Filipino Psychology Midterms Reviewer PDF

HAU PSYCHOLOGY SOCIETY FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY MIDTERMS REVIEWER | SECOND SEMESTER Note: The reviewers created by the HAU - Pakikipagpalagayang-loob (level of mutual Psychology Society ensure consistency and quality...

HAU PSYCHOLOGY SOCIETY FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY MIDTERMS REVIEWER | SECOND SEMESTER Note: The reviewers created by the HAU - Pakikipagpalagayang-loob (level of mutual Psychology Society ensure consistency and quality trust/rapport) during your review process. Be reminded that the - Pakikisangkot (level of getting involved) content of the reviewers is based ONLY ON THE - Pakikiisa (level of fusion, oneness, and full GIVEN MODULES by the subject’s instructor. trust) Thank you and Goodluck on your Exam! Laus Deo Semper! The distinctions among these eight modes of Lesson 1: Kapwa And The Struggle For Justice, interaction go beyond the conceptual and theoretical. Freedom And Dignity The eight levels are more than just interrelated modes of interpersonal relations. The analysis of human interaction as observed in everyday life and codified in the language of the More importantly, they are levels of interaction people reveals a lot about the people's social which range from the relatively uninvolved civility psychology and worldview. Human interaction is a in pakikitungo to the total sense of identification highly valued aspect of life in the Philippines. For in pakikiisa. this reason, social interaction is a meaningful focus The different levels of interpersonal relations do not of investigation in the process of identifying and just differ conceptually but behaviorally as well. analyzing basic concepts of Filipino personality, social psychology, worldview, and social philosophy. Santiago (1976) LEVELS OF INTERACTION - Looked at the language of food, which is really the language of interpersonal Filipino Language relationships in food sharing among the - Provides a conceptual distinction in several Filipino Bulacan middle class. levels and modes of social interaction. - At least eight behaviorally recognizable levels under two general categories in Bisita (not one of us) Filipino were identified (Santiago and - If special dishes are e served on guest china. Enriquez 1976): Fernandez (1986) observed that the "dishes served to such a guest are not usually those of the native cuisine (not paksiw and Ibang-tao as or “Outsider” Category inihaw) but adapted from that of the colonizers" (puchero or salad). - Pakikitungo (levels of amenities/civility) - If one "can share the sawsawan (sauce use - Pakikisalamuha (level of "mixing") for dipping/relish) and whatever food - Pakikilahok (level of joining/participating) there is with the family" - Pakikibagay (level of conforming) - Pakikisama (level of adjusting) Hindi ibang-tao or "One-of-us" Category Hindi Ibang-Tao (one of us) This reviewer is not for sale.  HAU PSYCHOLOGY SOCIETY FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY MIDTERMS REVIEWER | SECOND SEMESTER - "One's presence, expected or not, does not When Sharing Food occasion a fuss but involves the use of the - The relationship can either involve the daily, perhaps plastic, tableware and ibang-tao (outsider) or hindi ibang-tao customary fare (pritong galunggong and (one of us) category. ginisang ampalaya), then one is hind ibang-to - It is interesting to note that kapwa is the sole (one-of-us)" concept which embraces both categories. Fernandez (1986) The Domain of Interpersonal Relations - Said what the Filipino cats, its source, and the - Has proved to be theoretically fertile and way it is prepared and served, indicate an lexically elaborate in Filipino. intimate, as well as a practical, - All these levels--whether belonging to the relationship between man and nature. ibang-tao or hindi ibang-tao categories- may be grouped under the heading of pakikipagkapwa. The Use of Sawsawan - Thus, anyone looking for a core concept that - For instance, indicates a very relaxed, non would help explain Filipino interpersonal prescriptive relationship between the cook behavior cannot help but be struck by the and those cooked for, where the cook does superordinate concept of kapwa. not impose what the flavor of the food should - It is the only concept which embraces both be, allowing the person actually consuming the categories of "outsider" (ibang-tao) and the food to participate in enhancing the "one of us" (hindi ibang-tao) flavors by using the sawsawan:...food functions to keep this harmony operative. - The mutual sharing of functions between the THE SHARED INNER SELF cook and the cooked for and the use of food Filipino-English Dictionaries as a social lubricant, as an infinitely flexible communicator in all kinds of relationships, - Generally give the words "both" and proves this. "fellow-being" as translation of kapwa - Food is better than language. in a way. (Panganiban 1972, Enriquez 1979, de because it hardly ever offends, and yet its Guzman 1968, Calderon 1957). meaning is unmistakable (Fernandez 1986). - It should be noted, however, that when asked for the closest English equivalent of kapwa, one word that comes to mind is the English Food/Eating word "others." - However, the Filipino word kapwa is very - Is also a social necessity and a socially different from the English word "others." defined phenomenon of sharing which - The English "others" is actually used in fosters goodwill and friendship. opposition to the "self" and implies the recognition of the self as a separate identity. This reviewer is not for sale.  HAU PSYCHOLOGY SOCIETY FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY MIDTERMS REVIEWER | SECOND SEMESTER - Besides, pagtutunguhan also connotes the most "superficial" level of interaction: the In Filipino level of amenities, - Kapwa is the unity of the "self." and Pakikipagkapwa "others. - Kapwa is a recognition of shared identity, - Refers to "humanness at its highest level," an inner self shared with others. as (Santiago and Enriquez 1976) would put it. - A person starts having kapwa not so much because of a recognition of status given him Construct of Smooth Interpersonal Relations by others but more because of his (SIR) (Lynch, 1961) awareness of shared identity: - The ako (ego) and the iba-sa-akin (others) - Which is purportedly acquired and preserved are one and the same in kapwa psychology: principally by pakikisama, euphemism, Hindi ako iba sa aking kapwa (I am no and the use of a go-between, different from others). - Once ako starts thinking of himself as separate from kapwa, the Filipino "self" Concept of Shared Inner Self (SIS) gets to be individuated in the Western - Is rooted in the deeper concept of kapwa and sense and, in effect, denies the status of dangal. kapwa to the other. - While SIR is often referred to as simply a - By the same token, the status of kapwa is means of avoiding conflict, also denied to the self. - SIS goes further as it stems from collective values shared with the whole of humanity and the deep respect for the dignity and Brislin (1977) inherent worth of a fellow human being. - Noted that all cultures distinguished between the "in-group" and the "out-group," the "member" and the "nonmember." or the Concept of Kapwa as Shared Inner Self "outsider" and the "insider." - Turns out to be very important, - He surmised that this might be an example of psychologically as well as philosophically. a "universal" or "etic" distinction. Pagtutunguhan (dealing with/acting toward) Hiroshi Wagatsuma (1982) and Yusihiro Sato (1988) - Another term which can be used to refer to all levels of interaction - Investigated the distinction between sofa - Only the term pakikipagkapwa can be used (outside) and uchi (inside), the latter of for the same purpose and at the same time which is also the Japanese word for "family" indicate an idea, value, or conviction which and "home" Filipinos consider most important. This reviewer is not for sale.  