BIO 103 Final Exam Outline Fall 2024 PDF

**Review for BIO 103 Final Exam -- Test \#4** **Fall 2024** [Unit 1: Introduction] Levels of body organization Terminology Homeostasis -- negative & positive feedback mechanisms Organelles -- functions Organic molecules and building blocks Nucleic acids and protein synthesis Cell membrane:...

**Review for BIO 103 Final Exam -- Test \#4** **Fall 2024** [Unit 1: Introduction] Levels of body organization Terminology Homeostasis -- negative & positive feedback mechanisms Organelles -- functions Organic molecules and building blocks Nucleic acids and protein synthesis Cell membrane: structure, function Cell membrane specialization Cell division: mitosis vs miosis Membrane transport -- study thoroughly! [Unit \#2: Tissues & Skin] Endocrine vs. exocrine glands 4 main tissue types: know the structure and function of each Body membranes: serous, synovial, mucous, cutaneous Integumentary system -- classification and functions Vitamin D: sites of production, function/importance [Unit \#3: Skeletal System and Muscular System] Bone cells -- names and functions Composition of bone tissue Parts of long bone PTH/Calcitonin -- regulation of Ca++ homeostasis Bone names & parts (basic), function Axial vs appendicular skeleton Articulations - functional and structural classification of joints, know examples. [Muscular System] Functions 3 muscle tissue types: structure and function Organization of skeletal muscle: sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum, T-tubules Neuromuscular junction -- structure, sequence of events Resting membrane potential (RMP) Action potential -- definition, phases, ion transport across membrane during each phase of an AP Compare/contrast: local membrane potential and AP **[NEW for exam \#4]** Neurons and muscles are excitable cells Three phases of muscle contraction: excitation, excitation-contraction coupling, contraction Sarcoplasmic reticulum & T-tubules: function in muscle contraction Sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction Rigor mortis [Energy requirements for muscle contraction] Catabolic vs anabolic reactions Glycolysis: oxidation of glucose to pyruvate in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. 2ATP/1 glucose produced Creatine-P + ADP Creatine + ATP Complete oxidation of pyruvate to \[CO2 + H2O\] in mitochondria in aerobic conditions. 32 ATP/1 glucose produced Muscle twitch (contraction) Tetanus -- be able to explain Slow and fast contracting muscles [Unit \#4: Nervous System] Organization of Nervous System CNS and PNS Functions of nervous system Neurons vs. neuroglia Parts of neuron and their functions: dendrites, soma, axon, axon hillock, axonal terminal Classification of neurons Neuroglial cells - functions Afferent vs efferent (sensory vs. motor) divisions of the nervous system Myelinated vs unmyelinated axons -- rate of AP propagation CNS -- brain and spinal cord: white matter vs gray matter Resting membrane potential (RMP) -- definition, generation Depolarization/repolarization/hyperpolarization Action potential -- definition, generation, phases Na+/K+ pump of plasma membrane - function Ca++ pump of sarcoplasmic reticulum - function Saltatory (nodes of Ranvier) vs. continuous conduction of nerve impulse -- rate of AP propagation Synapses: electrical and chemical Brain and spinal cord -- structural organization: white matter and gray matter Brain: divisions of the brain; lobes and their functions CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) -- formation, location, functions Blood-brain barrier: structure and function PNS: sensory and motor divisions PNS: motor efferent division - somatic and autonomic divisions Cranial & spinal nerves -- according to lecture notes Sensation -- sensory receptors: receptor potential and AP Reflexes Somatic and autonomic nervous system (ANS) Autonomic nervous system: Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic divisions Sympathetic ganglia Neurotransmitters of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems: Ach (acetylcholine), Nor-Epinephrine Adrenal medulla and hormone Epinephrine Disorders: multiple sclerosis, dementia, Parkinson's, meningitis **Trigeminal Neuralgia, Bell's Palsy**