Fetal Pig Bell Ringer PDF Study Guide

Study Notes Fetal Pig Checklist: External Features ​ Anus: Opening at the end of the digestive tract for the expulsion of waste (feces). ​ Scrotal sac: A pouch of skin that holds the testes outside the body, regulating their temperature for optimal sperm production. ​ Ge...

Study Notes Fetal Pig Checklist: External Features ​ Anus: Opening at the end of the digestive tract for the expulsion of waste (feces). ​ Scrotal sac: A pouch of skin that holds the testes outside the body, regulating their temperature for optimal sperm production. ​ Genital papillae: small, fleshy structures found in the genital region of some animals, typically involved in reproduction, sensory functions, or species identification. ​ Urogenital opening: A small, fleshy protrusion near the urogenital opening (in females, it is part of the external genitalia; in males, it leads to the penis). ​ Umbilical cord (Umbilical arteries & umbilical vein): The external opening where urine is expelled from the body and, in males, semen is discharged. Connects the fetus to the placenta; the umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the placenta, and the umbilical vein returns oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus. Digestive system ​ Peritoneum: A membrane lining the abdominal cavity, covering the abdominal organs, and allowing for their movement and support.  ​ Liver: Detoxifies chemicals, produces bile for digestion, stores glycogen, and performs various metabolic processes. ​ Gallbladder: Stores bile produced by the liver and releases it into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of fats. ​ Stomach: Breaks down food using gastric juices (acid and enzymes) and mechanically churns food to aid digestion. ​ Spleen: Filters blood, removes old red blood cells, and plays a role in immune function. ​ Esophagus: A muscular tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach. ​ Cardiac sphincter: A valve that prevents stomach acids from flowing back into the esophagus. ​ Pyloric sphincter: Controls the passage of food from the stomach into the small intestine. ​ Pancreas: Produces digestive enzymes and hormones, including insulin for regulating blood sugar. ​ Mesentery: A fold of tissue that attaches the intestines to the abdominal wall and helps support blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics. ​ Small Intestine: Digests and absorbs nutrients from food; divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. ​ Large intestine (Colon): Absorbs water and salts from the undigested food and forms solid waste (feces). ​ Rectum: The final section of the large intestine where feces are stored before being excreted. Excretory System ​ Kidneys: Filter blood to remove waste products, and excess substances, and regulate water and salt balance.  ​ Ureters: Tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. ​ Urinary bladder: Stores urine until it is ready to be excreted. ​ Urethra: Tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. Male reproductive system ​ Testis: Male gonads that produce sperm and secrete testosterone. ​ Epididymis: A coiled tube where sperm mature and are stored. ​ Ductus deferens (sperm duct): A tube that transports mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra. Female reproductive system ​ Ovaries: Female gonads that produce eggs (ova) and secrete hormones (estrogen and progesterone).  ​ Oviducts (fallopian tubules): Tubes that transport eggs from the ovaries to the uterus; fertilization of the egg usually occurs here. Circulatory system ​ Aorta: The main artery that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body. ​ Inferior vena cava & Superior vena cava: Large veins that carry deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart. ​ Heart (atria and ventricles): The organ that pumps blood; the atria receive blood, and the ventricles pump it to the lungs and body. ​ Pericardium: A protective sac around the heart that reduces friction as it beats. ​ Coronary arteries: Blood vessels that supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood. ​ Carotid arteries & Jugular veins: The carotid arteries carry oxygenated blood to the brain, and the jugular veins carry deoxygenated blood from the brain. Respiratory system  ​ Trachea: The windpipe that carries air from the larynx to the bronchi. ​ Thyroid gland (*technically Endocrine system): An endocrine gland that produces hormones regulating metabolism and growth. ​ Larynx: The voice box; it produces sound and contains the vocal cords. ​ Pharynx: The throat; a passageway for both air and food. ​ Bronchi: The two main branches of the trachea that direct air into each lung. ​ Lungs: Organs where gas exchange occurs; oxygen is absorbed, and carbon dioxide is expelled. ​ Diaphragm: A muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity and helps in the breathing process by contracting and relaxing. ​ Ribs: Protect the lungs and heart and assist in the process of breathing by expanding and contracting the chest cavity. Head ​ Tongue: A muscular organ used for tasting, swallowing, and manipulating food in the mouth. ​ Epiglottis: A flap of tissue that covers the trachea during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway. ​ Glottis: The opening between the vocal cords in the larynx that allows air to enter the trachea ​ Palate: The roof of the mouth, consisting of the hard and soft palate, which separates the oral and nasal cavities. ​ Salivary glands: Glands that produce saliva, which contains enzymes that begin the digestion of carbohydrates.