HAU PSYCHOLOGY SOCIETY FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY MIDTERMS REVIEWER | SECOND SEMESTER - Sometimes admired and at other times For the middle-class Filipino in Bulacan resented for their intense nationalism, the - The ibang-tao (outsider) and the hindi ibang- Japanese uchi-soto distinction can be used tao (one of us) are both considered kapwa in understanding the Japanese concept of (the unity of the one-of-us and the other). a gaijin or foreigner (usually an American - In another culture, the concept of or European). membership could be a matter of black and - In his work among the homeless in the Sanya white with no intermediate gray. district of Tokyo, Grimm (1988) noted a - The Filipino can still accommodate a hostile aspect of the uchi-soto dichotomy. nonmember just as if he were a member. - He claimed that "the uchi is, in fact, defined in terms of the soto as rival. Without the outside, the inside has no meaning... For Saling Pusa the Japanese to stand shoulder-to-shoulder with Americans, Europeans, Africans, and - Admittedly not the best form of other Asians as equals would probably membership and an "ambiguous require an invasion from outer space." category" in the language of the - Grimm must have overstated his case. anthropologist Edmund Leach (1964), the Humans do not need a face-to-face encounter saling-pusa informal member is allowed to with extraterrestrials to sincerely say ware- break some rules expected to be strictly ware ningen, or "we are human beings." followed by members. - Perhaps all cultures have their share of - Concepts indigenous to Filipinos are not ethnocentrism based on a distinction between necessarily peculiar to the Philippines only the outsider and the insider, and yet there However, they have meanings which are seems to be at least one culture that does close to the Filipino experience. not fit this mold perfectly. - The Filipino concept of saling-pusa may be "playful" in tone and may not be found in other cultures, but it is nonetheless Ethnocentrism significant. - It indicates the value attached to the - Is not the concept to study in the Philippines, feelings of kapwa so that hypocrisy in social where even local papers advertise in their interaction is avoided. classified advertisement sections a - For example, if a young girl was invited to an preference for foreigners. important gathering and discovers afterward - The social science researchers will go that she was only a second choice, she may further with a study of xenocentrism be hurt, for it would appear that she was a instead. panakip-butas (literally "filling a gap"). - The idea of inclusion vs. exclusion or - This is not to say that the Filipino is imprecise membership vs. non-membership is not about the insider vs outsider distinction. unknown to the Filipino. - He just draws the line in a most flexible manner. Filipino Pronouns This reviewer is not for sale.  HAU PSYCHOLOGY SOCIETY FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY MIDTERMS REVIEWER | SECOND SEMESTER - "we": a dual "we" (kita); - Giving the Filipino a bad deal is a challenge - an inclusive "we" (tayo); to kapwa-tao - and an inclusive "we" (kami). - If only to correct the impression that - Kita focuses on the listener in relation to pakikipagkapwa as a shared inner self is the speaker; tayo includes the listener, "other-oriented" just like the lower level of while kami excludes him as a referent. interaction in pakikisama, one must be - The socio-psychological point to remember reminded that the Filipino does not always is a conceptual, behavioral, and value- laden concede. imperative which states that whether kita, - He knows how to resist even when he kami, or tayo, the Filipino is dealing with seems utterly powerless. kapwa and he thinks and acts accordingly. People’s Power Revolution (1986) Pakikipagkapwa as a conviction - As demonstrated in the People's Power - Emanating from the shared inner self does revolution of 1986, he knows that not simply imply either pakikitungo pakikibaka (joining a struggle) is a valid (amenities), pakikisama (adjusting), or aspect of pakikipagkapwa in the face of any of the other modes and levels of injustice and adversity. interaction. - The complexity of interpersonal relations is - Pakikipagkapwa also means accepting and recognized in the Tagalog proverb "Madali dealing with the other person as an equal ang maging tao, mahirap ang - The company president and the office clerk magpakatao" (It is easy to be born a tao may not have an equivalent role, status, or [human], but it is not as easy to be one). income but the Filipino way demands and - The Pampangos deliver essentially the same implements the idea that they treat one idea with "Malagua ing maguing tao, another as fellow human beings (kapwa-tao). masaquit ing magpacatau." - This means a regard for the dignity and being - The Tagalogs concur with "Kung mahirap of others. ang maging tao, lalong mahirap ang - Aside from the socio-psychological makipagkapwa-tao" (If it is difficult to be a dimension, pakikipagkapwa has a moral tao, it is even more difficult to and normative aspect as a value and makipagkapwa-tao) (Eugenio 1967). conviction. - Situations change and relations vary according to the environment. The Value of Kagandahang-Loob: Reciprocity or - For example, pakikipagkapwa is definitely Nobility inconsistent with exploitative human Kagandahang-loob (shared inner nobility) transactions. - Displays the characteristic internality/externality dimension of Enriquez (1977) This reviewer is not for sale.  