Fields Of Social Work PDF

PREPARED BY: algen boaquiña students will 02 learn: 1. Discuss the nature, focus and characteristics of 4. Identify oneself in the specific field of different settings of social work....

PREPARED BY: algen boaquiña students will 02 learn: 1. Discuss the nature, focus and characteristics of 4. Identify oneself in the specific field of different settings of social work. interest in social work settings. 2. Identify the functions and roles of social workers 5. To discuss the different needs and issues play in the different settings. and specific social work activities, agencies, policies, programs and services related to 3. Describe the social work helping process that is each practice setting. common to all settings.  important Concepts ENVIRONMENT refers to one’s surroundings – multitude of physical and social structure, forces and processes that affects human and all other life and forms (Sheafor and Horejsi 2012) SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT network of overlapping social system and social situation, including ecological system, cultures and institutions.  important Concepts SOCIAL SITUATION smaller, more immediate environment that “has meaning for the individual and that is uniquely perceived and interpreted by him, in which he has one or more status- roles and identities, is a group member and role performer (Siporin,1974:135)  important Concepts SOCIAL FUNCTIONING the relationship between coping activity of people and the demand from the environment (Barlett, 1970); the interaction between the individual and his situation or environment (Mendoza, 2003;73) POSITIVE SOCIAL FUNCTIONING the person’s ability to accomplish task and activities necessary to meet his or her basic needs and perform his or her major social roles in the society forms(Sheafor and Horejsi 2012)  important Concepts HELPING PROCESS according to John Dewey, ( 1993 ) the problem- solving behaviour is based on reflective though that begins with a feeling of doubt or confusion and in order to solve a problem, a person follows a rational procedure consisting of steps in an orderly sequence.  important Concepts PROBLEM-SOLVING PROCESS essentially a cognitive process, a rational procedure involving a series od steps to be followed sequentially PLANNED CHANGED PROCESS involves several phases during which the client and the social work move from their decision to initiate a course of action, though assessment and action phase and on to an evaluation of its success and a decision to terminate the helping activity  important Concepts SOCIAL WORK HELPING PROCESS is not just a cognitive process since it involves a relationship between two parties, guided by professional values and ethical principles in relation to the handling of feelings and attitudes.  SOCIAL WORK profession activity aimed generally at enriching and enhancing individual and group development at alleviating adverse social and economic condition.  - To enhance GOAL OF PRACTICE the problem-solving, coping and development capacities of people - To link people to resources and opportunities - - To promote the effectiveness and humane operation of system - To develop and improve social policy and to promote human and community well being WHAT IS DIRECT PRACTICE define as the range of professional social work activities with or on behalf of clients in which goals are establish, worked towards and reached through personal contract and immediate influence with those seeking social services DIRECT PRACTICE Micro level Structured by the problem-solving process - guided by underlying principles of sensitivity to social diversity and promotion of social and economic justice. Vulnerable sectors DIRECT PRACTICE Its practitioner work to: provide care for: Abused or neglected children. Rehabilitate people with physical, mental, or emotional disabilities. Extend financial aid to the poor and the aged DIRECT PRACTICE Treatment, counselling. Direct-service activities to help those individuals with mental and emotional disorders. To help rehabilitate those with disabilities To provide preventive services HISTORICAL ACCOUNT - Formerly, all forms of philanthropic and charitable activities, including those of untrained, civic- minded individual, were regarded as social work. - Such activities focused primarily on solving the immediate problems of the indigent and did little to change the conditions that caused those problems. INDIRECT PRACTICE Defined as those professional social work activities such as administration, supervision, research , publication, policy development, education. May not involve immediate or personal contact with clients being served INDIRECT PRACTICE - Supervision - Teacher/Instructor - Administration - Social Planning - Policy Making or Lobbying  DIRECT VS. INDIRECT Direct Practice - Define as the range of professional social work activities with or on behalf of clients in which goals are establish, worked towards and reached through personal contract and immediate influence with those seeking social services.  DIRECT VS. INDIRECT Indirect Practice - Defined as those professional social work activities such as administration, supervision, research , publication, policy development, education. May not involve immediate or personal contact with clients being served. PRIMARY SETTING PRIMARY SETTING are those agencies where social work is the primary profession employed. Most public agencies are primary settings. Administrators, supervisors and most of the workers are Social Workers. Social Agencies (e.g. Bahay Kalinga). SECONDARY SETTING SECONDARY SETTING are institutions characterized by the presence of variety professional staff. Typical example is a hospital settings wherein the doctor is the head and social worker is an not-centered profession yet still providing social services which is a part of the service of the hospital  SOCIAL SYTEMS LEVELS Micro – clinical, working with individual and families to solve problem Example: helping individual to find appropriate housing, health care and social services. Mezzo – this practice deals with small to medium sized group.Social worker engaged in mezzo practie are often also engaged with micro and macro social work.  SOCIAL SYTEMS LEVELS Macro- the practice of macro level is the effort to help clients by intervening in large system. Example : working with community, include lobbying to change a health care law, organizing a state-wide activist group or advocating for large scale social policy change.  