Who among us is virtuous? 11 WHAT ARE YOUR ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITIES? Concern for public safety Technical competence Honesty, integrity 12 POTENTIAL ETHICAL DILEMMAS Data integrity and representation Trade secrets and industrial espionage Gift giving and bribery Principle of informed consent Conflict of interest Accountability to clients and customers Fair treatment 13 WHY HAVE A CODE (MACRO)? There has been a dramatic increase in the ethical expectations of businesses and professions over the past 10-20 years. Increasingly, customers, clients, and employees are deliberately seeking out those who define the basic ground rules of their operations on a day to day basis. Why do you think these types of organizations are being sought out? Any examples of businesses you won’t support due to ethics? 15 WHY HAVE A CODE (MACRO, 2)? “A profession’s ethical standards must be compatible with our common morality, but they go beyond our common morality. You could say that they interpret our common morality for the specific details of work of a particular occupational group.” Vivian Weil, PhD, Director of the Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions, Illinois Institute of Technology 16 WHY HAVE A CODE (MICRO)? To define accepted/acceptable behaviors To promote high standards of practice To provide a benchmark for members to use for self evaluation Toestablish a framework for professional behavior and responsibilities To serve as a mark of occupational identity and maturity 17 NATIONAL SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS (NSPE) CODE OF ENGINEERING ETHICS Preamble: introductory statement of purpose Fundamental Canons: basic criteria by which engineers are judged Rules of Practice: specific guidelines that support and clarify the canons ProfessionalObligations: day-to-day activities that engineers should conduct (or avoid) 18 OTHER CODES – MEDICAL ETHICS I. A physician shall be dedicated to providing competent medical care, with compassion and respect for human dignity and rights. VI. A physician shall, in the provision of appropriate patient care, except in emergencies, be free to choose whom to serve, with whom to associate, and the environment in which to provide medical care. responsibility patient , regard to the patient as paramount - 19 OTHER CODES – AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION A lawyer, as a member of the legal profession, is a representative of clients, an officer of the legal system, and a public citizen having special responsibility for the quality of justice. In all professional functions, a lawyer should be competent, prompt, and diligent. A lawyer’s conduct should conform to the requirements of the law, both in professional service to clients and in the lawyer’s business and personal affairs. 20  OTHER CODES – POLICE OFFICERS A police officer acts as an official representative of the government; [s]he is required and trusted to work within the law. A police officer performs all duties impartially, without favor, affection, or ill will, and without regard to status, sex, race, religion, political belief or aspiration. A police officer uses responsibly the discretion vested in the position and exercises it within the law. A police officer never employs unnecessary force or violence and uses only such force in the discharge of duty as is reasonable in all circumstances. A police officer does not engage in acts of corruption or bribery, nor does an officer condone such acts by other police officers. 21  OTHER CODES – AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF UNIVERSITY PROFESSORS [The primary responsibility of professors is to]…seek and to state the truth as they see it. To this end, professors devote their energies to developing and improving their scholarly competence. As teachers, professors encourage the free pursuit of learning in their students. As colleagues, professors have obligations that derive from common membership in the community of scholars. As members of an academic institution, professors seek above all to be effective teachers and scholars. As member of their community, professors have the rights and obligations of other citizens. 