HAU PSYCHOLOGY SOCIETY FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY MIDTERMS REVIEWER | SECOND SEMESTER Filipino psychology that confuses so many it is a recognition that comes entirely from American-oriented social scientists. without. The other aspect of karangalan is - The concept is manifested through an act dangal. of generosity or kabutihan. - This self-evaluation may have no relation - Thus, one sees kagandahang-loob in the act whatsoever to society's view of him. of lending utensils to neighbors or graciously - Hence, a man may go through life in accommodating a guest. Philippine society puffed up with self- - But to qualify as kagandahang-loob, such importance, yet his neighbors and peers acts of generosity must spring may see him as just a fool. spontaneously from the person's goodness - Sometimes though, this self-evaluation and of heart or kabaitan. society's appreciation coincide. - A display of kagandahang-loob must have no - In those instances then, a person's dangal is motive save that of kindness and inherent recognized through rites of social approval graciousness. referred to as parangal. - But again, this aspect of dangal owes much to external recognition and thus may even Karangalan: Beyond the Superficiality of Hiya be characterized as another variant of puri. That is just one aspect of dangal. English-oriented social scientists that think Filipinos value hiya (commonly translated as "shame" instead of "propriety") must be told about dangal or Dangal karangalan. - In Filipino psychology is entirely internal- the intrinsic quality of a person or sector Karangalan that allows him/them to shine despite the grime of their appearance, environment, - Puri, onor, and dignidad are listed as or status in life. synonyms of karangalan (English 1986). - In many instances, this aspect of dangal is - The closest English word to karangalan is referred to as "honor" and even "self- "dignity" but that is only one aspect of the respect" concept. - It is all these and more. It is the inner strength - The best way to define the terms is to look at of a person that allows him to face the rich the two components of the concept- dangal and the mighty with confidence and resolve. and puri. - When a person stakes his dangal in defense of or in pursuit of a principle or objective, he is staking no less than his pagkatao Puri or Praise/Accolade (personhood) his commitment to that end - Is the external manifestation of is therefore total. karangalan. - This is given to the person in recognition of a sterling quality or accomplishment. As such, Kalayaan: A Matter of Life and Death This reviewer is not for sale.  HAU PSYCHOLOGY SOCIETY FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY MIDTERMS REVIEWER | SECOND SEMESTER Kalayaan In this context, then, the Filipino appreciation of kalayaan extends beyond the confines of its Western - Is often interpreted as the freedom and equivalent. The capacity of a person or group to license to do as one pleases. commit an act is determined not by the parameters - This definition carries within itself its own afforded him by law but by necessity. In many limitation. instances then, kalayaan carries life and death - The concept of freedom as license for a dimensions. person or group to act in whichever way they please so long as the rights of others are not affected thereby may be adequate, in a Katarungan: In Unity and Beyond sense, especially in the urbanized Philippine setting. Katarungan (social justice) - Is now invoked as an indispensable condition for peace in Philippine society, in the same For a resident of Metro Manila breath as food and employment. - His sense of kalayaan is oftentimes measured within the parameters of existing rules and regulations, of social norms or resources. JAJA (justice for aquino, justice for all) - The movement for "justice, freedom, and sovereignty" which gained the limelight For the greater portion of the population upon the assassination of Benigno Aquino - Kalayaan means life itself. Jr. underscored the importance of justice as - The freedom to commit a particular act, or the the movement itself was named JAJA, an lack of it, determines whether a person or acronym for "Justice for Aquino, Justice for a community survives or perishes. All." Katarungan para kay Lean The Aetas of Zambales - Was prominently seen in placards as Filipino - Simply have no choice but to move their nationalists mourned the death of noted kaingin fields every so often despite forestry student leader Leandro Alejandro. laws to the contrary. National Reconciliation The Duck Raises of Laguna - Even the slogan "national reconciliation" had - In the same manner, must intrude into the fish to be qualified into "national reconciliation pens of the bay to gather shells for their flock; with justice" since the fallen dictator must otherwise, their livelihood will cease. face responsibility for his excesses. This reviewer is not for sale.  HAU PSYCHOLOGY SOCIETY FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY MIDTERMS REVIEWER | SECOND SEMESTER Nemesio Prudente was patterned after the Spanish Civil Code and Philippine public law which was copied - The struggle for justice continues as the life from the American Constitutional of Nemesio Prudente, nationalist president of framework. the Polytechnic University of the Philippines, - The Philippine system of laws did not grow has been twice endangered and human from the people. Rather, the people were rights lawyers have been murdered. forced to grow into the law. - But just as demand for justice has increased, - This resulted in the dissonance between the the debate on the nature of justice has also letter of the law and what the people perceive grown. as right or wrong. - There are those who look beyond the law and - Fortunately, the Filipinos seemed to have the courts in the search for the constituents of found a comfortable compromise for an the concept of justice. unsettled situation. - They equate the realization of the concept to - Bulacan, the urban poor in Diliman, and duck an economic system that would work for the raisers from Laguna show, a balance has been redistribution of the nation's wealth from the produced between the two systems resulting hands of the few to the many. in a concept of justice which is a combination - And, of course, there are those who would of the indigenous and the foreign (Enriquez ascribe the same to the domain of the Divine. 1987b). Writers on the development of law in Europe and Concept of Katarungan in Anglo-American tradition - As can be expected, the first element of the - Speak of law and justice as expressions of Filipino concept of katarungan is an culturally rooted values of the people which indictment that the "Law is not always evolved in the very fabric of social life in the just" (Diokno 1985). course of their long historical experience. Centrality of Law to Justice Concept of Law - Is further diminished by the perception that - Thus, in those jurisdictions, the concept of the laudable intents of the statutes may be what the law is, as a rule, parallels the lost in their implementation; consequently, concept of what is just, the two having the off-repeated lament "Wala sa batas, come from the same source. nasa pamamalakad ng batas." - The Filipinos, however, are not so fortunate. Law in the Philippine case is a foreign body in an indigenous social life. Elements of Katarungan - It was a wholesale grafting of norms conceptualized in foreign communities, as - Karapatan, katotohanan, and katwiran as exemplified in Philippine private law which elements of katarungan flow from the This reviewer is not for sale.  