Figures of Speech - Poetry PDF

FIGURES OF SPEECH Poetry FIGURES OF SPEECH It relies on implied or suggested meaning, rather than a dictionary definition. ALLITERATION The repetition of an initial consonant sound. ALLITERATION ▪ Examples: “She sells seashells by the seashore.” “Peter Piper picked a peck...

FIGURES OF SPEECH Poetry FIGURES OF SPEECH It relies on implied or suggested meaning, rather than a dictionary definition. ALLITERATION The repetition of an initial consonant sound. ALLITERATION ▪ Examples: “She sells seashells by the seashore.” “Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.” ANAPHORA The repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or verses. ANAPHORA ▪ Examples: "Unfortunately, I was in the wrong place at the wrong time on the wrong day. In every cry of every Man, In every infant's cry of fear, In every voice, in every ban, The mind-forg'd manacles I hear ANAPHORA ▪ Example: Look at you! You are beautiful, my darling. Look at you! You are so beautiful. Your eyes behind your veil are doves your hair is like a flock of goats coming down from Mt. Gilead. Your teeth are like a flock of sheep about to be sheared, who are coming up from being washed. (The Song of Songs, in the Old Testament of the Bible) TAKE NOTE: Among anaphora's closest relatives is epistrophe, which is identical to anaphora except that its the repetition of one or more words at the end of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences. EXAMPLE: Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth? ANAPHORA + EPISTROPHE = SYMPLOCE ▪ Using both anaphora and epistrophe at once creates a third figure of speech called symploce. This proverb provides an example of symploce in action: ANTITHESIS Places two completely contrasting ideas or clauses in juxtaposition. ANTITHESIS ▪ Examples: Abraham Lincoln said, "Folks who have no vices have very few virtues.“ Hope for the best; prepare for the worst. Keep your mouth closed and your eyes open. “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times. It was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness.” – Charles Dickens Speech is silver, but silence is gold. Keep your friends close; keep your enemies closer. “To err is human; to forgive divine.” – Alexander Pope APOSTROPHE Directly addressing a nonexistent person or an inanimate object as though it were a living being. The entity being addressed can be an absent, dead, or imaginary person, but it can also be an inanimate object (like stars or the ocean), an abstract idea (like love or fate), or a being (such as a Muse or god). APOSTROPHE ▪ Examples: "Oh, you stupid car, you never work when I need you to," Bert sighed. “There was a Boy: ye knew him well, ye cliffs And islands of Winander!” (William Wordsworth's "Prelude“) “Amen. So be it. Welcome, O life! I go to encounter for the millionth time the reality of experience and to forge in the smithy of my soul the uncreated conscience of my race.” (James Joyce's novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man) APOSTROPHE ▪ Examples: Sing in me, Muse, and through me tell the story of that man skilled in all ways of contending, the wanderer, harried for years on end, after he plundered the stronghold on the proud height of Troy. (Homer’s Iliad and The Odyssey) Thou still unravish'd bride of quietness, Thou foster-child of silence and slow time, Sylvan historian, who canst thus express A flowery tale more sweetly than our rhyme (Keats' "Ode on a Grecian Urn“) CHIASMUS It is a figure of speech in which the grammar of one phrase is inverted in the following phrase, such that two key concepts from the original phrase reappear in the second phrase in inverted order. Derives from the Greek for "a placing crosswise, diagonal arrangement." CHIASMUS ▪ Example: The famous chef said people should live to eat, not eat to live. She has all my love; my heart belongs to her" CHIASMUS ▪ Example: “We walked tiredly; drowsily, we ambled along toward the hotel.” “My heart burned with anguish, and chilled was my body when I heard of his death.” “I may be as bad as the worst, but, thank God, I am as good as the best.” “Eleanor loved a good cup of coffee. Mike was also an object of her adoration.” CHIASMUS ▪ Example: "Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate." John F. Kennedy "We shape our buildings, and afterward our buildings shape us." -Winston Churchill "We were elected to change Washington, and we let Washington change us." -John McCain EUPHEMISM The substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered offensively explicit. A word or phrase that softens an uncomfortable topic. ▪ Example: "We're teaching our toddler how to go potty," Bob said. EUPHEMISM ▪ Euphemisms for death: ▪ Euphemisms for money and Passed on career: Kicked the bucket Bringing home the bacon Is in a better place Letting someone go In between jobs ▪ Euphemisms for sex: Breadwinner Getting lucky Knocking boots Living comfortably Making love Sleeping together EUPHEMISM ▪ Euphemisms for fat: He is selling plus-sized undergarments. They are looking at real women having curves. She is just big-boned and nothing else. There is nothing wrong with him. He is just shorter than his weight. ▪ Euphemism for attraction She is full of charm even though in rags. They are completely bewitched by her aura. The beguilement of guests lies in her beauty. The leader has such charisma that the audience were mesmerized. TYPES OF EUPHEMISM Abstraction Indirection Litotes TYPES OF EUPHEMISM Abstraction: creates an entirely new scene to refer to the situation being discussed. For example, an abstract euphemism for death would describe someone as being in a better place. TYPES OF EUPHEMISM Indirection: creates distance between the speaker and the situation. For example, sleeping together is an indirect euphemism for having sex. TYPES OF EUPHEMISM Litotes: soften the topic by downplaying it. For example, rather than calling someone filthy rich, you might say that they’re not exactly poor. HYPERBOLE An extravagant statement; the use of exaggerated terms for the purpose of emphasis or heightened effect. HYPERBOLE ▪ Examples: I have a ton of things to do when I get home. I’m so hungry I could eat a horse. She can hear a pin drop a mile away. I died of embarrassment. It’s so hot you could fry an egg on the sidewalk. She’s so sweet you could get a cavity from talking to her. I’ve told you a million times, pick up your dirty socks. IRONY The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning. Also, a statement or situation where the meaning is contradicted by the appearance or presentation of the idea. EXAMPLE: "Oh, I love spending big bucks," said my dad, a notorious penny pincher. TYPES OF IRONY ▪ Verbal Irony ▪ Dramatic Irony ▪ Situational Irony ▪ Socratic Irony VERBAL IRONY The speaker intends to be understood as meaning something that contrasts with the literal or usual meaning of what he says. TYPES OF VERBAL IRONY Sarcasm (saying “Oh, fantastic!” when the situation is actually very bad) Socratic Irony (pretending to be ignorant to show that someone else is ignorant: "I'm confused, I thought your curfew was at 11. Isn't it past 12 now?") Understatement (saying "We don't get along" after having a huge fight with someone) Overstatement (saying "I'll die if I can't go to the concert!") DRAMATIC IRONY It occurs when the audience knows something that the characters don’t. SITUATIONAL IRONY ▪ It takes place when the opposite of what is expected actually happens. ▪ It is a form of irony in which something takes place that is different or the opposite of what is expected to happen. SITUATIONAL IRONY Examples: ▪ a dentist with severe tooth decay ▪ a car mechanic that can’t change a tire ▪ searching everywhere for your phone when it’s in your hand ▪ a librarian with a book overdue ▪ a fire station burning down ▪ offering to pay for a date and realizing your wallet is at home ▪ a skyscraper architect who is afraid of heights SOCRATIC IRONY ▪ It occurs when you feign ignorance in order to get someone to admit something. ▪ In other words, 'playing dumb' to catch someone in a lie or to confess to something they wouldn't otherwise concede. It is a verbal chess match that gives your opponent a false sense of security that lures them into a trap. SOCRATIC IRONY ▪ Examples: A lawyer pressing a witness into admitting something that will help their case. Your parents asking you questions about the weekend they were gone, knowing you held a party. LITOTES It consists of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite. LITOTES ▪ Examples: “A million dollars is no small chunk of change. “You are not as young as you used to be.” “That’s not a bad idea.” “He is not the sharpest tool in the shed.” METAPHOR An implied comparison between two dissimilar things that have something in common. METAPHOR ▪ Examples: “All the world's a stage.“ “Memories are bullets. “Wishes are thorns, “Two roads diverged in a wood” METONYMY A word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated; also, the rhetorical strategy of describing something indirectly by referring to things around it. the substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant. METONYMY ▪ Examples: "That stuffed suit with the briefcase is a poor excuse for a salesman," the manager said angrily. "The pen is mightier than the sword.