22 Topic #6 – ASCE Report Card American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) grades national/state infrastructure every four years Infrastructure categories Aviation (D+), Bridges (C), Broadband (no grade) Dams (D), Drinking water (C-), Energy (C-) Hazardous wastes (D+), Inland waterways (D+), Levees (D) Public parks (D+), Ports (D-), Rail (B) Roads (D), School (D+), Solid waste (C+) Stormwater (D), Transit (D-), Wastewater (D+) The nation has a number of serious deficiencies Wednesday, December 11, 2024 7  OVERVIEW Every four years, the American Society of Civil Engineers’ Report Card for America’s Infrastructure depicts the condition and performance of American infrastructure in the familiar form of a school report card - assigning letter grades based on the physical condition and needed investments for improvement. 10/29/2024 2  Lowlights There is a water main break every two minutes (approx. 6 billion gallons lost per day) How much is 6,000,000,000 gallons? 43% of public roadways are in poor or mediocre condition This number has not changed much over the years There are 10,000 miles of levees whose location and condition are unknown What is a levee? 10/29/2024 3  Infrastructure Categories 1. Aviation 10. Public parks 2. Bridges 11. Ports 3. Broadband 12. Rail 4. Dams 13. Roads 5. Drinking water 14. Schools 6. Energy 15. Solid waste 7. Hazardous waste 16. Stormwater 8. Inland waterways 17. Transit 9. Levees 18. Wastewater 10/29/2024 4  Aviation: D+ Overview Passenger travel (+24%); Number of flights (+5.2%) 96 million delay minutes for passengers (2019) Major findings Largest portion of investment is needed for terminal buildings Runway pavement mgmt. occurs on a 4-7 year cycle Post-pandemic: Air travel is more expensive and more air rage Ideas for RAISING THE GRADE Need plans to improve resilience to catastrophic events Need to invest in capacity enhancements to handle pre-Covid growth Need to increase federal funding Need to explore public-private partnerships to increase funding Need to support innovative technologies 10/29/2024 5  Bridges: C Overview Nearly 620,000 bridges across the US 42% are at least 50 years old; 7.5% considered structurally deficient Major findings Nearly 231,000 bridges in all 50 states need repair and preservation work The percentage of deficient bridges is decreasing every year…but very slowly Only 10% of bridges are posted for load Ideas for RAISING THE GRADE Need to increase funding from all levels of government Need to prioritize repair/preservation of bridges in “fair” condition Need to consider costs across total life cycle for bridges Need to raise the federal motor fuels tax Need to fund research into the use of innovative tech/materials/methods 10/29/2024 6  Broadband:No grade Overview The importance of broadband has increased exponentially Committee determined that there was too little info on the infrastructure for a grade Major findings 65% of counties have connection speeds lower than the FCC definition of broadband 20% of school-age children lack high-speed internet access Utility poles/towers managed by civil engineers will increasing host 5G receptors Ideas for RAISING THE (non)GRADE Need to ensure that updated location maps are developed in a timely fashion Need to develop plans to close the broadband gaps for underserved populations Need to plan for co-location of broadband with existing infrastructure Need to enact and enforce codes/standards for utility poles that support broadband 10/29/2024 7  Dams:D Overview 91,000 dams across the US Over the last 20 yrs, the number of high hazard potential dams has more than doubled There are currently 2300 high hazard potential dams Major findings The average age of our nation’s dams in 57 years Over half of US dams are privately owned 20% of high hazard potential dams do not have emergency plans Ideas for RAISING THE GRADE Need to fully fund the national dam rehabilitation and repair program Need to develop emergency action plans for all high hazard potential dams by 2025 Need to implement national public awareness campaign about dams Need to increase state funding for safety programs Need to encourage improved land use planning at the local level 10/29/2024 8  Drinking water: C- Overview Infrastructure includes 2.2 million miles of underground pipes 6 billion gallons of water lost each day from 2 water main breaks per minute The resilience of water utilities is improving (innovation and smart monitoring) Major findings Utilities replace 1 - 4.8% of pipelines annually (on average) 12,000 miles of pipes were replaced in 2020 Ideas for RAISING THE GRADE Need to triple the amount of annual appropriations Need to implement asset management tool, programs, techniques Need to implement smart technologies to increase resilience Need to increase federal and local support to train and retain next gen of workforce Need to develop and fund affordability programs 10/29/2024 9  Energy: C- Overview Over the past 4 years, outages have declined slightly Resilience is increasing, but weather remains an increasing threat Distribution infrastructure struggles with reliability Major findings Utilities are taking steps to strengthen the electric grid Transmission expenditures have grown over the last several years Ideas for RAISING THE GRADE Need to adopt a federal energy policy that provides clear direction Need to improve grid and pipeline reliability Need to consolidate federal, state, and local environmental reviews 10/29/2024 10  Hazardous waste: D+ Overview Approx. 