HAU PSYCHOLOGY SOCIETY FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY MIDTERMS REVIEWER | SECOND SEMESTER principles hid down by the Anglo-Saxon extent that it may be described as legal system. "accommodative" - They pertain primarily to the conditions - Rather than "confrontative," a uniquely necessary for the smooth running of the Filipino way of ensuring minimal formal court system. disturbance to the Filipino core value of - Nevertheless, these three fit well into the kapwa. Filipino ethos. - The Filipino word for law, batas, denotes - It is recognized that people everywhere have command, order, or decree, meanings certain basic rights, or karapatan, that different from the primary meanings of must be respected and defended, the katarungan. violation of which constitutes injustice. - The Filipino language seems to indicate that - In any case, brought to the courts the law is not always just (Diokno 1981). involving alleged violations of karapatan, - There also seems to be a distinction between the considerations of fairness and the code or the law itself and the promptness must always be foremost in implementation of this code. It is in the the minds of the judicial officials. implementation that justice can be - It is also the perception that for justice to be compromised or even negated completely. done, the elements of katotohanan (truth) - This distinction is congruent to common and katwiran (reason) must always be perceptions that the current system of present in all phases of the court action. implementing laws does not provide justice - The last two elements, kapayapaan and for all; instead it provides justice only for pagkakaisa (peace and unity), perceived as the rich and powerful. making up the concept of justice, derive - Precisely because of this observation, one from the people's kapwa-centered value finds it reasonable to argue that those who system. have "less in life should have more in law." - These oftentimes dominate the other considerations cited above and are reflected in the Filipino predisposition for The Recognition of Certain Basic Rights or seeking compromises to disputes rather than Karapatan going through the formal court action. - Another dimension of katarungan is the - The element of justice as peace or recognition of certain basic rights, or kapayapaan is often invoked by the phrase karapatan. "Diyos na lang ang bahala sa kanya." - There is a strong belief that there exist certain basic rights, in particular the right to oneself and to one's own (e.g., physical Consensus or Pagkakaisa being, possessions, personal affairs) and the - Justice is not what the law says it is but right to one's means of livelihood with which what the people say it should be. others should not interfere (Silliman 1982). - These last two elements have colored the - This view is confirmed by Machado's (1979) Filipino's perception of justice to such an and Silliman's (1982) finding that most This reviewer is not for sale.  HAU PSYCHOLOGY SOCIETY FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY MIDTERMS REVIEWER | SECOND SEMESTER disputes are personal rather than public in - In the settlement of disputes, access to justice nature. should be quick and inexpensive. However, - The significance of this dimension of only the rich can afford lengthy and costly katarungan can be seen in the root of the proceedings. The prevailing judicial system word karapatan which is dapat, meaning is partial to them. appropriate and correct. - The will of the majority is integral to the - These meanings are also the root of the term concept of fairness. Since the poor comprise katarungan, indicating the close relation the majority, their interest should be of the two concepts in the Filipino value represented. system. - Although rich and poor should be treated - The emphasis on personal rights indicates equally, their interests are clearly a personal notion of justice. perceived as different. - That is, conflicts or situations of justice are - In case of conflict, the side of the poor should perceived as being against oneself; justice is be given more weight because they are the obtained when personal redress has been majority. made to oneself or when one's personal - If a system is to be fair, and therefore circumstances have been restored to their makatarungan (just), the majority should previous condition (Silliman 1982, be heeded instead of the powerful Machado 1979). minority. - A personal notion of justice, however, also applies to social situations in which classes of individuals are involved in the Katotohanan and Katwiran: Truth and Reason distribution of benefits or burdens and not Value of Katarungan only to individual cases (Silliman 1983). - Two concepts related to the value of katarungan are katotohanan (truth) and Beyond Pakikisama: Equity and Fairness katwiran (reason). - In the implementation of justice, Fairness katotohanan shields one from false - A fundamental component of the concept accusations. of katarungan is fairness, which means - Take, for instance, a case where a person is giving equal treatment to everyone, rich or accused of a certain crime. A just decision on poor, powerful or weak. his case would require that the truth be - Fairness is derived from the idea that ascertained. Furthermore, for a situation to be katarungan includes the idea of just, there should be absolutely no deception, "appropriateness." falsity, cover-up, whitewashing, or the like. - Where power and privilege are For katarungan to be realized, there should concentrated in the hands of a few, be untarnished katapatan or honesty. achieving justice implies the operation of - Katotohanan is at the core of katapatan. fairness and "appropriateness" (Diokno - As it is used in different Philippine 1981, Silliman 1982). languages, the primary meaning of This reviewer is not for sale.  HAU PSYCHOLOGY SOCIETY FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY MIDTERMS REVIEWER | SECOND SEMESTER katarungan is reason, indicating the close - It can be said that being one with another is relationship between katwiran and a full realization of pakikipagkapwa. At katarungan. this level of interaction, there is total trust - Silliman (1982) explains: "used in the context and identification among the parties of explaining why someone takes a complaint involved. to a village official, katarungan implies 'right' (just) reason or just cause with the implication that the others should readily Shared Inner Self in Kapwa Psychology see the 'justness' of one's case.' - Has a reflexive quality, such that what is good for one is shared and is good for the other, what would be to the detriment of one Pagkakaisa: Justice in Unity or Consensus is accepted in fact as detrimental to the other. Filipino concept of Katarungan - Being one with another, a person will not act or decide in any way that would injure the - Operates at the highest level of social dignity of another person, precisely because interaction, pagkakaisa (unity/being with he has complete appreciation of the other others). person's being as if it were an extension of one's own self. Pagkakaisa - Implies a consensus or an agreement Pagkakaisa among all parties involved in a situation. - In spirit, therefore, with pagkakaisa, no one - In the case of a dispute, for instance, the can be better off than the other in any way. formal intervention by the hands of the law to - This is a precondition of katarungan, settle what is perceived to be an injustice is which seems to be over and beyond the not needed. ordinary concept of fairness. - Steps are taken by the parties involved, like - Pagkakaisa, and also katarungan, having a dialogue to clarify issues, to reach however, are viewed as normative a compromise to which all agree. conditions. - This consensus is sufficient, or at the very least necessary, to say that justice has been done. The Context of Filipino Society - This is similar to what is referred to as an "amicable settlement of disputes." Dissent - Is perceived as inequitable, the wealthy and or opposition, especially by the majority, the powerful are clearly better off, even with would indicate that their sentiments are not regard to access to justice. The current being considered. Therefore there can be no judicial system is popularly perceived as agreement and there can be no justice. providing justice only for the rich and - Pagkakaisa is also the highest level of powerful. interpersonal interaction possible. This reviewer is not for sale.  