“ We will swear loyalty to the crown. The White House will be making an announcement around noon. My dear, you have all of my heart. That fancy fish dish you made was the best of the evening. ONOMATOPOEIA The use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to. ONOMATOPOEIA Examples: ▪ The clap of thunder went bang and scared my poor dog. ▪ The rocks kerplunk as they fall into the lake. ▪ Listen to the pitter-patter of raindrops on the leaves. ▪ Lighting crackles and thunder rumbles through the night. ▪ The waves crashed against the rocks. ▪ The wind whooshed through the trees. ▪ The water in the brook gurgles and rushes. ▪ The snow crunches under your feet. ONOMATOPOEIA ▪ Snakes slither among the leaves. ▪ The geese honk as they fly across the sky. ▪ Bees busily buzz as they fly from flower to flower. ▪ The butterflies flutter as they take flight. ▪ You could hear the distinct awoooo of the wolves howling at the night. ▪ The caw of the crows was hard to miss. ▪ Ducks quacked loudly as they swam across the pond. OXYMORON A figure of speech in which incongruous or contradictory terms appear side by side. EXAMPLES: alone together crash landing awful good cruel kindness beggarly riches darkness visible bittersweet deafening silence brisk vacancy deceptively honest cheerful pessimist definite maybe civil war deliberate speed clearly misunderstood devout atheist comfortable misery (Koontz 2001) dull roar conspicuous absence eloquent silence cool passion EXAMPLES: growing smaller larger half guest host lascivious grace historical present lead balloon humane slaughter liquid marble icy hot idiot savant living dead ill health living end impossible solution living sacrifices intense apathy loosely sealed joyful sadness loud whisper jumbo shrimp loyal opposition PARADOX A statement that appears to contradict itself. EXAMPLE: ▪ "This is the beginning of the end," said Eeyore, always the pessimist. ▪ The greatest thing that can come from hate is love, and William Shakespeare proved this paradox in Romeo and Juliet. PERSONIFICATION An inanimate object or abstraction is endowed with human qualities or abilities. EXAMPLES: “That kitchen knife will take a bite out of your hand if you don't handle it safely.” “The sun smiled down on us.” “The story jumped off the page.” “The light danced on the surface of the water.” PUN A pun is a joke that makes a play on words. Puns rely on words that are similar in spelling, sound or meaning to make their listener laugh. EXAMPLES: ▪ Jessie looked up from her breakfast and said, "A boiled egg every morning is hard to beat.“ ▪ One hundred hares have escaped the zoo, so police are combing the area. ▪ Everyone thinks my runny nose is funny, but it's snot. ▪ Jungle animals are very fair. Cheetahs are always spotted. TYPES OF PUN Homophonic Puns Homographic Puns Compound Puns HOMOPHONIC PUNS When your pun relies on the way words sound alike but have different meanings and spellings. the punchline is in the double meaning of the word. HOMOPHONIC PUNS Examples: A bicycle can't stand on its own because it is two-tired. No matter how much you push the envelope, it will still be stationery. A pessimist's blood type is always B-negative. Two peanuts walk into a bar, and one was a-salted. Reading while sunbathing makes you well-red. HOMOGRAPHIC PUNS Words that are spelled the same way but have different meanings, Also known as heteronymic ("same name") puns. They're funny because they're true in both interpretations of the word, and they are best understood when read. HOMOGRAPHIC PUNS Examples: After hours of waiting for the bowling alley to open, we finally got the ball rolling. Always trust a glue salesman. They tend to stick to their word. Every calendar's days are numbered. A dog gave birth to puppies near the road and was cited for littering. If you don't pay your exorcist, you will get repossessed. COMPOUND PUNS Compound puns include two punny words in one statement, or they rely on the sound of two words blended together to make the joke. They can be homographic, homophonic or both. COMPOUND PUNS Examples: One hundred hares have escaped the zoo, so police are combing the area. Everyone thinks my runny nose is funny, but it's snot. Did you hear about the lumberjack who couldn't hack it? They gave him the axe. Jungle animals are very fair. Cheetahs are always spotted. A short psychic broke out of jail. She was a small medium at large. SIMILE A stated comparison (usually formed with "like" or "as") between two fundamentally dissimilar things that have certain qualities in common. SIMILE Examples: Roberto was white as a sheet after he walked out of the horror movie. As slow as a sloth As busy as a bee My love is like a red rose. My brother and I fight like cats and dogs all the time. SYNECDOCHE A figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole. Types: microcosm and macrocosm: ▪ Microcosm uses a part or element to represent a larger whole, and ▪ Macrocosm does the opposite: using a whole or larger entity to represent a specific part. EXAMPLES: ▪ “All hands on deck!” — uses “hands” to signify the whole sailors. ▪ “I need a headcount by morning,” — uses “head” to represent a whole person. ▪ “Nice wheels!” — uses “wheels” to designate a whole car. ▪ “America took home gold” — uses America as a larger category to represent Olympians for the U.S. team. ▪ “Denver beat New York in last night’s game” — uses the names of specific states to represent their sports teams. ▪ “All his enemies were put to the sword” — uses “sword” to represent all methods of execution, which can certainly include the stabby kinds. UNDERSTATEMENT A writer or speaker deliberately makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is. Types of Understatement: Comedic, Modest, and Polite Understatement COMEDIC UNDERSTATEMENT ▪ A comedic understatement adds humor to an otherwise serious situation. ▪ For example, there is a hurricane at your vacation home and there is most likely severe damage to the house. You say, "At least the plants will get watered." MODEST UNDERSTATEMENT A modest understatement is used instead of bragging or boasting about something. For example, winning your first trophy and saying it was "not a big deal" when it really was a big deal. POLITE UNDERSTATEMENT It can be used in difficult situations when you may disagree with someone's opinion but still want to remain polite. For example, when talking politics and you and a friend are on completely opposite sides, but you simply say, "I think our opinions are slightly different on this matter." Or, if someone asks you to describe someone who is very short, you say, "Well, he's not tall." EVERYDAY REAL WORLD UNDERSTATEMENTS You just hit the biggest lottery of all time! A modest understatement would be: "I'm kind of excited.“ You are out to dinner with a friend who spills food down the front of her white shirt. A polite understatement would be: "Really, it's hardly noticeable." You scrape the entire side of your car. A comedic understatement would be: "It is only a small scratch." UNCOMMON FIGURES OF SPEECH 20 UNCOMMON FIGURES OF SPEECH ▪ Accismus ▪ Epimone ▪ Anadiplosis ▪ Epizeuxis ▪ Apophasis ▪ Hypocrisis ▪ Paronomasia ▪ Aposiopesis ▪ Prolepsis ▪ Boosting ▪ Skotison ▪ Chleuasmos ▪ Synathroesmus ▪ Dehortatio ▪ Tapinosis ▪ Diatyposis ▪ Tetracolon Climax ▪ Epexegesis ▪ Zeugma ACCISMUS  is a rhetorical term for coyness: a form of irony in which a person feigns a lack of interest in something that he or she actually desires. For example, a man offers flowers to a woman who he has annoyed. She turns her nose up at them, even though they are her favorites. ANADIPLOSIS  Rhetorical and literary device wherein a word or phrase at or near the end of a clause is repeated at or near the beginning of the next clause. Anadiplosis appears everywhere, from literature, to children's books, to famous speeches, to everyday conversation. It is also very common in the Bible. ANADIPLOSIS  The emphasis created by anadiplosis's repetition of words has the power to persuade, to create a sense of urgency or emotion, as well as to give a pleasing rhythm to text or speech. EXAMPLES: "She opened a café, a café that ruined her financially." "While driving, whenever you see a big red hexagon, the big red hexagon means you should stop the car." "When you love, love with all your heart." "We ordered a pizza pie. A pizza pie that changed our lives. APOSIOPESIS It is derived from a Greek word that means “becoming silent.” It is a rhetorical device that can be defined as a figure of speech in which the speaker or writer breaks off abruptly, and leaves the statement incomplete. TYPES OF APOSIOPESIS Emotive aposiopesis: emotional outbursts of a speaker, and an environment that does not react. Usually, the writer or speaker pauses in the middle of a sentence. Calculated aposiopesis: conflict of missing thought and its opposing force that rejects the substance of that thought. Hence, the idea is removed that is explicitly expressed afterwards. TYPES OF APOSIOPESIS Audience-respecting aposiopesis: It is based on the removal of thoughts which are unpleasant to the readers, or offensive to the audience. Transitio-aposiopesis: It removes the ideas from the end part of a speech in order to immediately get the audience interested in the subsequent section. Emphatic aposiopesis: It avoids the use of full utterance, to present the idea as greater and really inexpressible. EXAMPLE: King Lear: “I will have revenges on you both That all the world