35 million tons of hazardous materials managed annually in the US Mitigating effects of legacy sites where material was dumped illegally, remains difficult 1300 “Superfund” sites across the country where cleanup is incomplete/hasn’t begun Major findings 59 Superfund cleanup sites are home to renewable energy projects 60% of all non-federal hazardous sites are located in areas subject to flooding Brownfields redevelopment has an economic benefit of 17:1 Ideas for RAISING THE GRADE Need to increase funding for site remediation Need to address staff shortages, training gaps, and contract delays Need to accelerate and increase investment in PFAS research Need to increase funding to tribal programs Need to conduct further research on sustainable, cost-effective remedial approaches 10/29/2024 11  Inland waterways: D+ Overview One barge can move as many tons of goods/materials as 70 tractor trailers Lock and dam conditions have recently begun to improve Still, there is a $6.8 billion backlog in construction projects Major findings Delays due to infrastructure cost up to $740 per hour Inland waterways move nearly 830 million tons/yr cargo Ideas for RAISING THE GRADE Need to fund waterways projects at the authorized levels Need to develop and implement standardized measurements for system delays Need to increase amount spent on operations and maintenance 10/29/2024 12  Levees: D Overview 23 million people across the US live or work behind a levee $21 billion needed to improve/repair moderate to high-risk levees 10,000 miles of levees have unknown condition and/or location Major findings Nation’s levees are 50 years old on average 97% of levees are earthen embankments Levees protect 7 million buildings Ideas for RAISING THE GRADE Need to fully fund the National Levee Safety Program Need to enact zoning restrictions to limit the no. of communities built behind levees Need to increase education and outreach efforts for those who live behind levees Need to broadly utilize innovative technologies Need to increase the number of levees with an emergency action/flood warning plans 10/29/2024 13  Public parks: D+ Overview In 2022, people spent $1.1 trillion on outdoor recreation, supporting 4.3 million jobs Approx. 10 acres of public park land per 1000 residents State and local parks face a combined $66 billion maintenance backlog Major findings National park visits are 13% higher now than they were 10 years ago 60% of park funding comes from tax support Ideas for RAISING THE GRADE Need to fully fund the Great American Outdoors Act Need to enact legislation to permit agencies to retain user fees Need to encourage public-private partnerships with parks Need to improve accessibility Need to eliminate park deserts in disadvantaged communities 10/29/2024 14  Ports: D- Overview The nation’s 300 coastal/inland ports support 31 million jobs and 26% of total GDP There is a funding gap of over $12 billion for infrastructure Smaller ports are especially challenged Major findings Ports and port tenants will spend $163 billion on their own infrastructure (2021-2025) Ideas for RAISING THE GRADE Need to increase overall investment Need to adopt new technologies to improve efficiency Need to ensure the ports are part of disaster planning Need to ensure that smaller ports can compete for grants 10/29/2024 15  Rail: B Overview Two categories: 140,000 rail miles (freight) and 21,400 rail miles (passenger) Freight is in pretty good shape (direct shipper fees) Passenger rail requires government investment and is woefully underfunded Major findings Between 2017-2019, Amtrak spent $713 million on repair projects Approx. 