Instagram and Social Anxiety - Final 미특강 PDF

# INSTAGRAM AND SOCIAL ANXIETY ## Social Media Might Lead to Social Anxiety in Users * Social Anxiety: One's state of avoiding social interactions and appearing inhibited in such interactions with other people * Sources Of Social Anxiety On Social Media * Managing a large network of social me...

# INSTAGRAM AND SOCIAL ANXIETY ## Social Media Might Lead to Social Anxiety in Users * Social Anxiety: One's state of avoiding social interactions and appearing inhibited in such interactions with other people * Sources Of Social Anxiety On Social Media * Managing a large network of social media friends * Feeling jealous of others' lives * "The fear of missing out" on activities in online interactions ## Social Comparison Consists Of: * People's biological inclination to evaluate their situation, skill, and overall identity in comparison to others, based on the information they receive about others. ## Types Of Social Comparison * **Upward social comparison**: Comparing oneself with others who are perceived as better in a particular aspect * **Downward social comparison**: Comparing oneself with others who are perceived to be inferior ## Both Types of Social Comparison Could Increase Social Anxiety. # SOCIAL MEDIA & SOCIAL COMPARISON * **Q: Do Social Media Like Instagram Facilitate Social Comparison? How?** * On social media, people often selectively reveal themselves and construct their preferred identities or characteristics. * Social media generates **ubiquitous comparison information** and accessible **feedback**. * The number of followers, likes, comments, and shares. * Users would spontaneously and unintentionally practice social comparison. # SELF-ESTEEM & SOCIAL ANXIETY * **Self-Esteem** * A person's positive or negative self-evaluation * The degree to which he or she believes oneself to be worthwhile * **Low self-esteem can increase social anxiety.** * Often have fewer interactions with others * Depend on extrinsic social approval for a better sense of self * Often interpret responses from others to be hostile * Prone to be self-victimizing and blaming others for their social failures * Instead of taking responsibility for their personal decisions # SOCIAL COMPARISON, LOW SELF-ESTEEM, & INSTAGRAM * Social comparison on social media could lead to low self-esteem * **Idealistic information presented has increased social comparison norms.** * **Heavy social media users may believe that others have better lives and are happier and more successful, reducing their self-esteem.** * **Social comparison may foster beliefs that external conditions or socially approved benchmarks are important.** * **Instagram has technological features that may facilitate social comparison.** * **Visual-centered**(rather than text-centered) * More options of enhancement filters * Users can follow influencers and celebrities. * Photos with the hashtag are searchable. # RESULTS ## Two Paths: * **Instagram use facilitates social comparison to increase social anxiety.** * **Instagram use facilitates social comparison to decrease self-esteem and ultimately increase social anxiety.** # DISCUSSION * Instagram use **does not directly influence social anxiety.** * Instead, its impact is completely mediated by social comparison and self-esteem. * **What can social media users do?** * Try not to engage in social comparison. * Understand that people's online self-presentation might reflect a partial image. * Utilize cognitive reframing strategies. * View others' triumphs or beautiful moments shared on social media as inspirations. * Take a step back to think about their own strengths and achievements. * **What can health educators and communicators do?** * Improve self-esteem, which can reduce anxiety. # AI & ENGAGEMENT ON TIKTOK ## Defining... * **Algorithms** * "Encoded procedures for transforming input data into the desired output, based on specified calculations." * **AI**: "A system's ability: to correctly interpret external data, to learn from such data, and to use those learnings to achieve specific goals and tasks through flexible adaptation. With intelligence and agentive capacity." # HUMAN & AI INTERACTION ON SOCIAL MEDIA * **Agency trade-offs/Negotiation** * Users let the algorithms guide their experience * Users dictate their interactions on the platform * **Agency Augmentation** * AI & user agencies influence each other * Q: How do users collaborate with machine agency in the key aspects of social media use (i.e., content consumption, content creation, and online networking)? * Q: How do the human-AI dynamics contribute to user engagement? # RESULTS: AI AGENCY > USER AGENCY * **Relying on Al-Based Algorithmic Curation For Content Consumption** * Personalization and convenience were two main reasons they chose to be guided by AI agency rather than exercising user agency. * "A private little space...TikTok is full of creators and once it really gets going, it’s quite customized to you, so like it never feels strange, or foreign, or boring." * **Limited exercise of user agency for creation and sharing** * While customization empowers users by making them controllers of the communication process, customization requires cognitive efforts from the users. * "Although the video editing feature of TikTok has a lot of different things...it’s so hard to create content on TikTok." * Most rarely like or comment on postings by others who are