HAU PSYCHOLOGY SOCIETY FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY MIDTERMS REVIEWER | SECOND SEMESTER - Settlements, therefore, are not necessarily existence of a formal litigation system also accepted as fair or just. The so-called underscores the significance ascribed to agreements are often determined by the kapayapaan. comparative power of the disputants rather than by the demands of justice. - The rich and powerful will always have the Settlements edge. They will always have better - Aside from being quicker and cheaper than bargaining positions than ordinary folk. court litigations, increase the likelihood of - A just or fair outcome can be expected in reestablishing amicable and cordial settlements only when the disputants are relationships between disputants. nearly equal in social status, i.e. in money: - It should be noted, however, that settlements power, and influence. are not always accepted as just, and that - Pagkakaisa then remains an ideal kapayapaan is never equated with objective. katarungan. - The lower levels of interaction, pakikisama - Settlement becomes an acceptance or a and pakikibagay, become the compromise yielding to a greater power, to palakasan, norm. which is understood as unjust. - Kapayapaan then is maintained at the surface level. Kapayapaan (Peace): Consequence of - Ibang-tao (not one-of-us) interaction is Katurungan as Unity held at the level of pakikisama. Katarungan - Is accommodative, as indicated by two Second Characteristic significant characteristics of this concept. - Katarungan is graded, that is, there are First Characteristic different levels or gradations of justice. This - First is the value given to kapayapaan characteristic seems to have evolved from the along with katarungan, giving the latter a preceding quality of nonconfrontativeness. nonconfrontative quality. This is most clearly - The recognition and acceptance of reflected in situations when one is a victim of prevailing unjust systems allow for a injustice by another. compromise with justice, giving in to the - The injustice is sometimes resolved with a powers-that-be to some degree to be able to "Diyos na lang ang bahala sa kanila." The attain some acceptable degree of justice. acceptance, as part of the social reality, of - The people are, in fact, nakikibagay with the unwanted system of "palakasan," is a the unjust implementation of the legal manifestation of this nonconfrontative, and system. therefore accommodative, nature of the - The often-heard plea for "maski kaunting concept of katarungan. katarungan lamang" (a little justice) is - The pervasiveness of resorting to settlements reflective of this graded justice. or mediations of disputes despite the This reviewer is not for sale.  HAU PSYCHOLOGY SOCIETY FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY MIDTERMS REVIEWER | SECOND SEMESTER - Thus, it is never the case that a situation is phenomenon that cannot be divorced from either "makatarungan" or " di- its societal context. makatarungan." - These two exist as extremes, the former being the ideal, the latter the status quo. - Between these two are levels with which one Lesson 2: The Filipinization of Personality Theory has to be satisfied as a compromise, having in mind some other value---kapayapaan. Sikolohiyang Pilipino's strong commitment to the development of national identity and consciousness inspired a renewed critical interest in the scientific Care study of the Filipino personality. - Must be taken not to generalize that this In fact, one important meaning of sikolohiyang element is equally perceived by the Pilipino is sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino or Filipino different subcultures in Philippine society. psychology and character. However, studies on - This apprehension is borne out by the fact national character have been suspect because of that the respondents promoting such a methodological problems and the risk of concept belong to lowland communities stereotyping a people. which are relatively free from the tension and The concepts of national character in general and strife evident in the other areas in the Filipino personality in particular are wrought with countryside difficulties. - Further investigation of this element in areas where militancy among the populace is exhibited is necessary to determine Bartolome (1985) conclusively if the perception of kapayapaan as an element of justice is present across - Maintained that the very "idea of a Filipino ethnic groups. personality can work against or even be used against the Filipino themselves." - He was critical of the way the Marcos regime Relations of Domination and Exploitation was apparently endorsing legitimate pride in Filipino national heritage and culture "by - Are ultimately responsible for the resurrecting barangays and other ancient perpetuation of injustice in Philippine concepts on the pretext that they are great or society, particularly among the poor and worthy examples of a great past" but underprivileged. actually exploiting nationalist sentiments with the aim of "obscuring the more compelling social realities" of the nation. Justice - The Philippines after Marcos remained - like education, health care, and law, is unmindful of Bartolome's warning. In fact, essentially a political and economic "understanding the Filipino personality and character" took a sinister turn once more, this time in the familiar form of blaming the This reviewer is not for sale.  HAU PSYCHOLOGY SOCIETY FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY MIDTERMS REVIEWER | SECOND SEMESTER victim for his sorry state by starting with into the strengths and weaknesses of the the assumption that the worst enemy of the character of the Filipino with a view to Filipino is himself. solving the social ills and strengthening the nation's moral fiber." - The result was a 68-page report in English Enriquez (1979) by a task group headed by Patricia B. Licuanan of the Ateneo de Manila - A distinction should be made between the University, submitted to Senator Shahani on concepts of "personality" and pagkatao April 27, 1988. - In spite of all the good intentions and the stated aim of coming up with a balanced Persona picture, the colonial resulting image - If the Filipino were an object of analysis reflected more of the colonial instead of the from the outside by an outsider, or indigenous identity of the Filipino. alternatively by an objective insider, jibes - This is understandable because they relied very well with the concept of personality on a review of the English language which is rooted in the concept of "persona"-- literature on the Filipino character as well as --a mask which can be observed from the a token focused-group discussion in "a outside. depressed, urban poor resettlement area in Dasmariñas, Bagong Bayan, Cavite." Pagkatao Indigenous Identity and the Colonial Image of the - Is best rendered as “personhood” Filipino - Pagkataong Pilipino, therefore, asserts the shared humanity and the kapwa A scientific and balanced look at personality and psychology of the Filipino. culture studies in the Philippines was an important concern for sikolohiyang Pilipino precisely because of the need to correct the imbalance in a situation Resolution No. 10 where the Filipino is primarily characterized from the judgmental and impressionistic point of view - Billed by media as an attempt to know of the colonizers. "what's wrong and what's right with the Filipino," the Philippine Senate, on In addition, the native Filipino invariably suffers September 18, 1987, approved Resolution from the comparison in not too subtle attempts to put No. 10, sponsored by Senators Leticia forward Western behavior patterns as models for the Ramos-Shahani, Alberto Romulo, and Filipino. Ernesto Maceda. - The resolution directed "the committee on education, arts, and culture and the Lawless (1969) committee on social justice, welfare, and development to conduct a joint inquiry This reviewer is not for sale.  HAU PSYCHOLOGY SOCIETY FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY MIDTERMS REVIEWER | SECOND SEMESTER - Puts it, "in the case of Lynch's comparison, their worth and importance, using American is it not better to be frankly honest than categories and standards. socially ingratiating? And in Nurge's - The supposedly Filipino values or concepts comparison, is it not better to have a 'true were lifted, as it were, from the cultural verbal description of reality than a milieu and examined according to deceptive one?" inappropriate alien categories, resulting in a distorted and erroneous appraisal of indigenous psychology. Split-Level Bungalow - Even Bulatao's metaphor of a "split- level" Sikolohiyang Pilipino bungalow relegates the Filipino to the - Is not simply concerned with the image of the basement and assigns the American to the Filipino or the motive behind invidious upper level. comparisons. The evaluation of the Filipino - Be that as it may, the continuing interest in values and patterns of behavior was a identity and national consciousness is not a question of national interest: monopoly of psychologists of the - Comparisons are usually resorted to in sikolohiyang Pilipino persuasion. explaining the Filipino way of life to strangers. The basis for comparison, the interpretative scheme, should be critically What Makes Sikolohiyang Pilipino Different evaluated especially if the observations are made by the strangers themselves. - Intense pursuit of developing the indigenous national culture and its program of using the indigenous language in its conferences, Samson (1980) research, teaching, and publications. - The issue here is not simply the nationality of the stranger observer or his length of Massive Influence of the USA exposure to the Filipino way of life. The question, rather, is: from whose national - On education, religion, commerce, politics, interest should Philippine culture be and the mass media predisposes the Filipino evaluated? to adopt the colonial viewpoint in studying and explaining the Filipino psyche. - Normally, the importation of an alien The Colonial Character of the Philippine Social perspective provides a measure of objectivity Science to a research since the scholar is not enmeshed and bound by the culture he is - Developed and written in the English studying. The Philippine experience, language, is particularly and painfully however, was different. evident in studies of Filipino "national - Most of the American-trained social character" and values. scientists did not only appraise the data - The majority of these studies rely uncritically that came in but also stood in judgment of on a borrowed language, inapplicable This reviewer is not for sale.  HAU PSYCHOLOGY SOCIETY FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY MIDTERMS REVIEWER | SECOND SEMESTER categories of analysis, and a token use of the - Without prior study and respect for the local language and culture. language involved, the researcher may be - Designations for supposedly indigenous dealing with a list that is both inappropriate values and patterns of behavior include terms and inadequate. The resulting labeling, and expressions from English (e.g., "Filipino therefore, may be incorrect, as is often the time"), Spanish (e.g., delicadeza, amor case. propio), and a curious mixture of English and - Language has its own logic; hence, we Spanish (e.g., mañana habit). cannot afford to ignore such a rich - If ever Philippine terms are used at all, they resource. simply function as mere labels, more often - The use of the language of the masses in the than not, with very little research and writing and dissemination of scientific understanding of their deeper significance reports makes socio-political sense. and content. - However, it is more important to recognize - Moreover, indigenous terms most often that in the language lie many pieces of the found in American-oriented English Filipino culture puzzle. language researches were drawn primarily - The continued denial of the proper role of the from the Tagalog language of Central indigenous language in social science Luzon (e.g., bahala na, ningas kugon, etc.). research and its diminution as - A smattering of concepts was occasionally - A mere source of convenient labels and as a plucked from different regions of the country façade for Filipinization and respectability (e.g, mahay and gaba from Cebuano) but as a only results, at best, in an unstructured whole, the analysis and interpretation of collection of indigenous terms affixed to Filipino values is substantially keyed to a supposedly Filipino values. foreign language and perspective. - Thus, a listing of Filipino values is now - The risks involved in this widespread conveniently available for scholars and practice are many. These studies usually tourists alike who somehow feel that they conclude by identifying supposed Philippine have a better understanding of the Filipino values and patterns of behavior. personality on the basis of their readings of - More often than not, however, the studies fail such exotica as amor propio, bahala na, and to see the values in terms of the Filipino view, pakikisama: experience, milieu. The organization and - The token use of Filipino concepts and the logic of the values as it is viewed from the local language has led to the identification of indigenous perspective is ignored. some supposedly Filipino national values. Distorted View of Filipino Values Frequently Mentioned Values - Distorted view of Filipino values becomes - Hiya (shame) even worse when the English-oriented - pakikisama (yielding to the leader or the researcher, in affixing a label to a supposed majority) value, simply scans the list of indigenous - utang na loob (gratitude) terms which presumably refer to the same - amor propio (sensitivity to personal affront), and plucks out the one which seems to - bayanihan (togetherness in common effort). describe that value best. This reviewer is not for sale.  