2 million ton-miles per day transported on nation’s freight rail network Ideas for RAISING THE GRADE Need to improve the multimodal freight network Need to support private rail investment Need to encourage passenger rail infrastructure investment Need to reduce hazards at railway-roadway crossings 10/29/2024 16  Roads: D Overview 40% of the system is in mediocre or poor condition Motorist pay $1000 per year in wasted time and fuel 36,000 fatalities per year, with pedestrian fatalities rising Major findings Vehicle miles traveled on poor roads has increased Our nation’s highways move 72% of all goods deas for RAISING THE GRADE Need to focus resources on repairs Need to increase funding from all levels of government and the private sector Need to raise the federal motor fuels tax Need to develop state/local comprehensive transportation asset management plans Need to create dedicated federal investments to increase resilience 10/29/2024 17  Schools: D+ Overview There are approx. 100,000 public school buildings in the US Yet…no comprehensive national data on infrastructure Schools represent the 2nd largest sector of public infrastr. $ Major findings 53% of school districts are in need of significant repairs More than 1/3 of schools have portable buildings 40% of public schools do not have a long-term facilities plan Ideas for RAISING THE GRADE Need to encourage communication between US DoE and school districts for data Need to design new campuses with lowest net present value costs Need to implement comprehensive building condition assessments Need to explore alternative financing approaches 10/29/2024 18  Solid waste: C+ Overview The US produced 292 million tons of MSW in 2018 (4.5 lb/pers-day) 53% to landfills, 25% recycled, 10% composted, 13% combusted Transport/disposal of MSW funded and managed by the private sector Major findings Recycling rates are plateauing Emerging contaminants are being found in legacy landfills National avg. annual trash collection fee was $55/ton in 2019 Ideas for RAISING THE GRADE Need to pass legislation limiting the amount of packaging used in various industries Need to strengthen domestic markets for recycled material Need to support research into new technologies Need to encourage congress to consider PFAS as hazardous 10/29/2024 19  Stormwater: D Overview Stormwater runoff is rain/snowmelt that travels over impervious surfaces Stormwater infrastructure includes pipe systems, detention basins, ditches, and canals Stormwater may adversely affect drinking water quality (polluted runoff to rivers/lakes) Major findings There are approx. 3.5 million miles of storm sewers in the US There are approximately 270 million storm drains in the country Ideas for RAISING THE GRADE Need to develop a stormwater specific funding/financing program Need to develop a comprehensive education campaign for costs Need to consider climate change in every aspect Need to institute a fee structure that reflects true costs 10/29/2024 20  Transit: D- Overview 45% of Americans have no access to transit Much of the existing system is aging A significant amount of the system is in poor condition Major findings In 20 years, 52 new systems have opened Buses operate on 226,000 miles of streets and roads Commuter railways operate over 9200 miles Ideas for RAISING THE GRADE Need to encourage that transit is at the focus of how communities develop Need to increase investment from state and local governments Need to encourage the implementation of new technologies Need to apply asset management best practices 10/29/2024 21  Wastewater: D+ Overview There are 16,000 wastewater treatment plants in US 81% operate at their design capacity; 15% exceed it There’s an annual $80B capital infrastruct investment gap Major findings Approximately 80% of Americans rely on municipal wastewater treatment facilities The system includes over 800,000 miles of public and 500,000 miles of private sewers Treatment plants are designed with an average lifespan of 40-50 years Ideas for RAISING THE GRADE Need to encourage increased collaboration between researchers and utilities Need to expand regional and national funding mechanisms Need to consider the impacts of climate change in every decision Need to ensure that user fees cover the full cost of service 10/29/2024 22  Topic #8 – Engineering Problem Solving Five-step problem solving method 1) Identify and define the problem clearly and concisely. 2) Make a sketch or diagram of the system. 3) Select relevant theory and make appropriate simplifications/assumptions. 4) Solve the problem. 5) Check your answer to see if it is correct and verify results. Wednesday, December 11, 2024 8  2 5-Step Problem Solving Method 1. Identify and define the problem clearly and concisely. 2. Make a sketch or diagram of the system. 