Final Exam Principles of X-ray Equipment 2024-2025 PDF

**FINAL EXAM FOR THE FIRST SEMESTER OF 2024 - 2025** **Course name/code:** Principles of X-ray Equipment -- Pract./ 0704217 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------ **Teacher:** Prof. Bassam Z. Shakhreet....

**FINAL EXAM FOR THE FIRST SEMESTER OF 2024 - 2025** **Course name/code:** Principles of X-ray Equipment -- Pract./ 0704217 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------ **Teacher:** Prof. Bassam Z. Shakhreet. **Date:** 09 Jan. 2025 **Exam Time:** 13:00 -- 14:00 **Day:** Thursday **Student Name:** **Student ID:** **\* Choose the correct answers and then transfer the answers to the attached answer form.** **Q1) What is the primary purpose of radiographic films in medicine?** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- -------------------------------------------------- a) To capture images for diagnosis. c) To enhance X-ray machines. b) To store patient data. d) To provide radiation therapy. **Q2) What is the primary function of the polyester base in radiographic film?** a) To increase the emulsion\'s X-ray sensitivity. c) To support the emulsion. b) To protect the protective layer from damage. d) To convert X-rays into light. **Q3)** **Which is NOT a type of radiographic film in the course?** a) Conventional Films. c) Digital Radiography. b) Thermographic Imaging. d) Screen-Film Radiography. **Q4)** **What is the primary role of intensifying screens in screen-film radiography?** a) Absorbs X-rays, converting them to gamma rays. c) Chemically processes film after exposure. b) Reduces exposure time and improves contrast. d) Captures X-ray images on a digital sensor. **Q5)** **What is the primary material used in intensifying screens?** a) Cellulose acetate. c) Polyester. b) Silver halide crystals. d) Phosphors, including rare earths. **Q6)** **What is the latent image in radiographic film?** a) The image produced by the developer solution. b) Invisible chemical changes in silver halide crystals after exposure. c) The image is stored on a digital sensor. d) The visible image formed after chemical processing. **Q7)** **What is the purpose of the fixer in radiographic film processing?** a) To dissolve unexposed silver halides, preserving the image. b) To convert silver halide crystals into metallic silver. c) To wash away excess developer chemicals. d) To increase the sensitivity of the film. **Q8)** **What is the typical thickness of the polyester base in radiographic films?** a) 12.7 µm. c) 2.5 µm. b) 203.2 mm. d) 0.18 mm. **Q9)** **What are mammographic films specifically designed for?** a) Industrial radiography applications. b) Fluoroscopic imaging of moving structures. c) High-contrast and spatial resolution imaging of breasts. d) Computed radiography systems. **Q10)** **What is the purpose of the protective layer in radiographic film?** a) To enhance the sensitivity to radiation. c) To absorb X-rays and convert them to light. b) To prevent mechanical damage to the emulsion. d) To increase the speed of the film. **Q11)** **What is the primary factor determining the sensitivity of radiographic films?** a) The thickness and grain size of the emulsion. c) The developer solution concentration. b) The type of fixer used. d) The type of intensifying screen used. **Q12) Which imaging technique uses photostimulable phosphor plates?** a) Direct radiography. c) Conventional radiography. b) Screen-film radiography. d) Computed radiography (CR). **Q13)** **What is the function of the adhesive layer in radiographic film?** a) To protect the emulsion. c) To bond the emulsion to the base. b) To convert X-rays to light. d) To increase the film\'s speed. **Q14) What is the relationship between the speed and sensitivity of a receptor?** a) Directly proportional. c) There is no relationship. b) Inversely proportional. d) They are equal. **Q15)** **How does the developer solution work in film processing?