Final Exam Anatomy PDF

**Final exam:** **CH1** - Define anatomy - Define physiology - Explain the importance of relationship between structure and function - Define six characteristics of life - Define homeostasis - Negative feedback - Positive feedback - Directional terms - Serous membrane...

**Final exam:** **CH1** - Define anatomy - Define physiology - Explain the importance of relationship between structure and function - Define six characteristics of life - Define homeostasis - Negative feedback - Positive feedback - Directional terms - Serous membranes **CH2** - Describe hoe the properties of water contribute to its physiological functions - Describe the pH scale and its relationship to acidic basic and neutral solutions **CH3** - Describe the nature of the plasma membrane in reference to passage of materials through it - List and explain the three ways that molecule and ions can pass through the plasma membrane - Diffusion - Osmosis - Hypotonic isotonic and hypertonic solutions - Endocytosis and exocytosis - Describe the structure and function of mitochondria - Describe the two steps process that result in gene expression - Explain the roles of DNA mRNA tRNA rRNA in the production of a protein - Apoptosis **CH4** - List the four primary tissue types - General characteristic of epithelial tissue - Exocrine and endocrine glands - List and describe the major functions of connective tissue - Characteristic functions of each type of connective tissue - Describe the general structure of each type of three of muscle tissues - Describe the structural and functional roles of neurons and glia in the nervous tissue - Muscus, serous, and synovial membrane **CH5** - Describe the structure of the epidermis - Major factors affecting skin color - Describe the structure of the dermis - Describe the structure if the subcutaneous tissue underlying the skin - List the glands of the skin and describe the secretion they produce - Explain how the skin acts as a sense organ - Discus the importance of the skin in temperature regulation Labeling: skin structure **CH6** - List the components of the skeletal system - Relate the importance of cartilage to the structure of skeletal system - Cartilage growth - List each type of bone cell - Explain the structural differences between compact and spongy bone - Classify bones according to their shape - Label the parts of a typical long bone - Endochondral ossification - Outline and explain the steps in bone repair Labeling: long bone, bone tissue **CH7** - Define the anatomical terms for bone features - List bone shapes - Name the bones of the skull - Describe the gridles that make up the appendicular skeleton - Major bones of the upper limb - Name the bones that make up the hip bone, distinguish between the female and male pelvis - Identify and describe the bones of the lower limb Labeling: posterior and anterior skeleton, skull **CH8** - Two systems for classifying joints - Fibrous joints - Cartilaginous joints - Synovial joint - Movements - Distinguish between rotation and circumduction **CH9** - Summarize the major characteristic of skeletal smooth and cardiac muscles - Describe the components of a muscle fiber - Types of Myofilaments - Illustrate the arrangement of myofilaments in a sarcomere - Sliding filament model - A band I band, and H zone change during contraction - Ion channels in the production of an action potential - Discuss the production of an action potential including depolarization and repolarization - State the-all-or-none principle as it pertains to action potentials - Describe the structure of neuromuscular junction - Cross bridge movement to muscle contraction - Conditions needed for muscle relaxation - Motor unit explain how force of contraction can be increased - How muscle tone is maintained - Describe four sources of energy for ATP production in muscles - Muscle fatigue - Two types of smooth muscles - Characteristic of cardiac muscles Labeling: muscle structure **CH10** - Define origin, insertion, agonist, antagonist, synergic, fixator, and prime mover - Three classes of levers - Muscles found in the neck - The muscles responsible for movement of each eyeball and describe each movement - Muscles of the thorax - Muscles of the abdominal wall - Muscles acting on the shoulder and arm - Muscles of the hip and thigh Labeling: whole body muscles anterior and posterior **CH11** - Divisions of nervous system - Differentiate between the somatic and the autonomic - Structure of neurons - Functions of the components of a neuron - Classify neurons based on function - CNS glial cells - PNS glial cells - Myelin sheath - Myelin sheets in the CNS and PNS - Gray matter and white matter - Explain how resting membrane potential is created and maintained - Explain how action potential is propagated - Refractory period - Effect of myelination on the speed of action potential propagation - Other factors that affect the speed of action potential - Describe the general structure and function of synapse - Electrical and chemical synapses - Release of neurotransmitters - Removal of neurotransmitter - Neurotransmitter binding to receptor - Excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic Labeling: neuron structure, neurosynaptic junction **CH12** - General structure of the spinal cord - Meninges - Cross section of a spinal cord - Components of a reflex center - Describe the connective tissue components of a nerve - 31 pair of spinal nerve - Dermatome - Major nerves that exit each plexus and the body region they innervate Labeling: spinal cord anatomy, cross section of spinal cord, meninges layers, spinal nerve's structure, organization of spinal nerves **CH13** - Parts of brainstem - Parts of the diencephalon - Describe the structure of the cerebrum including lobes fissures sulci cerebral cortex and cerebral medulla - Function of each lobe of the cerebrum - Describe meninges - Four ventricles - How CSF is formed and circulated and returned to blood - Describe how the brain is supplied with blood - Blood brain barriers - 12 cranial nerves Labeling: brainstem, cerebrum lobes, meninges layers, ventricles, cranial nerve's location **CH14** - Somatic and visceral sensory receptors - Adaptation - Ascending sensory - Sensory and association areas of the cerebral cortex - Primary motor area of the cerebral cortex - Reticular activating system RAR - Contrast the two cortical areas required for speech - Limbic system Labeling: regions of cerebral cortex **CH15** - Airborne molecules can stimulate action potentials - Areas of the brain where olfaction is processed - Adaptation - Taste bud - Taste of smell - Structures of the eye - Chambers of the eye and fluid - Tunic and describe the function of each part - Rods and cones - Retina - How light stimulates action potential - Images on retina - Visual cortex - Depth perception - Structures of the external ear - Middle ear - Tunnel and chambers of the inner ear - Fluids in chambers - Cochlea and dust - Trace a sound wave through the external middle and inner ear to the spinal organ - Vestibule function un the static equilibrium - Structures of the semicircular canals Location: structure of eye, ear structure **CH16** - Autonomic nervous system - Divisions of the autonomic nervous - Structural and functional differences between the somatic nervous system and the ANS - Preganglionic and postganglionic - Somatic and autonomic motor - Arrangement of sympathetic - Arrangement of parasympathetic - Organization of the ENS - Dual innervation of the ANS - Sympathetic division during activity or stress - Parasympathetic division during rest - Cholinergic adrenergic neurons - Contrast the two types of cholinergic receptors - Andrenid receptors and their subtypes Labeling: routes of automatic and somatic nerves to an organ