3. Select relevant theory and make appropriate simplifications/assumptions. 4. Solve the problem. 5. Check your answer to see if it is correct and verify results.  3 Example Problem 1 Estimate the volumetric flow rate of water in a 6-inch diameter pipe if the velocity in the pipe is 15.3 feet per second. Solution 1. Determine the volumetric flow rate in the pipe. v = velocity of flow = 15.3 ft/s D = pipe diameter = 6 inches 2. Draw a diagram  4 Example Problem 1 v = 15.3 ft/s v = 15.3 ft/s 6-in 3. Assume that the pipe is flowing full Area of a circle: A = D2/4 Continuity equation: Qv = A×v 4. Solve for the cross-sectional area of the pipe. 2 π (6in ) 2 ⎛ 1ft 2 ⎞ 2 A= = 28.27 in × ⎜ 2 ⎟ = 0.196 ft 4 ⎝ 144in ⎠  5 Example Problem 1 Solve for the volumetric flow rate. 5. Check answer by calculating velocity.  6 Example Problem 2 Estimate the concentration of PM2.5 in the air above Elizabeth, NJ if (1) the mixing height above the city is 1150 m, (2) the “width” of the city perpendicular to the wind is 8000 m, (3) the average annual wind speed is 3.5 m/s from the east, (4) the influent concentration of PM2.5 (from NYC) is 5 mg/m3, and (5) the amount of PM emitted/formed within Elizabeth’s city limits is 1x105 kg/yr.  7 Example Problem 3 A raw water source flows into a circular tank where it is treated. The required hydraulic residence time is 1 hr, and the influent flow rate is 100 gallons per minute. If the tank has a maximum height of 10 feet, what is the required diameter?  8 Example Problem 4 – UNITS!! Calculate the mass [mg] of hydrochloric acid (HCl) that must be diluted to a volume of 1.5 L to produce a concentration of 0.75 M. Note: AWH = 1 g/mol, AWCl = 35.45 g/mol  9 Homework See Brightspace for two problems Write NEATLY Submit as a pdf document Topic #9 – Intro to Env Engr DESIGN for environmental applications (air we breathe, water we drink, soil we grow our foods in) Emphasis on SUSTAINABILITY and HUMAN/ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH Sources, fate, transport, and control Problems are often complex and interrelated DIMENSIONS and UNITS Fundamental vs. Derived SI vs. USCS Important in Env Engr: Density (r), Flowrate (Qm, Qv), Concentration (C) Wednesday, December 11, 2024 9 * A Fundamental EVE - Smart Faucet Recognizes user (facial screening) Issue: - Delivers preferred temp, flow  * Another Fundamental EVE Issue: Calgary, Alberta NYC during Canada Canadian wildfires Rural India  *What is environmental engineering? *Well…engineers design stuff, right? * So, it follows that environmental engineers design stuff for use in an environmental context * This is true, but there’s so much more… *There’s an emphasis on sustainability * Meeting the needs of the present without compromising our ability to meet future needs *There’s an emphasis on human and environmental health * Digestive/respiratory diseases due to water/air * Climate impacts (droughts, floods, wildfires, tornadoes…)  *Key Concepts in EVE *Environmental engineering focuses on understanding sources, transport, fate, and control opportunities related to substances that contaminate air, water, and soil *All of this, with an eye toward: * Population growth * Equity/justice (the “haves” vs. the “have-nots”) * Existing technologies * Economics/Resources  *Examples SOURCE TRANSPORT FATE CONTROL Spreading oil Feathers, fur; BP Deepwater More oversight; WATER slick; Gulf Respiratory Horizon better planning currents problems, rash Agricultural run Cancer (?), Banned in 1972; DDT application Infertility (?) SOIL off alt. pesticides Lung Alternative fuels; AIR Automobiles Meteorology deposition electric cars *It’s much more complex, though Particles NOx, SOx Topic #10 – Conservation of mass Material produced Outputs Inputs Syste m Material Consumed Governing equation: AR = IR – OR + PR – CR (a differential equation) Steady state? If yes, then AR = 0 Conservative (inert) pollutant? If yes, then PR = CR = 0 Result is IR = OR, which is a simple algebra problem IR, OR terms are products of Qv and C Wednesday, December 11, 2024 10 Topic #11 – Drinking water The quality of drinking water has had a profound effect on health over the history of mankind Hydrologic cycle How much is available? How much do we use? How long will it last? Health risks: water-borne, water-contact, water-privation, water insect related, chemicals Acceptable daily intake (ADI) and Guideline values (GV) rooted in toxicology Interconnectedness of drinking water and wastewater Wednesday, December 11, 2024 11 Pure water in antiquity — 4000 BCE — Treatment methods (boiling, filtration) prescribed