Windows to the Universe: Indian Darshanas PDF

Windows to the Universe: Indian Darshanas Dr. K R Priya DARSHANA meaning Dr̥śyate anena iti Darśanam. To see Why there is no Indian Philosophy is been taught? Ask yourself And give me answers Who is the father of Indian Philosophy? S...

Windows to the Universe: Indian Darshanas Dr. K R Priya DARSHANA meaning Dr̥śyate anena iti Darśanam. To see Why there is no Indian Philosophy is been taught? Ask yourself And give me answers Who is the father of Indian Philosophy? Shankaracharya is known as the father of Indian Philosophy. He was the prominent exponent of the Advaita Vedanta school of philosophy. Epistemology THE THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE 4 PILLARS OF epistemology are: Knowledge Truth Critical thinking & Culture Rene Descrtes (1596 -1650) , the French philosopher considered as the father of modern philosophy including epistemology. Indian philosophy Indian Ph Asthika Nasthika Darshana( Darshana Orthodox)S (Hetrodoc chool of school thought Asthika & Nasthika Darshanas It accepts the authority of Veda There are 6 divisions of Asthika darshana that are called – Shad Darshanas Nasthika Darshana rejects the authority of Vedas 6 dimensions of Indian Philosophy the six orthodox schools are called as shatdarshanas and include Nyaya, Sankhya, Yoga, Vaisheshika, Purva Mimamsa and Uttara Mimamsa (Vedanta Philosophy). Most of these schools of thought believe in the theory of Karma and rebirth. Nasthika classifications 3 divisions NASTHIKA DARSHANA CHARVAKA BUDHISM JAINISM Nyaya philosophy Justice method, rules, Judgement..otherwise called Indian logic / Tharkasastra, realism Founder – Sadguru Gautama Maharshi/ Akshpada Basic Book – Nyaya Sutra The main contribution of NYAYA philosophy is – the systematic development of the theory of logic, methodology and its treatise on epistemology There are 6 types epistemology in Nyaya philosophy , out of that 4are very much accepted - that are : Pratyaksha (perception), Anumana (inference), Upamana( Comparison and Analogy) and subda(word, testimony of past or present reliable expert) How is knowledge obtained? Nyaya theory of knowledge PRAMA (Valid theory of APRAMA 9Invalid theory knowledge) Right of Knowledge) Wrong apprehension about an apprehension about an object/ the true object knowledge  Four basic factors of Nyaya Epistemology 1) Prama – The knowledge of an object 2) Prameya – The object 3) Pramata - The subject / Person 4) Pramana –The way of getting Prama Vsiseshika Darshana Philosophy Founder – Kanada VAISESHIKA Is a Sanskrit word, meaning- ‘referring to the distance’ It emphasized the seperateness of individual selves and objects also developed the atomic theory of the universe around 2500 years ago. All material parts of the universe are divisible into smaller parts and further and further and the minutest particle of matter which cannot be further divided is eternal and partless, this particle is called paramanu / which are globular in shape. Kanada was the son of Aulukya Maharshi of Kashyapa Gotra, Hence he was called Aulukya, so Vaiseshika Darshana is also known as Aulukya Darshana, As Kanada satisfied Maheswaraby eating Kanas/ paramanu/ atoms, he was popularly known as Kanada. Vaiseshika sutram By kanathan -is the book Viseshika darshana continu…. They believed that the five elements such as fire, air, water, earth and ether/ sky created everything in the universe These material elements are also referred to as Dravya Material elements are called dravya They believe in the physicality of the universe Because of the scientific approach , they also developed the atomic theory, which states that all material objects are made of atoms PERCEPTION INFERANCE KNOWLEDGE Vaiseshika a metaphysical system of thought which classifies all beings into 6 categories Dravya = substance Guna =quality or characteristics Karma =activity or action Samanya = universality or generality Visesha = visesha Samanya =inherence (cause and effect relationship) Sankya philosophy Sage Kapila is the father of Sankya Philosophy. It views Reality as composed of two independent principles, Purusa (‘consciousness” or spirit) and Prakrti (nature or matter, including the human mind and emotions). Sankya= enumerate/ calculate/ deliberate It believes that there are two types of bodies : 1)A physical or temporal body & 2)An ethereal or subtle body that is not visible but persists after death. in Short – the activities of mind and perception Sankya continu….. Prakriti is matter or nature. It is inactive, unconscious, and is a balance of the three GUNAS (qualities or innate tendencies), namely SATTVA, RAJAS & TAMAS. When Prakṛti comes into contact with Purusha this balance is disturbed, and Prakriti becomes manifest, evolving twenty-three TATTVAS- namely intellect (buddhi, mahat), ego(Ahanmkara), mind (Manas); the five sensory capacities known as ears, skin, eyes, tongue and nose; the five action capacities known as hasta, pada, bak, anus, and upastha; and the five "subtle elements" or "modes of sensory content“(tanmatras), from which the five "gross elements" or "forms of perceptual objects" (earth, water, fire, air and space) emerge,in turn giving rise to the manifestation of sensory experience and cognition Yoga What is the main philosophy of Yoga? The philosophy of yoga clearly states that mind, body, and spirit are one and inseparable. It is similar to the philosophy of Buddhism, as it states that the cause of all suffering is spiritual ignorance. The proponent of this philosophy is Patanjali Windows to the Universe: Indian Darshanas The ancient temples of South India are adorned with stone-carved windows that captivate the eye and the mind. These windows, with their intricate patterns, not only frame the outside world, but also shape our perception of it. They act as mediators between the observer and the observed, inviting us to explore different ways of knowing and being.  The remarkable diversity of these windows, found in the temples of Pallavas, Chalukyas, Cholas and others, may also mirror the rich epistemological pluralism that characterizes Indian culture, a culture that celebrates multiple paths to reality. Pointing out the organic relationship with the epistemology Epistemology and Science Epistemology without contact with science becomes an empty scheme. Science without epistemology is — insofar as it is thinkable at all — primitive and muddled. --Albert Einstein