HAU PSYCHOLOGY SOCIETY FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY MIDTERMS REVIEWER | SECOND SEMESTER Some regional values which have been recognized Andrew B. Gonzales (1982) include - Saw what "seemed to be labeling - maratabat (a complex combination of pride, activities" in the earlier attempts by Lynch honor, and shame). and Holinsteiner Bennagen (1985) was - balatu (sharing of one's fortune), forthright in his criticism of what he called - ilus (sharing surplus food), "verbal Filipinization, that is, the search - kakugi (meticulousness and attention to for Filipino words while using an details). essentially structural-functionalist - patugsiling (compassion), perspective." - kalulu (empathy), - hatag gusto (generosity), - paghiliupod (Githfulness in need or plenty), Enriques (1981) and - pagsinabtanay (fidelity with one's promises) - In a call for the full use of Filipino in the (Elequin 1974). social sciences, verbal Filipinization was characterized as mala-pustisong gamit ng wika or "token use of the Filipino language" The inappropriateness of this dangerous approach to - The token use of indigenous vocabulary the study of Filipino values can best be seen in the should not be confused with the forming of concepts most often treated and highlighted in appropriate theory researches of this ilk: hiya, utang na loob, and - The functionalist approach is not without pakikisama. defenders. - Convinced that the surface values of hiya, pakikisama, and utang na loob "certainly Robert Lawless (1969) play strong functional roles in Filipino daily - The functionalist value studies popularized life, notwithstanding the fact that kapwa by the Institute of Philippine Culture and plays a 'superior' conceptual role," referred to by Robert Lawless (1969) as the "Ateneo approach" was controversial, to say the least. Tenant (1987) - Dissatisfied with "personalized accounts of - Insisted that "as halting and faltering as the behavior with only anecdotal supporting process may be, people still communicate materials." face to face, not core to core." - Lawless warned against the "replication of - However, he did not deny that uniformity" and the selection of "whatever communication and social interaction should data fit expectations," making it difficult to be interpreted on the basis of core meanings. correct "early misimpressions. - Even in granting "authenticity" to "common Asian and feudal-agricultural values," In Search of Core Meanings: The Role of Language Using the Filipino Language This reviewer is not for sale.  HAU PSYCHOLOGY SOCIETY FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY MIDTERMS REVIEWER | SECOND SEMESTER - Ones sees hiya, utang na loob, and - can be characterized as one who does not pakikisama merely as surface values, exhibit the accommodative values of hiya, readily apparent attributes appreciated and utang na loob, and pakikisama. exhibited by many Filipinos. - The denial or absence of each of these - In addition, these three are recognized as a accommodative values is labeled: triad whose legs emanate from a single o 1) the walang pakisama (one inept at trunk, the actual core value of the Filipino the level of adjustment); personality. o 2) the walang hiya (one who lacks a sense of karangalan or honor/propriety): and Core Value o 3) the walang utang na loob (one who lacks adeptness in respecting a shared - Kapwa dignity, karangalan, and - The core value must be cultivated and kagandahang-loob). understood first before the full meaning of - The person characterized as walang the surface values can become apparent and pakiramdam is, of course, worse off than appreciated. any of the three "evil" characters mentioned above. - It is definitely unfortunate, to put it mildly, to Surface Values be afflicted with such an inadequacy. This - Are therefore are not freestanding values particularly sad state is captured in one which anyone can assume at will. Filipino word: manhid (numb/ absence of feeling). Pakikiramdam Walang Kapwa - Moreover, the use of the indigenous language led to the identification of an underlying - One argument for the greater importance of precondition for the existence of the surface kapwa in Filpino thought and behavior is the values, that is to say, the concept and value shock or disbelief that the Filipino registers of pakiramdam. when confronted with one who is - The function of this value is to act as the supposedly walang kapwa (-tao). processor, or pivot, which spins off the - If one is walang pakisama, others might still surface values from the core value of kapwa. say. "He would eventually learn" or "Let him - A person without pakiramdam cannot be. thats his prerogative." possibly have pakikisama and utang na - If one is walang hiya, others say. "His loob. Similarly, one can not expect hiya from parents should teach him a thing or two." someone who has no pakiramdam. - If one is walang utang na loob others might - Perhaps this value system can be best advise, "Avoid him." illustrated in the popular Filipino conception - But if one is walang kapwa-tao, people say. of the masamang tao (bad or evil person). "He must have reached rock bottom. Napakasama na niya. He is the worst," (Enriquez 1978). Masamang Tao This reviewer is not for sale.  HAU PSYCHOLOGY SOCIETY FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY MIDTERMS REVIEWER | SECOND SEMESTER - The surface values can vary cross- - Using pakikiramdam, a person seeks to culturally. Even the relative importance clarify an ambiguous and therefore critical attached to the pivotal value of situation to arrive at an appropriate response. pakikiramdam is determined by cultural - It is a legitimate move leading to pakikiisa imperatives. (being one with others); later, to being able - Not so with kapwa. In the Philippine value to identify with another's beings and system, kapwa is at the very foundation of ultimately, to being able to share complete human values. trust. - This core value then determines not only - Pakikiramdam is necessarily tied to the the person's personality but more so his operation of all Filipino surface values. personhood or pagkatao. - Without pakiramdam, there is no sense of - Without kapwa, one ceases to be a Filipino. time and kalooban. One also ceases to be human. - Pakiramdam: The Pivotal Aspect of Kapwa Hiya Pakiramdam - Hiya demands that one conducts oneself in a circumspect manner, e.g., with - Is the pivotal value of shared inner pakikiramdam. perception. It refers to heightened awareness - Kahihiyan could be avonded by sizing up and sensitivity. the situation first and watching how others react. - In being considerate and behaving as kapwa, Mataragnon (1987) one tries not to cause kahihiyan to others: in - Characterized pakikiramdam as "feeling for saving face and preserving amor propio, another," a kind of emotional a priori. one tries not to bring kahihiyan upon - Pakikiramdam is an active process oneself. In all this, palakiramdam may be involving great care and deliberation seen as some kind of golden rule. manifested in "hesitation to react, attention to subtle cues, and nonverbal behavior in mental role-playing (If I were Utang Na Loob in the others situation, how would I feel?)" - It is with one's loob (being) that one feeks. - Regarding pakikisama, Mataragnon (1987) One could have a debt and pay it back in writes, "A person who knows how to get business-hke fashion without utang na loob. along well with others is one who is - On the other hand, the emotional component 'magaling makiramdam' (good in sensing is at a maximum in utang na loob reciprocity. cues)!" - Voluntary initiation of the action is also extremely important, for the spirit in which a service is rendered, the giving of self that is Pakikiramdam involved, lends an emotional content to the relationship that is lacking in contractual and quasi- contractual reciprocity (Lynch 1973). This reviewer is not for sale.  