by Greeks to improve aesthetics — 1500 BCE — Pictures of purifying apparatuses on Egyptian walls (alum addition) — 400 BCE — Hippocrates discussed the link between water maintenance and health — 1st Century CE — Aqueducts and settling reservoirs developed/used More recently — 1854 — John Snow and cholera — 1892 — Robert Koch (Germany) identified filtration as mechanism to remove cholera-causing bacteria — 1908 — Introduction of chlorination — First municipal treatment: Jersey City, NJ — Significant reduction in deaths Hydrologic cycle More water facts and figures… — Daily per capita water requirement — 2-3 __________ liters per day — Number of people worldwide who do not have access to safe drinking water — 0.7 – 1.7 billion ____________ — ____ 33 % of all 80 % of all diseases and ____ deaths in developing countries result from consumption of contaminated water Human water usage (US estimates) — Personal use — Drinking, cooking, laundering, bathing, etc. 15 BGD — Total personal domestic usage: ________ — Industrial use — Manufacture of paper, petroleum, chemicals and metals 36 BGD — Total industrial usage: _________ — Irrigation (mostly agriculture) — 100 BGD Total usage: __________ — Other…including power generation — May be significant thermal pollution Health Risks — Water-borne diseases: result from ingestion of water containing pathogens — Examples: cholera, cryptosporidiosis — Water-privation diseases: result from insufficient quantity of water (hygiene) — Skin/eye infections, dysentery — Water-contact diseases: result from contact with organisms in water — Guinea worm disease, schistosomiasis Health Risks, continued — Water-insect related diseases: transmitted by insects using water supplies for habitat — Malaria, West Nile, Zika — Toxic chemicals: not all the risks are biological — Arsenic from minerals, nitrates from fertilizers, heavy metals from industries Health Risks, continued Acceptable daily intake (ADI) and guideline values (GV) for chemicals: %&!'( (*+ (&!'() !"# = Where, -. UF = uncertainty factor BW = body mass; 10, 40, or 70 kg P = portion of ADI allocated !"#×23×4 to drinking water /0 = C = daily drinking water 5 consumption (0.75, 1, 2 L) Health Risks, Example problem A recent series of toxicology studies on rats was conducted to examine the relationship between the onset of liver disease and the consumption of drinking water with elevated levels of arsenic. The-dose response curve shown on the following slide is estimated. Assume the following: UF = 10 and 75% of As exposure is from drinking water a) Determine the most conservative estimate for acceptable daily intake for As in drinking water, and b) Determine the guideline value Health Risks, Example problem 120 100 Response (cum% liver disease) 80 60 40 20 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 Dose [mg/kg-day] !" 01!23 0.20 #"$%&' !" !"# $%&' (%)&*+,-'.,* = = = 0.020 #"$%&' 45 10 !" !"#×=>×? 0.020#"$%&' 70BC 0.75 !" :; = = = 0.525($%&' @ 23  Urban Runoff Agricultural Runoff -Oil, Gasoline -Soil Erosion -Nitrogen -Nitrogen -Phosphorus -Phosphorus -Leaves -Animal wastes -Pesticides -Pesticides Nonpoint Sources River Point Sources Domestic Wastewater Discharge Industrial Wastewater Discharge -Suspended solids -Suspended solids -Organics -Organics -Phosphorus -Phosphorus -Oil & Grease -Nitrogen -Pathogens -Metals 15  Runoff from streets Wells Water Distribution System Storm sewers Water Treatment Plant Wastewater Collection System Raw Sewage Combined sewer system Deep Wastewater Well Treatment Injection Plant Wastewater Effluent River 16  Physical Parameters —Absorbance —Color —Solids —Taste and Odor —Temperature —Turbidity 17 Municipal drinking water treatment process Screen 18 Conclusion — Lack of access to clean drinking water is one of the top public health concerns (globally) — Developing world: several of the leading causes of death have a drinking water component — Developed world: problem is less severe, but illnesses and deaths happen every year — The problem isn’t going away — Population growth — Climate change — Our World in Data – Clean Water Topic #12 – Air pollution Components of our air pollution problem Emission sources (pollutants) Atmosphere (mixing) Receptors (health) Sources: anthropogenic vs biogenic; primary vs secondary Atmosphere 0 – 20 km: TROPOSPHERE (temp usually decreases with altitude) When temp INCREASES with altitude, have a TEMPERATURE INVERSION London smog episode of 1952 20 – 50 km: STRATOSPHERE (temp increases with altitude) This is the “ozone layer” UV radiation from sun is absorbed (a good thing!) Wednesday, December 11, 2024 12 Topic #12, continued – Air pollution Receptors Human health effects and environmental impacts (ecosystems) US trends in air pollutant concentrations Ozone (O3), NO2, particulate, SO2 all DECREASING Global trends Some good news, some bad Indoor air pollution We spend most of our time indoors (so, even if concentrations are low, we still run risks of illness) Sources: combustion, microorganisms/allergens, organic compounds, asbestos, ETS, radon Dominican Republic project Wednesday, December 11, 2024 13  From an environmental viewpoint, what’s the greatest threat to human health? Air quality? 