TYPES OF SOCIAL WORKER types of social worker Social caseworker – deal directly with the individual or the family. They work in: Family services agencies, Medical and psychiatric hospitals and clinic, Public agencies, substance- abused clinics, and Industrial settings types of social worker Social Group Worker - usually concerned with planning or leading activities of large group of persons. This type of social work often carried out in recreation centers such as those maintained by the American Red Cross and the Young Men’s Christian Association, and in hospital and other therapeutic settings. types of social worker Social Planners - Are social workers who conduct research and help develop social welfare policies, frequently acting as proponents of social legislation (indirect practice) types of social worker Community Organizers Act as area-wide coordination of all the programs of different agencies so as best to meet community needs for health and welfare services. They also facilitate: Self –help programs initiated by local common- interest group, for example, by training local leaders to analyze and solve the problems of a community. types of social worker Community Organizers Act as area-wide coordination of all the programs of different agencies so as best to meet community needs for health and welfare services. They also facilitate: Self –help programs initiated by local common- interest group, for example, by training local leaders to analyze and solve the problems of a community.  philippine context Social workers are also doing direct practice such as: Case management ( by sector: children, family, older persons and PWDs including IPs/ICCs, and many others) Therapy sessions to individual and group through individual and group/family counseling; Provision of financial and material aid to needy individuals especially during disasters and calamities  APPLYING GENERALIST APPROACH Generally, there are no specifications unlike in other counties they termed the social workers who are working with individuals as caseworker or group workers in working with groups but in the Philippines, they are called SOCIAL WORKERS who works with various clientele in different settings  social workers can also be community organizer Community organizers do not necessarily be social workers There a new course in social development wherein workers are also called community organizers, community development workers or simply community workers Other civic groups who are simply doing organizing work are termed community workers  social workers can also be community organizer In social work, community organizing is a method used by social worker in helping communities achieve their desired goals of development - community organizers possess the knowledge and skills in working with community members - they have various roles to portray in order to be successful in doing community work levels of approach in GENERALIST perspective Generalist Social worker look at issues in context and find solutions within the interactions between people and their environments. The generalist approach moves beyond the confines of individuality focused practice to the expensive sphere of intervention at multiple levels. POLICY PRACTICE Generalist social workers practice in the context of personal and collective issues. In generalist social work, the nature of presenting situations, the particular system involved , and potential solutions shape intervention, rather than a social worker’s adherence to a particular methods WORKING WITH MICRO LEVEL SYSTEMS Micro level intervention focuses on work with people individuality, in families, or in small groups to foster changes with personal functioning, in social relationship, and in the ways people interact with social and institutional resources. WORKING WITH MEZZO LEVEL SYSTEMS Mezzo level intervention creates change in task group, teams, organizations, and the network of service delivery. The locus for change is within organizations and formal groups, including their structures, goals, or functions.  WORKING WITH MACRO LEVEL SYSTEMS Addresses social problems in community, institution, and societal system. At this level, generalist practitioner work to achieve social change through neighborhood organizing, community planning, locality development, public education, policy development and social action.  summary of levels of practice Micro : direct practice, usually with individuals. “to foster change within personal functioning” Mezzo: “practice with families and small groups “who share interest or common problems..” Macro: indirect practice with “ goal of benefiting large groups of client or general society, presenting opportunities to induce large- scale positive change in the lives of many clients through systematic solutions” TYPES OF ORGANIZATION  1. LOCAL-GOVERNMENT UNIT (LGU) Local government is a form of public administration which, in a majority of context, exist as the lowest class of administration within a given state. The term is used to contrast with offices at state level, which are referred to as the central government, national government, or ( where appropriate) federal government and to supranational government which deals with governing institution between state.  different levels of LGU LGU are divided into different levels: a. provinces and independent cities b. component cities and municipalities c. barangays d. Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (above provinces and independent cities ) A. AUTONOMOUS REGION have more powers than other local government. The constitution limits the creation of autonomous regions to Muslim Mindanao and the Cordilleras but only one autonomous region exists: Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). B. PROVINCES outside the lone autonomous region, the provinces are the highest- level local government. The provinces are organized into component cities and municipalities. A province is governed by the governor and a legislative known as the Sangunian Panlalawigan.  c. cities and municipalities Municipal government in the Philippines is divided into three : 1. Independent cities – they are not govern by a province, - resident do not vote for nor hold provincial offices. 2. Component cities – are part of province 3. Municipalities (Town) – are always a part of a province except for Pateros which was separated from Rizal to form Metro Manila. - Cities and municipalities are governed by mayor and legislatures, which are called the Sangguniang Panlungsod in cities and the Sanguanian Bayan in Municipalities  D. BARANGAY the smallest of the Local Government Unit. - can be further divided into sitio and puroks but those divisions do not have leaders elected in formal elections supervised by the national government. - a barangay’s execuitive is the Punong Barangay or Barangay Captain, the Barangay Kagawads (barangay councilors) and the SK chairman. The SK chairman also leads a separate assembly for youth, the Sangguniang Kabataan or SK.  2. Non-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION (NGO) A non- government organization (NGO) is a not – for – profit organization that is independent from states and international government organization. They are usually fund by donation but some avoid formal funding altogether and are run primarily by volunteers.  3. GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION - a government or state agency, often an appointed commission, is a permanent or semi-permanent organization in the machinery of government that is responsible for the oversight and administration of specific functions, such as an intelligence agency.  4. CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATION is the “ aggregate of non- governmental organization and institutions that manifest interest and will of citizens” - includes the family and the private sphere, referred to as the “third sector” of society, distinct from government and business. 5. Private organizations private organization refers to any person , partnership, corporation, association or agency which is not public body that is operated for profit. - it can be a self-sustaining, non-federal entity, constituted or establish and operating on Federal property, by individual acting outside any official capacity in the federal government. FUNCTIONS AND ROLES OF SOCIAL WORKER Some people have difficulties in the performance of their roles and have inadequate or ineffective social functioning. This may be caused by any of the following: Personal inadequacies Situational inadequacies Both personal and situational inadequacies which made man find it difficult to cope with the demands of the environment Personal inadequacies - may be due to physiological factors like poor physical constitution, wrong attitudes and values, poor or unrealistic perception of reality, ignorance and lack of skills. Situational inadequacies refer to the lack of resources and opportunities in society. RESTORATIVE, CURATIVE, REMEDIAL, REHABILITATE restorative/curative and remedial function is to assist individuals and groups to identify and resolve minimize problem arising out of the disequilibrium between themselves and the environment. The curative aspect of social work seeks to remove factors which have caused the breakdown in the person’s social functioning while the rehabilitative aspect tries to put back the person to a normal or healthy state of social functioning, both this aspects are interrelated.  PREVENTIVE The preventive function is to identify areas of disequilibrium between individuals or groups and the environment in order to prevent the occurrence of disequilibrium. This involves the early discovery, control, and elimination of those condition or situation which may have a harmful effect on social functioning an example of this function are sex education to the youth to prevent early marriage and working for the enactment of law and policies that would help prevent abuse of women and children.  DEVELOPMENTAL The developmental function is to seek out, identify and strengthen the maximum potential in individuals, groups, and in communities. The aim of this function is both to help the individual make maximum use of his own potentials and capacities as well as to further the effectiveness of available social or community resources. An example of this function is helping unemployed or underemployed breadwinners to avail themselves of opportunities for skills training while at the same time providing necessary supportive services.  OTHER ROLES Counselor/Therapist - providing guidance to clients and assisting them in a planned change process. A worker who perform a counselor or therapist is the restoration, maintenance, or enhancement of the client’s capacity to adapt or adjust to his current reality. Schneiderman submits that the goal is achieved through provision of services on an individual or group basis to provide emotional support and enabling relationship with the social worker  OTHER ROLES Educator - Giving information and teaches skills to others. Facilitator – Guiding a group of individuals with similar experiences Social Broker - Linking clients to needed resources. It’s involves the process of negotiating the “service jungle” for clients, whether singly or in groups. The worker links or connects the client to needed services in the community, she often has to perform a variety of activities-helper, interpreter, facilitator, expediter, escort, negotiator- to insure rapid service delivery.  OTHER ROLES Case Manager - coordinates needed services provided by a number of agencies Resource Provider - engages the worker in the direct provision of material aid and other concrete resources that will be useful in eliminating or reducing situational deficiencies. The direct provision of any form of material aid in social work is always preceded by a careful evaluation of client need and the most appropriate ways by which it can be met.  OTHER ROLES Mediator - He/She acts an intermediary or conciliator between two person and sides. The worker often has to engage in efforts that will resolve dispute between the client system and other parties her objective is to find a common ground which will make it possible to resolve the dispute. Advocate - the advocate will argue debate, bargain, negotiate and manipulate the environment on behalf of the client. She may even have to utilize non-consensual strategies, such as direct confrontation, administrative appeal and the use of judicial and political systems as appropriate. The objective is to influence, in the client’s interest.  OTHER ROLES Enabler- involves the social worker in the interventive activities that will help clients find the coping strengths and resources within themselves to solve problems they are experiencing. It can be used also to effect change within the client’s pattern of relating to others or the environment and it also be useful in helping the client change his/her own reality or environment. Mobilizer of community elite – This involves the worker in activities aimed at informing and interpreting to certain sectors of the community, welfare programs and services, as well as needs and problems with the objective of in listing their support and/in environment in them.  OTHER ROLES Documentor/social critique - This interventive role, social worker document the need for more adequate social welfare policies and program based on her knowledge about inadequacies or deficiencies in these existing welfare policies and programs.  OTHER ROLES Policy/Program change advocate - This requires the worker to take a stand regarding important issues relating to social welfare policies and programs affecting client population and argue for or defend her proposal. It usually addresses the power structure which is viewed neutrally in” gatekeeper” terms as decision making centers that can be influenced through persuasion and/or pressure. With the continued growth of the social work field comes increased opportunities for social workers and human service professionals to improve the lives of challenged individuals.