HAU PSYCHOLOGY SOCIETY FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY MIDTERMS REVIEWER | SECOND SEMESTER - Without pakikiramdam, one cannot acquire a chastisement. Biro and hiya are actually sense of utang na loob; neither can one know correlated, though not ordinarily recognized when and how to express this sense of as such. gratitude. - In a culture which uses teasing as a form of socialization or even as a strategy for establishing rapport, this relationship is Bahala Na easier to apprehend. - The improvisatory character of pakikiramdam is operative in bahala na: Lambing - Bahala na strikes a curious relationship with pakikiramdam. - Even less intimately related, and often - At First sight, it appears that bahala na is thought of as unrelated, are the surface values reckless and fatalistic while pakikiramdam is of pakikisama and the behavioral pattern careful and humanistic... of lambing (sweetness/underlying - Lagmay mentions the "improvisatory fondness). personality" of the Filipino which allows - Lambing behavior is more likely to be him to be comfortable with unstructured, observed in situations where pakikisama is indefinite, and unpredictable situations. operative. There are situational constraints - It is this same "improvisatory personality" to the manifestation of lambing. that is at work in pakikiramdam (Mataragnon - For example, it is supposed to be absent in 1987). pakikisama among male barkada (indigenous peer group). - However, it can be argued that lambing is The Centrality of Pakiramdam in Behavioral and simply manifested in different ways Interpersonal Domains depending upon sex, status, age, nature of relationship, and the like. The recognition of a parallelism between the triad of accommodative surface values and the behavioral- phenomenological domain of biro-lambing-tampo Tampo (tease/joke-sweetness/caress-resent/disappoint) generates a number of fascinating hypotheses. - Similarly, tampo is the behavioral pattern and phenomenological feeling most frequently associated with perceived Biro (joke/tease) disregard for utang na loob. - Again, the two are not normally thought of as - Is most relevant to the domain of the surface related, and yet tampo is the first thing felt value of hiya. and/or manifested in the face of a supposedly - The initial tension attributed to hiya during unrecognized or unreciprocated utang na interpersonal encounters, which is most loob. Basic to all these is the value of likely to occur at levels of interactions below pakiramdam. pakikipagpalagayang-loob can be neutralized by a biro. - Even the expression "Napahiya ka ano?" can actually be a biro disguised as This reviewer is not for sale.  HAU PSYCHOLOGY SOCIETY FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY MIDTERMS REVIEWER | SECOND SEMESTER The Internality-Externality Dimension In Accommodative Surface Values Pakikiramdam - Hiya, Utang na loob, Pakikisama Two-related concepts of Pakikiramdam - As can be gathered from the adjective, accommodative values function primarily to - The first would be paki- which is an maintain the status quo either on an affixation indicating a request or a plea. individual or group basis. - The second would be ramdam, a variation - Over the years, American-oriented of damdam which means to feel. researchers have seized on this category to - Although damdam and dama would both such an extent that all other values have been mean "to feel," this English equivalent does pushed to the sidelines. not consider the externality-internality - Because of the sheer visibility of studies dimensions of feeling. made on the subject, translation labels for - Strictly speaking, dama is external in each of them have seeped into popular usage quality; that is, having a social dimension, and have been taken as appropriate. concerning one's interaction with other - Hiya got bandied about as "shame" or people. embarrassment." - Pakidama would, therefore, be external in - Utang na loob got to be known as character. On the other hand, damdam is "reciprocity." internal in nature; that is, it involves one's "loob," the recognition of a person's individuality. Bahala Na - The popularization of bahala na as fatalism Portrait of the Compliant Filipino is a case in point since the basic confrontative meaning of the concept was Readily observable surface values are often not duly recognized. mistaken for distinguishing attributes of the Filipinos as opposed to other nationalities. That may cause a bit of confusion as was mentioned Another nonconfrontative value, lakas ng loob, earlier, as these values may vary among the different never came to the fore as did utang na loob, another ethnic groupings of the archipelago. loob-related value found in the other category. Moreover, the misconception that the triad of hiya, This oversight seems linked to the observation that utang na loob, and pakikisama constitutes the utang na loob happens to be consistent with entirety of surface values is fostered by colonial subservience and servility. social science. The same is the case with pakikibaka, the last of One researcher even went as far as identifying a the triad of confrontative values. surface value as a Filipino "goal, purpose, and This concept was paid only scant attention, perhaps objective." by being "out of place" in a society widely presented While bordering on the absurd, the idea is as "servile," "fun-loving," and "hospitable." perpetuated in English social science textbooks (e.g.. Hunt, Quisumbing. Espiritu, Costelo, and Lacar 1987). This reviewer is not for sale.  HAU PSYCHOLOGY SOCIETY FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY MIDTERMS REVIEWER | SECOND SEMESTER Increasingly, however, this triad of confrontative - A loose but idiomatic translation of this values is now beginning to get the attention and would be "It's a shameful sin against appreciation due them. society but not against God" - Obviously, this cannot be said of suicide However, the saying "Nahiya sa tao, sa The Moral Dimension of Hiya Diyos hindi" is ironic; it precisely means "Dapat ay nahiya din sa Diyos" or "she Sibley (1965) should not have sinned against God - One of the earliest studies done on hiya either." (propriety/ dignity) was by Sibley (1965), - This is clearly a moral injuction missed by an anthropologist with the Philippine Studies Sibley. The affix na- says something very Program at the University of Chicago. different from what nakaka- implies. "Nahiya - He went to the Philippine island of Panay