6.5 million deaths/yr due to air quality (2.9 - 4.3 million/year due to indoor sources) Drinking water/sanitation? 0.8 - 1.8 million deaths/yr due to water-related disease Emerging infectious diseases? Overpopulation? 8.2 billion and counting  Basic components of our air pollution problem Pollutants Mixing, chemical (1) Emission (2) Atmosphere (3) Receptors trans sources Dilution Deposition Emission sources: - Anthropogenic (a) Transportation – gases and particles (b) Electric power generation – gases and particles (c) Refuse burning (incineration) – organic and inorganic trace metal species that can be toxic (d) Industrial processes – VOCs and trace metals - Biogenic (a) Plants and trees – organic gases (b) Soil emissions – “crustal” metal species (Ca, Al, Fe, Si) (c) Forest fires – particles and VOCs (d) Volcanoes – gases (sulfur compounds) and particles  Basic components of our air pollution problem Pollutants Mixing, chemical (1) Emission (2) Atmosphere (3) Receptors trans sources Dilution Deposition Emission sources: - Primary: directly emitted from source - Secondary: formed in atmosphere when primary pollutants mix Example categorizations: (i) NO2 that comes from cars/power plants (anthropogenic, primary) (ii) PM2.5 that comes from wildfires (biogenic, primary) (iii) O3 is secondary…anthropogenic or biogenic depends  Basic components of our air pollution problem Pollutants Mixing, chemical (1) Emission (2) Atmosphere (3) Receptors trans sources Dilution Deposition Atmosphere: In troposphere, temperature decreases with altitude at a rate of – 1 °C/100 m (in theory). Sometimes, however, the reality differs quite a bit from the theory. At the extreme, temperature may even INCREASE with altitude. This is BAD in terms of air pollution. This atmospheric condition is called a TEMPERATURE INVERSION. CASE STUDY: London Smog of 1952 Conditions Wintertime: it was cold and people were burning lots of coal to keep warm; lots of industrial activity, too In addition, this was only 7 years after WWII, and London was still rationing food and other items o There may have been slow political reaction, since the government (including Churchill, himself) were loathe to tell people to cut back on home heating) Temperature inversions are common in winter Daily mortality and concentrations 5-20 December: 4000 deaths “Delayed” (est): 8000 more Mostly babies, elderly and those with pre-existing condtitions  Ozone (O3) Basics A colorless gas (one double bond) – Protective in stratosphere (20-50 km) Biogenic – Toxic in troposphere (0-20 km) NO2 + VOCs + sunlight O3 Chest pains Coughing Throat irritation A major form of urban air pollution  Specific O3 Health Effects A strong irritant that restricts airways Aggravates respiratory disease (emphysema, bronchitis, asthma) Lung damage Wheezing, chest pain, headache, nausea Reduced resistance to infections Increased fatigue Reduced athletic performance Ozone Trends (US) 90%-ile 0.07 ppm 10%-ile  Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Basics A reactive form of NOx (a free radical) – Mostly anthropogenic Emitted when fossil fuels are combusted – A biogenic component, too Soils Oceans Exacerbates asthma Acid rain Health effects – Inflamed lining of lungs – Very problematic for asthmatics NO2 Trends (US) 100 ppb  Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Basics An important form of SOx Fossil fuel combustion Acid rain Human health effects – Asthma exacerbation – General respiratory trigger Environmental effects – Decreases growth of trees, plants – Reduces visibility; Acid rain SO2 Trends (US) 75 ppb  Particulate matter (PM) Basics Solid particles and liquid droplets found in air Wide size range PM10 – “Coarse,” although inhalable – Building/road construction PM2.5 – “Fine” – Combustion  PM Health Effects Short term exposure – Asthma attack, acute bronchitis – Increased susceptibility to