** a) Dissolves unexposed silver halide crystals. c) Increases the sensitivity of the film to X-rays. b) Converts silver halide crystals to metallic silver. d) Dries the film after processing. **Q16)** **What determines the color of light emitted by intensifying screens?** a) The type of phosphor compound used. c) The processing chemicals. b) The thickness of the screen. d) The X-ray energy used. **Q17)** **What is the role of the sensitivity speck in the emulsion?** a) Attracts free electrons from radiation exposure. c) Protects emulsion from light. b) Enhances adhesion between emulsion and base. d) Dissolves unexposed silver halides. **Q18)** **What is the fluorescence of intensifying screens?** a) Creation of a latent image. c) Chemical processing of the film. b) Conversion of X-ray energy into light. d) The film is dried after processing. **Q19)** **What is the effect of increasing the thickness of an intensifying screen?** a) Increased sharpness. c) Decreased absorption efficiency. b) Decreased film speed. d) Increased absorption efficiency. **Q20)** **Why is it important to match the spectral characteristics of the screen and film?** a) To enhance the contrast of the image. c) To reduce patient exposure. b) To optimize receptor sensitivity. d) To ensure proper film processing. **Q21)** **What is the primary advantage of using intensifying screens?** a) Increased image sharpness. c) Reduced patient radiation exposure. b) Elimination of the need for film processing. d) Simplified film handling. **Q22)** **What is optical density in radiographic film?** a) The thickness of the film. c) The amount of blackening on the film. b) The sensitivity of the film to X-rays. d) The contrast of the image. **Q23)** **Which of the following statements are TRUE?** a) The gamma of a film depends on the distribution and size of the AgBr crystals. b) The scattering of photons increases the radiation contrast. c) The amount of scatter produced decreases as the accelerating voltage increases. d) The threshold energy for pair production is 1.02 keV. **Q24)** **Referring to the Figure, choose the CORRECT answer.** a) \(3) is a protective layer. c) (1) is a polyester base. b) \(2) is emulsion layer. d) Both (a) and (c). **Q25)** **What is the optical density of a processed film region that transmits 20% of the incident light?** a) 1.301 c) 1.000 b) 1.699 d) 0.699 **Q26)** **An X-ray beam hits two adjacent regions, A (5 cm) and B (3 cm), with μ~A~ = 0.35 cm⁻¹ and μ~B~ = 0.4 cm⁻¹. Calculate the contrast in the primary image.** a) 0.5694 c) 0.2365 b) 1.8952 d) 1.0526 **Q27)** **What does it mean if Film 1 (F~1~) is darker than Film 2 (F~2~) after X-ray exposure?** a) Optical density (D~1~) **\>** Optical density (D~2~). b) Optical density (D~2~) **\>** Optical density (D~1~). c) Transmitted intensity (I~1~) **\>** Transmitted intensity (I~2~). d) Optical density (D~1~) = Optical density (D~2~). **Q28)** **This Figure represents a typical characteristic curve for an X-ray film. What is the active region of this curve?** a) Region (1). b) Region (2). c) Region (3). d) Both (a) and (c). **Q29)** **What is the TRUE sentence(s) from the graph?** a) Curve (1) has large Film gamma and slow emulsion. b) Curve (2) has large Film gamma and slow emulsion. c) Curve (1) has large Film gamma and fast emulsion. d) Curve (2) has a small Film gamma and fast emulsion. **Q30)** **What is dosimetry defined as?** a) Measurement of ionizing radiation doses to personnel. b) Measurement of the exposure time. c) Measurement of the strength of the applied shield. d) Both (a) and (b). **Q31)** **Which of the following is NOT a type of dosimeter?** a) Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL). c) Film badges. b) Thermoluminescent (TLD). d) Geiger-Mueller (GM). **Q32)** **Which of the following statements is NOT true?** a) Film badges measure occupational radiation exposure and energy. b) Film badges consist of a large piece of unique radiation-dosimetry film. c) Film badges are usually worn as a ring. d) Both (b) and (c). **Q33)** **What does the film badge measure the dose range for X-ray?