shall – I will do such things – What they are yet, I know not; but they shall be The terrors of the earth!” King Lear (By William Shakespeare) EXAMPLE: “She looked perplexed for a moment, and then said, not fiercely, but still loud enough for the furniture to hear: ‘Well, I lay if I get hold of you I’ll –’ She did not finish, for by this time she was bending down and punching under the bed with the broom, and so she needed breath to punctuate the punches with. She resurrected nothing but the cat …” The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (By Mark Twain) BOOSTING An adverbial construction used to support a claim or express a viewpoint more assertively and convincingly. EXAMPLES: "Friendship is certainly the finest balm for the pangs of disappointed love." (Jane Austen, Northanger Abbey) "The history of England is emphatically the history of progress."(Thomas Babington Macaulay) EXAMPLES: "Without doubt, machinery has greatly increased the number of well-to-do idlers."(Karl Marx) "The original poor of the Lower East Side had scuffled without hope, of course, selling their labor for low wages." (Joyce Johnson, Minor Characters: A Beat Memoir, 1983) "Inevitably we look upon society, so kind to you, so harsh to us, as an ill-fitting form that distorts the truth; deforms the mind; fetters the will."(Virginia Woolf) "Unquestionably, there is progress. The average American now pays out twice as much in taxes as he formerly got in wages."(H. L. Mencken) CHLEUASMOS A sarcastic reply that mocks an opponent, leaving him or her without an answer. It, however, requires more than simply slinging more mud to top your adversary’s sarcastic remarks, attaining it requires the skillful and intelligent use of rhetoric. EXAMPLE: "'Oh, Lou,' my mother would whine, dressed for a cocktail party in her muted, earth-tone caftan. 'You're not going to wear that, are you?' "'What's wrong with this?' he'd ask. 'These pants are brand-new.' "'New to you,' she'd say. 'Pimps and circus clowns have been dressing that way for years.'" (David Sedaris, "The Women's Open." Naked. Little, Brown and Company, 1997 DEHORTATIO From Latin, signifying “dissuasion” is a rhetorical device which prevails when we offer our hearers a dissuasive statement. sentences using dehortatio typically start with “never” or “do not”. EXAMPLES: “Never look a gift horse in the mouth.” “Never give in, never give in. Never, never, never – in nothing, great or small, large or pretty – never give in …” — (Winston Churchill) “Never let a fool kiss you – or a kiss fool you.” — (“Never Let a Fool Kiss You or a Kiss Fool You” – Viking, 1999) DIATYPOSIS (etymologically from Greek) is a rhetorical device for the prescription of rules; a form of speech by which the speaker prescribes certain profitable doctrines or precepts to the audience. This is usually words of wisdom that should, could or would permeate posterity. EXAMPLE: “Be thou bless’d, Bertram, and succedd thy father In manners as in shape! Thy blood and virtue Contented for empire in thee, and thy goodness Share with thy birthright!... …What heaven more will, That thee may furnish and my prayers pluck down, Fall on thy head! Farewell. My lord, ‘Tis an unseason’d courtier; good my lord, Advise him.” — (“All's Well That Ends Well,” 1.1.57) EPEXEGESIS is a construction of two relative juxtaposed elements, the latter serving as an explanatory or a clarifying apposition to the former. Sometimes the appositive phrases may be metaphors. EXAMPLES: ‘Behold, these are the tribunes of the people, The tongues o’ th’ common mouth’ — (Cor., 3.1.21) ‘The thunder, That deep and dreadful organ pipe’ — (Tem., 3.3.97) EPIMONE is a rhetorical term for the frequent repetition of a phrase or question; dwelling on a point. Also known as perseverantia, leitmotif, and refrain. EXAMPLES: "All his brains are in the nape of his neck, Simon Dedalus says. Welts of flesh behind on him. Fat folds of neck, fat, neck, fat, neck." (James Joyce, Ulysses, 1922) "Mr. Dick shook his head, as utterly renouncing the suggestion; and having replied a great many times, and with great confidence, 'No beggar, no beggar, no beggar, sir!'" (Charles Dickens, David Copperfield, 1850) "We forget all too soon the things we thought we could never forget. We forget the loves and the betrayals alike, forget what we whispered and what we screamed, forget who we were."(Joan Didion, "Keeping a Notebook," 1968) SKOTISON Intentionally obscure speech or writing, designed to confuse an audience rather than clarify an issue. Purposeful obscurity. SYNATHROESMUS The piling up of adjectives, often in the spirit of invective. is a rhetorical term for the piling up of words (usually adjectives), often in the spirit of invective. It is also known as congeries, accumulatio, and seriation. EXAMPLES: "Who can be wise, amazed, temperate and furious, loyal and neutral, in a moment?