mostly strangers. # RESULTS * **Ambivalent feelings towards machine agency** * Data sharing as the price being paid for using personalized services * No other way to live in this digital era without compromising their privacy * Still aspiring for user agency: user controllability in terms of TikTok's use of user data and general interaction on TikTok # MUTUAL AGENCY AUGMENTATION: HUMAN - AI SYNERGY * **User agency facilitated by AI for creation and networking** * AI features augment user agency * By reducing user efforts required for content creation and network management * **Algorithmic content curation trained by users** * e.g., swiping up videos they do not like, following certain users * Bucher (2017)’s notion of "algorithmic imaginary," suggesting that users keep trying to make sense of how algorithms work through their experiences # USER ENGAGEMENT & HUMAN-AI INTERACTION * Many described their experiences on TikTok as engaging and even addictive because of the endless content feed tailored to their interests. * "You’d just keep scrolling, and you don’t know how much time has passed." * TikTok fosters social-interactive engagement by enabling niche and fluid communities. * **Delegating tasks to AI, exercising proxy agency** * When individuals influence others (who have the resources, knowledge, and means) to act on their behalf to secure the outcomes they desire # PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS * **Can leverage the algorithmic advantage of Al-powered social media to share high-quality content that can potentially reach a large audience based on its topic, hashtags, sounds, and captions.** * **Policy-makers should pay close attention to what can be shared and restrict the spread of inappropriate content.** * **Should not entirely rely on automated AI-based algorithms that do not allow user input or modification.** # JOURNALISM IN TURMOIL ## Journalists’ Mixed Feelings Toward The News Industry | Word | Percentage | 77% Would pursue a career in journalism again | 75% Are extremely or very proud of their work | 70% Are very or somewhat satisfied with their job | 72% Use a negative word to describe the news industry | 57% Are extremely or very concerned about future restrictions on press freedoms | 71% Say made-up news and information is a very big problem for the country | |------------------------------------|--------------|------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Struggling/Chaos | 42% | | | | | | | | Biased/Partisan | 7% | | | | | | | | Difficult/Stressful | 6% | | | | | | | | Inaccurate/Untrustworthy | 4% | | | | | | | | Other Negative | 13% | | | | | | | | Changing | 7% | | | | | | | | Other Neutral | 10% | | | | | | | | Important | 3% | | | | | | | | Other Positive | 6% | | | | | | | * 72% gave a negative word to describe the news industry. # HOW TO REPORT IN THE AGE OF “FAKE NEWS"? * 26% of reporting journalists have unknowingly reported on a story that was later found to contain false information. * Most say their news organization does not have formal guidelines for how to handle made-up and false information in their jobs. * 34% say their organization does. * Q: Do you think journalists should or should not report on the false statement by a public figure? Why? # HOW TO REPORT: NORMS OF JOURNALISM ## The Issue of “Bothsidesism” * News outlets should be committed to always giving equal attention to all sides of an issue. * No consensus today on if every side deserves equal coverage. * 44% of U.S journalists say journalists should always strive to give every side equal coverage * 55% of U.S journalists say every side does not always deserve equal coverage ## Keeping Journalists’ Own Views Out of Their Reporting * Norms vs. reality * 82% of U.S. journalists say that journalists should separate their views from what they report on. * 16% of U.S. journalists say that journalists should not separate their views from what they report on. # SOCIAL MEDIA AS A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD * 67% of U.S journalists say social media has a negative impact on journalism * Among U.S. journalists who use social media, the following percentages say it had a positive impact on journalism. | Action | Percentage | 42% of U.S. journalists were harassed or threatened by someone external to their organization in the past 12 months | 78% say at least one of these instances occurred on social media | |------------------------------------|--------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Promoting stories | 87% | | | | Connecting with their audience | 79% | | | | Finding sources | 79% | | | | Identifying stories to cover | 75% | | | | Gathering accurate information | 49% | | | | Building trust in their news | 41% | | | # JOURNALISTS VS. THE PUBLIC * Journalists give far more positive assessments than the general public of the work news organizations are doing. | Action | U.S. Journalists | U.S. Adults | |------------------------------------|----------------------------------|--------------------------------| | Covering the most important stories of the day | 67% Very/Somewhat good; 19% Very/ Somewhat bad; 14% Neither Good nor Bad | 41% Very/Somewhat good; 36% Very/Somewhat bad; 22% Neither Good nor Bad | | Reporting the news accurately | 65% Very/Somewhat good; 22% Very/Somewhat bad; 12% Neither Good nor Bad | 35% Very/Somewhat good; 43% Very/Somewhat bad; 21% Neither Good nor Bad | | Serving as a watchdog over elected leaders | 52% Very/Somewhat good; 34% Very/Somewhat bad; 13% Neither Good nor Bad | 29% Very/Somewhat good; 44% Very/Somewhat bad; 26% Neither Good nor Bad | | Giving voice to the underrepresented | 46% Very/Somewhat good; 35% Very/Somewhat bad; 19% Neither Good nor Bad | 24% Very/Somewhat good; 45% Very/Somewhat bad; 30% Neither Good nor Bad | | Managing or correcting misinformation | 43% Very/Somewhat good; 40% Very/Somewhat bad; 17% Neither Good nor Bad | 25% Very/Somewhat good; 51% Very/Somewhat bad; 23% Neither Good nor Bad | # EYE TRACKING TECHNOLOGY ## Why Not Just Ask? * Potential problems with self-reporting when it comes to measuring exposure to different content on social media? * People may inaccurately recall their social media use and content exposure. * Blurred lines between different types of content. * What is social? What is news? What is political content? * Social desirability bias * High risk of incidental exposure # WHY DO WE USE MEDIA? * Revival of uses and gratifications research across different platforms thanks to the Internet and the personal choice that has come with it. * In a broad sense we seek out and spend more time with media that fulfills our goals. * These goals should not differ dramatically across platforms. * Three main goals for uses and gratifications modified for the current study: * Social * News * Political # USES and GRATIFICATIONS ON SOCIAL MEDIA * **Mainly for social purposes** * Staying in touch with friends and families * Seeing/sharing photographs/videos * Reconnecting/staying connected with old friends * **News** * Not primary purpose, ancillary experience * Exposure to news on social media is unavoidable * Majority of Americans say they at least somewhat enjoy following the news * **Politics** * Rarely a motivation for Facebook users * Few people engage with political content on social media * Although large proportion reports seeing political content, such content is generally disliked or ignored # RESULTS * **What content receives the most attention?** * **Social = news > political** * **What style receives the most attention?** * **Posts with pictures > links > status-only** # RESULTS: * **What content receives the most attention?** * **Social = news > political** * **Furthermore, links exacerbate the differences between social & news vs. political.** * **Social and news posts with links received even more attention than political posts with links.** <start_of_image> breakdowns of this data are too complex to accurately convert into a markdown table right now, as the text is already in markdown format. # RESULTS: * **Do people over/underestimate their attention to different content & style?** * **Overestimation** (i.e., Participants say they attend to these content/styles a lot, but actually their eyeballs don't attend to these as much) * Content (News, political) & Style (Picture) * **Underestimation** * (i.e., Participants say they do not attend to these content/styles a lot, but actually their eyeballs attend to these more than they say) * Content (Social) & Style (Links, Status-only) # CASE STUDY: TOYOTA & EYETRACKING * **Q: Can you relate to the study findings? Did any of the findings surprise you? Let's watch:** * https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJMfShHoz9g * **Q: How much time do shoppers spend looking at each car in a showroom?** * Less than 30 seconds * **Q: Which information on the car was seen by almost every participant?** * Informational and promotional stickers on the side windows * **Q: How did millennials and older shoppers differ in terms of what they attend to?** * Millennials attended to digital marketing (e.g., interactive screens and displays) * Older shoppers were much less interested in digital marketing. # THE CASE OF NETFLIX ## SVOD (Subscirber-Funded Video On Demand) | Category | Key Features | |-------------------------------|------------------------------| | Distribution Technology | Internet | | Funding Mechanism | Seek payment from viewers | | Content Strategy | Offer content on demand | # SVODS (vs. TV Channels). | Key Features | |-----------------------------| | Not Linear | | More Choices | | Library Stability | # STRUCTURING CHARACTERISTICS OF SVOD * **Geographic Reach** * Single territory * Multi-territory: Being in a handful of territories * Global: Being in most places including major markets * **Library Specificity** * General library * Offers a range of content * Specific library * Provides uncommon depth of a single type of content # STRUCTURING CHARACTERISTICS OF SVOD * **Library Ownership** * Owned IP (Intellectual Property) * A Library of owned titles * Licensed * Titles created for other TV channels or movies * Bespoke * Created particularly for the SVOD * **Corporate Position** * How the SVOD fits in a broader company strategy * Pure-play * Stand-alone business * Corporate Extension: A new distribution to an existing video business * Corporate Complement: Use video for reasons distinct from entertainment. # CASE: NETFLIX’S GROWTH STRATEGY * **Q: How do you define the SVOD service you subscribe to (e.g., Netflix) in terms of these four structuring characteristics?** * Can you think of another structuring characteristic that can be helpful in distinguishing one service from others? * **Q: After hitting a subscriber hit, Netflix is considering employing three strategies to keep growing. What are the three strategies?