** a) 0.1 mSv to 400 mSv. c) 0.05 mSv to 10 Sv. b) 0.1 mSv to 10 Sv. d) 100 µSv to 50 mSv. **Q34)** **Which of the following statements is TRUE?** a) Film Badges are not reusable, while TLDs are reusable. b) Film badges are not affected by heat, humidity, and light leaks. c) TLDs can be stored as a permanent record. d) TLDs are more sensitive to heat than film badges. **Q35)** **What crystal does a Thermoluminescent Dosimeter (TLD) contain?** a) LiF. c) LiNa. b) LiS. d) LiMg. **Q36)** **What materials make up the filters in an OSL dosimeter?** a) Aluminum, gold, and copper. b) Silver, tin, and copper. c) Copper, Aluminum, and tin. d) Copper only. **Q37)** **Why are OSLs used, especially when monitoring pregnant workers?** a) They are sensitive to about one mrem. b) They are sensitive to about five mrem. c) They are sensitive to about 15 mrem. d) They are sensitive to about 0.01 mrem. **Q38)** **What device uses an ionization chamber to measure exposure?** a) Scintillation dosimeter. c) Pocket dosimeter. b) Thermoluminescent Dosimeters. d) Semiconductor detector. **Q39)** **What does the device in the figure represent?** a) Scintillation detector. b) Geiger-Muller detector. c) Thermoluminescent Dosimeter. d) Pocket dosimeter. **Q40)** **What does the Geiger-Muller detector detect more efficiently?** a) Nuetron particle. c) Beta Particles. b) Ultraviolet radiation. d) Infrared rays. **Q41)** **In a pocket dosimeter, how does the fiber\'s charge change with more negative ions in the chamber?** a) Increases. c) Reduces. b) Does not change. d) There is no relation. **Q42)** **Based on the figure, which of the following sentences is CORRECT?** a) \(1) Aluminum Oxide, (2) Imaging filter, (3) Open Window, (4) Copper filter, (5) Tin Filter. b) (1) Copper filter, (2) Open Window, (3) Aluminum Oxide, (4) Tin Filter, (5) Imaging filter. c) \(1) Tin Filter, (2) Aluminum filter, (3) Oxide Copper, (4) Imaging filter, (5) Open Window. d) \(1) Open Window, (2) Copper filter, (3) Aluminum Oxide, (4) Imaging filter, (5) Tin Filter. **Q43)** **What is the annual public dose limit?** a) 20 mSv. c) 200 mSv. b) 1 mSv. d) 50 mSv. **Q44)** **Which of the following is a limitation of the Geiger-Muller detector?** a) It reveals nothing about the radiation\'s energy. c) It requires complex software. b) It cannot detect low-energy gamma rays. d) It cannot detect alpha particles. **Q45)** **What is the primary function of an Ionization Chamber-Type Survey Meter (Cutie Pie)?** a) To detect and measure radiation exposure rate. c) To measure the energy of radiation. b) To produce images of radiation sources. d) To calculate radiation half-life. **Q46)** **Which of the following types of radiation can be detected by a Cutie Pie?** a) Alpha particles. c) Neutron particles. b) Beta particles. d) Gamma rays and X-rays. **Q47) What is the typical exposure range for pocket chambers used in medical imaging?** a) 0 to 1.0 × 10⁻⁵ C/kg. c) 0 to 5.2 × 10⁻⁵ C/kg. b) 0 to 10 C/kg. d) 0 to 1 C/kg. **Q48)** **How does a pocket chamber measure radiation exposure?** a) By detecting light pulses produced by radiation. b) By measuring ionization produced by radiation inside the chamber. c) By measuring sound waves generated by radiation. d) By detecting changes in the temperature of the chamber. **Q49)** **Based on the figure below, which of the following sentences is CORRECT?** a) \(1) Eyepiece lens, (4) Ion chamber, (5) Charging contact pin, (6) Clip, and (8) Bellows. b) \(2) Scale, (3) Objective lens, (5) Ion chamber, (7) Moveable fiber, and (8) Charging contact pin. c) \(4) Ion chamber, (6) Clip, (7) Moveable fiber, (8) Charging contact pin. d) \(1) Objective lens, (2) Scale, (3) Eyepiece lens, (4) Ion chamber, and (5) Charging contact pin. **Q50)** **What is the primary measure for the whole-body dose limit in radiation protection?** a) Shallow-dose equivalent. c) Whole-body dose equivalent. b) Lens dose equivalent. d) Deep-dose equivalent. \*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\* Good Luck