“ -Shakespeare's play, "Macbeth“ "He was a gasping, wheezing, clutching, covetous old man.“ "A Christmas Carol“- Charles Dickens TAPINOSIS  It is a rhetorical term for name-calling: undignified language that debases a person or thing. EXAMPLES: "Listen up, maggots. You are not special. You are not a beautiful or unique snowflake. You're the same decaying organic matter as everything else." (Brad Pitt as Tyler Durden in the film Fight Club, 1999) "Yes, you squashed cabbage-leaf, you disgrace to the noble architecture of these columns, you incarnate insult to the English language! I could pass you off as the Queen of Sheba!" (Henry Higgins addressing Eliza Doolittle in George Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion, 1912) TETRACOLON CLIMAX  is a rhetorical term for a series of four members (words, phrases, or clauses), usually in parallel form. EXAMPLE: "I write humor the way a surgeon operates, because it is a livelihood, because I have a great urge to do it, because many interesting challenges are set up, and because I have the hope that it may do some good."(James Thurber, letter to E.B. White, April 24, 1951)  REFERENCES https://literaryterms.net/figures-of-speech/ https://www.thoughtco.com/top-figures-of-speech-1691818 https://www.litcharts.com/literary-devices-and-terms/anaphora https://byjus.com/english/antithesis/#:~:text=Some%20Common%20Examples%20of%20Antithesis,- Here%20are%20some&text=Keep%20your%20mouth%20closed%20and%20your%20eyes%20open.&text=Speech% 20is%20silver%2C%20but%20silence%20is%20gold.&text=Keep%20your%20friends%20close%3B%20keep%20your %20enemies%20closer.&text=Money%20is%20the%20root%20of,the%20fruit%20of%20all%20goodness. https://www.litcharts.com/literary-devices-and-terms/apostrophe https://www.litcharts.com/literary-devices-and-terms/apostrophe https://www.litcharts.com/literary-devices-and- terms/chiasmus#:~:text=Chiasmus%20is%20a%20figure%20of,is%20an%20example%20of%20chiasmus  REFERENCES  https://www.grammarly.com/blog/euphemism/#:~:text=A%20euphemism%20is%20a% 20word,common%20euphemism%20for%20being%20unemployed.  https://literarydevices.net/euphemism/  https://www.rd.com/article/hyperbole-examples/  https://prowritingaid.com/irony-examples  https://www.wix.com/wordsmatter/blog/2021/01/what-is-a-metaphor/  https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-metonymy.html  https://www.rd.com/list/examples-of-onomatopoeia/  https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-onomatopoeia-in-nature.html REFERENCES https://www.thoughtco.com/awfully-good-examples-of-oxymorons-1691814 https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/what-is-personification-definition- examples/#:~:text=Personification%20examples,- Before%20we%20dive&text=%E2%80%9CThe%20sun%20smiled%20down%20on,the%20surface%20of%20 the%20water.%E2%80%9D https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-puns.html https://smartblogger.com/synecdoche-examples/ http://changingminds.org/techniques/language/figures_speech/accismus.htm https://www.litcharts.com/literary-devices-and- terms/anadiplosis#:~:text=Anadiplosis%20can%20involve%20a%20single,you%20should%20stop%20the% 20car.%22 REFERENCES https://ifioque.com/figures-of-speech/trope/apophasis https://literarydevices.net/aposiopesis/ https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-boosting-language- 1689175#:~:text=Definition%3A%20An%20adverbial%20construction%20used,viewpoint%20more%2 0assertively%20and%20convincingly. https://www.thoughtco.com/figures-of-speech-we-never-heard-in-school-1691874 https://rhetconcepts.wordpress.com/2011/12/10/chleuasmos-overview/ https://www.ifioque.com/figures-of- speech/trope/dehortatio#:~:text=Dehortatio%20(etymologically%20from%20Latin%2C%20signifying, them%20from%20taking%20inept%20actions. REFERENCES https://www.ifioque.com/figures-of- speech/trope/diatyposis#:~:text=Diatyposis%20(etymologically%20from%20Greek)%20is,could%20o r%20would%20permeate%20posterity. https://www.ifioque.com/figures-of-speech/scheme/epergesis https://www.thoughtco.com/epimone-rhetoric-term- 1690662#:~:text=Epimone%20(pronounced%20eh%2DPIM%2D,perseverantia%2C%20leitmotif%2C% 20and%20refrain. https://literarydevices.net/paronomasia/ https://www.ifioque.com/figures-of-speech/trope/prolepsis https://www.thoughtco.com/synathroesmus-rhetoric-1692171 https://www.thoughtco.com/tapinosis-rhetorical-name-calling-1692526 https://www.thoughtco.com/tetracolon-climax-rhetoric- 1692535#:~:text=Tetracolon%20climax%20(or%20simply%20tetracolon,Also%20called%20a%20tetra colon%20crescendo.