** * Revaluate how it creates and acquires content * Add a cheaper ad-supported subscription option * Crack down on password sharing * **Q: What do you think about Netflix’s content spending strategy? Some say that they make a lot of stuff and they should spend less on fewer but still big hits rather than on everything.** # SPONSORED ADVERTISING # FB EXAMPLES OF SPONSORED ADS * **Can be customized (e.g., based on a user's web search history)** * **Reliable at consumer targeting** # TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE MODEL (TAM) * Models how users come to accept and adopt new technologies # RESULTS ## Intrusiveness Concerns Have A Negative Relationship To: * Perceived Usefulness * Attitudes Toward Ads * Purchase Intent ## Perceived Usefulness Has A Positive Relationship To: * Attitudes Toward Ads * Purchase Intent ## Perceived Ease Of Use has A Positive Relationship To: * Attitudes ToWard Ads * Purchase Intent ## Privacy Concerns Have A Negative Relationship To: * Perceived Usefulness * Attitudes Toward Ads * Perceived Ease # MACHINE RECOGNITION OF FACES ## WHY FACES? * The human brain has evolved to recognize faces within hours after birth. * Faces display our feelings through expression * Real-world uses: * A face in an interface captures more attention and people try to interpret the meaning behind the expression. * Faces, particularly attractive ones, are found to be effective in improving consumer responses to ads. # RESULTS * The number of likes and comments are higher when there is at least one face in the image. * Photos with faces are 38% more likely to receive likes and 32% more likely to receive comments. # RESULTS * The number of faces in the image does not have significant impact on engagement. * The age and gender of faces in the photo do not seem to drive or hinder its engagement values. * Photos with adult age groups negatively predict the number of comments. # OTHER RESULTS * The number of followers is the main driver of engagement for both likes and comments on the photo. * Having a larger audience increases likelihood of a like or comment. * The more photos a user posts, the less likely it is that photos receive likes and comments. # PROS & CONS OF INCLUDING FACES IN ADS * **Pros** * Draw in more attention * **Cons** * Faces alone rarely convey information about the product * Unintentionally alienate certain viewers. * Humans are quick to pass judgment on other humans. # PROS & CONS OF INCLUDING "FAKE" FACES IN ADS * **Pros** * Royalty-free diverse AI generated images * Can search based on what you want (e.g., age, ethnicity, emotion, eye colors) * Can be used when a human would not want to model (e.g., criminal) * **Cons** * They are only as good as the dataset that they are trained on * Possible glitches (see https://www.whichfaceisreal.com/learn.html) # CONCERNS: CYBERSECURITY & PRIVACY * Thanks for coming to class today! # EDUCATION * The most consistent differences are related to educational attainment. * College degrees or higher: 7 / 13 * High school diplomas or less: 4 / 13 * Broad differences in cybersecurity knowledge by educational attainment: | Question | HS or Less | Some College | College+ | College+ - HS or Less diff| |--------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------|--------------|---------|----------------------| | Wi-Fi traffic is not encrypted by default on all wireless routers. | 30% | 46% | 64% | +34 | | https:// in a URL means that information entered into the site is encrypted | 22% | 29% | 54% | +32 | | Email is not encrypted by default | 33% | 44% | 65% | +32 | | Ransomware involves criminals encrypting and holding users' data hostage until paid | 35% | 47% | 66% | +31 | | Turning off smartphone GPS function does not prevent all location tracking | 38% | 58% | 65% | +27 | # AGE * Differences by age are less dramatic than those related to educational attainment. * 18- to 29-year olds: 6 / 13 * 65 and older: 5 / 13 * Modest differences in cybersecurity knowledge by age | Question | 18-29 | 30-49 | 50-64 | 65+ | Youngest - Oldest diff | |--------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|-------|-------|---------|-------------------- | | Browser programs "private browsing" mode does not prevent ISPs from monitoring subscribers' online activity | 52% | 46% | 31% | 25% | +27 | | Turning off smartphone GPS function does not prevent all location tracking | 63 | 54 | 49 | 40 | +23 | | Can identify only example of multi-factor authentication screen (set of images) | 17 | 14 | 6 | 3 | +14 | # WHY IS CYBERSECURITY INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT: THE INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) * An image with 5 smart devices. * A visual representation of what the IOT can do in: Smart Health, Smart World, Smart Energy, Smart Households, Smart Cities, Smart Economy, and Smart Agriculture. # DISCUSSION: WHAT CAN WE DO? * Talking about security can be complicated, and conversations are usually reactive, not proactive. * **Civic education** * **Awareness** * **Literacy/knowledge** <start_of_image> You can also leverage a tool like [https://www.cis.org/](https://www.cis.org/) in your civic education mission, as it offers a ton of free resources. The image also shows a diagram representing the weekly steps for **National Cyber Security Awareness Month**. I can pull these out in a separate list if you would like.