respiratory infections – Exacerbates heart disease Long term exposure – Coughing, difficulty breathing – Decreased lung function – Irregular heartbeat – Premature death (heart disease, cancer) PM10 Trends (US) 150 mg/m3 PM2.5 Trends (US) 12 mg/m3  Worldwide Trends Things not necessarily improving in the rest of the world (particularly developing countries)… Global data (https://ourworldindata.org/air-pollution) Fact: There’s increasing interest in assessing and controlling AQ in residences and office buildings Why? 80-90% of an average person’s time is spent indoors, 5-7% in transit, and < 5% outdoors Urban populations and many susceptible groups (elderly, kids, sick) typically spend > 95% of their time indoors There are MANY sources of indoor air pollution Thus…EVEN IF INDOOR CONCENTRATIONS ARE RELATIVELY LOW, LONG EXPOSURE PERIODS MAKE INDOOR AQ VERY IMPORTANT Indoor Sources Products of combustion: CO, CO2, NOx, particles – Gas stoves/fireplaces or other gas appliances – Kerosene heaters or wood-burning stoves/fireplaces – Auto emissions enter homes from attached garage – Levels can be 2-7 times higher than the NAAQS Note: wood (as a fuel) is much “dirtier” than either oil or gas – Wood smoke contains ~100 different chemicals – 10-20 of which are known/suspected carcinogens Indoor Sources, wood smoke Indoor Sources, continued Microorganisms and allergens: fungal spores bacteria, animal dander, pollen, mold, dust mites, … – Can enter through problematic air handling system 1976 Legionnaire’s Disease outbreak in Philadelphia – Damp, natural fibers or paper products can produce a toxic fungus Indoor Sources, continued Organic compounds (including formaldehyde): common ingredients in many bldg. materials (plywood, particle board) – Very wide range of conc. levels within home (temp. dependent) – Associated health effects: headaches, dizziness, a suspected carcinogen; 10-20% of US population experiences some form of irritation due to HCHO exposure The resin used to hold layers/ chips together contains HCHO Indoor Sources, continued Asbestos fibers: a naturally-occurring silicone mineral used extensively as a building material until ~1980 Exposed workers have developed lung and GI tract cancers – Problematic only when fibers are “shedding” (minimal exposure typically); best to leave in place, otherwise Indoor Sources, continued Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS): “second-hand smoke” is probably the most significant source of indoor air pollution – 5000 compounds have been identified in cigarette smoke (many irritants and 20+ known carcinogens) – Wide range of concentrations – Highest source of particulate exposure for young children – Highest source of exposure to benzene (C6H6) indoors – Health effects Heart disease, cancer, stroke, depression, SIDS Indoor Sources, continued Radon: naturally-occurring radioactive gas – Rn-222 and decay products account for 55% of exposure to radiation – Some homes have [Rn] above remediation limits – Health impact uncertain (5000-20,000) lung cancer deaths per yr  Can the EPA save us? Short 60 Minutes video  Conclusions and Future Opportunities 1. 86% of homes burned wood indoors for cooking and home heating; 2. Average PM2.5 concentrations in kitchens ranged from 173-512 mg/m3 (6-8 hour measurement periods); 3. Peak 5-minute concentrations in kitchen ranged from 733-2097 mg/m3, which implies particulate exposures for women and children 60 times the (defunct) USEPA standard of 35 mg/m3 (nearly 200 times the current standard) 4. Significantly lower average (25 mg/m3) and peak 5-minute (194 mg/m3) concentrations observed in a home using an improved wood-burning stove (Lorena) 5. Future: Correlate spirometry test results to DustDuino measurements (Andrew Kelley’s work) LAB TOPICS! AutoCAD Review your notes and homework assignments Make sure that you remember and understand the commands and techniques you used GIS and Surveying Review your notes and homework assignments Pay special attention to the definition of terms Wednesday, December 11, 2024 14 FINAL EXAM SPECIFICS ALEC: Thurs, 12/19/2024, 1:00 – 3:00, 2 MetroTech 909 BLEC: Thurs, 12/19/2024, 1:00 – 3:00, 2 MetroTech 907 No books or written notes allowed Bring a printed copy of the “useful engineering information” provided on Day 1 (NOTHING HANDWRITTEN ON THE PAGES) You will write your name on your info sheets and turn them in or I WILL NOT GRADE YOUR EXAM 50 short-answer questions (mostly multiple choice) 20 from lecture, 15 from AutoCad, 15 from GIS/Surveying Wednesday, December 11, 2024 15