Introduction to Public Health PDF

INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC HEALTH Dr.Nitya Kumar Learning outcomes  Outline the public health essential services  Describe major public health achievements worldwide  Describe the sustainable development goals and how they are linked to planetary health and climate change  List the determin...

INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC HEALTH Dr.Nitya Kumar Learning outcomes  Outline the public health essential services  Describe major public health achievements worldwide  Describe the sustainable development goals and how they are linked to planetary health and climate change  List the determinants of health and disease  Explain the relationship between public health and medicine 2  Public Health…What Comes to Mind? Conventional ideas STIs and TB Clinics Services to the poor Sanitation and Clean Water Restaurant Inspections  Definition Public health refers to collective action to improve population health (Bonita and Beaglehole,2006). – Epidemiology is one of the tools for improving public health. – Goal is to improve the health of populations, and especially the health of the disadvantaged. 10 essential Public Health Services Source: CDC, 2020 10 essential Public Health Services Source: CDC, 2020 10 essential Public Health Services Source: CDC, 2020 Can you think of some historical public health initiatives?  Historic Public Health Achievements Worldwide 1. Vaccinations 2. Healthier mothers and babies 3. Access to Safe Water and Sanitation 4. Infectious disease control 5. Tobacco Control 6. Road Safety Source: CDC Great Public Health Achievements—Worldwide, 2001—2010. MMWR. 2011; 60(24);814-818.  Recent Public Health Achievements – Bahrain COVID-19 – pandemic preparedness and response Jan 2020 – rapid evolution and uncertainty  2020 – Public Health in Action in Bahrain Tracking Testing and Contact Tracing Other Preventative Measures  2021 – Public Health in Action in Bahrain Fast and Efficient Vaccine roll-out https://covid19.who.int/region/emro/country/bh https:// www.moh.gov.bh/SDG MOH - regular reports on SDGs updates in Bahrain “..health of human civilization and the state of the natural systems on which it depends” Whitmee S, Haines A, Beyrer C, et al. Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene epoch: report of The Rockefeller Foundation-Lancet Commission on planetary health [published correction appears in Lancet. 2015 Nov 14;386(10007):1944]. Lancet. 2015;386(10007):1973-2028. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60901-1 17 Linking SDGs, Climate Action and Planetary Health Fuso Nerini, F., Sovacool, B., Hughes, N. et al. Connecting climate action with other Sustainable Development Goals. Nat Sustain 2, 674–680 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0334-y Linking SDGs, Climate Action and Planetary Health Fuso Nerini, F., Sovacool, B., Hughes, N. et al. Connecting climate action with other Sustainable Development Goals. Nat Sustain 2, 674–680 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0334-y Additional reading: https://www.cdc.gov/socialdeterminants/ about.html https://www.who.int/teams/social- determinants-of-health  Why doctors need to know about public health All doctors need to: – Understand causes and distribution of diseases – Understand why some patients have an easier time following a care plan than others – Independently interpret medical literature – Apply findings to individual patients – Contribute to patient safety and the quality of medical care – Understand the importance of accurately providing causes of death (data) Some doctors will enter to public health training and become a public health consultant Check out more: http://careers.bmj.com/careers/advice/view-article.h tml?id=20000523  Is Public Health Relevant to Specialists? Pathology: Surgery: – contributing to outbreak – injury prevention investigations Adult Neurology: Anesthesiology: – pain management – stroke prevention Oncology: Child Neurology: – Lifestyle modification – preventing sports-related – Screening traumatic brain injuries Orthopedics: Radiology: – Obesity and osteoarthritis – mammography and bone Psychiatry: density screening – substance abuse, suicide preve Internal Medicine O&G: – Respiratory: smoking – STDs, teen pregnancy, diabetes cessation Dermatology: – Endocrinology: diabetes and – melanoma screening lifestyle modification – Cardiology: smoking, hypertension management How is it different from clinical practice? Change in perspective What does the difference mean in reality? Caring for individuals Caring for populations Downstream – diagnosis Upstream – prevention and promotion and treatment Proactive Reactive Risk, benefits and trade offs Risk, benefits and trade Health information systems, surveys etc offs Policy, health services, large-scale History and exam, labs, programs radiology Small changes for many [prevention Drugs and surgery paradox] Big changes for one Longer term outcomes person Biostats, epidemiology and social Often immediate effect sciences Basic and clinical sciences Any setting that affects health Healthcare setting Wide range of professionals and Other healthcare stakeholders professionals Field, desk, meeting room Hospital, clinic, laboratory Public service/government Public & private practice Career pathway to public health Basic Basic MPH or Higher Medical Internship training equivalent Training education Are you ready to change perspective?  Questions?  Additional reading: o Sorci, G., Faivre, B. & Morand, S. Explaining among- country variation in COVID-19 case fatality rate. Sci Rep 10, 18909 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75848-2 o https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020- 75848-2 27