Female Reproductive System PDF

The Female Reproductive System Prepared by: La Vera Sombito Department of Natural Sciences, CAS Objectives ⊳ Recognize the anatomical structures of the female reproductive system and pelvis ⊳ Describe the physiology of the menstrual cycle Bones of the pelvis ⊳ The acetabulum of the hip joi...

The Female Reproductive System Prepared by: La Vera Sombito Department of Natural Sciences, CAS Objectives ⊳ Recognize the anatomical structures of the female reproductive system and pelvis ⊳ Describe the physiology of the menstrual cycle Bones of the pelvis ⊳ The acetabulum of the hip joint ILIUM is formed by all 3 bones and articulates with the head of the femur. ⊳ The hip joints are joined ISCHIUM anteriorly by the midline pubic symphysis and posteriorly to the bones of the sacrum. PUBIS 3 Bones of the pelvis 4  Formed by the ⊳ superior edge of the pubic symphysis ⊳ arcuate line of the ilium ⊳ anterior border of the ala ⊳ posterior border of the pubic crest ⊳ Sacral promontory 5  Formed by the ⊳ Inferior edge of pubic symphysis ⊳ Inferior ramus of pubis ⊳ Ischial tuberosity ⊳ Sacrotuberous ligament ⊳ Inferior end of coccyx Watch. 6 Pelvic cavity in 3D 7 Shapes of the pelvis 8 Obstetric conjugate diameter is the first point of the maternal pelvis through which the head of the fetus has to pass during the stages of birth and it is the most important female pelvimetry during pregnancy. 9 ⊳ The pelvic floor and the perineum Pelvic diaphragm – curved, flat muscles consisting of the levator ani and the coccygeus (or ischiococcygeus) muscles - contraction of these muscles provide support when resisting increasing intra-abdominal pressure (coughing, sneezing, or fixation of the trunk during heavy lifting) Perineum – tiny patch of sensitive skin between genitals and anus and internally, the underlying structures beneath the pelvic floor 10 ⊳ The pelvic floor and the perineum Pelvic diaphragm 3 apertures in the pelvic diaphragm: urinary orifice, vaginal orifice, and anus - relax during urination and defecation 11  ⊳ The pelvic floor and the perineum Perineum – tiny patch of sensitive skin (erogenous zone) between genitals and anus and *Damage to the perineal body will weaken the pelvic diaphragm. - internally, it contains structures beneath the pelvic floor that helps in READ ABOUT COMMON CONDITIONS AND DISORDERS THAT urination, defecation, and copulation AFFECT YOUR PERINEUM: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/24381-perineum 12  bladder bulges into vagina uterus and a portion of the rectum bulges into the Some may have no symptoms. upper vagina protrude into vagina. Others may have trouble the vaginal canal or in the Two common causes of starting urination, urinary opening of the vagina. this defect are childbirth incontinence, or frequent Imost often caused by injury and hysterectomy urination. Wikipedia or damage to structures that Other names: posterior Other names: Prolapsed bladder, hold the uterus in place vaginal wall prolapse dropped bladder, anterior vaginal Wikipedia wall collapse 13 How breathing affects the pelvic floor 14  Internal Reproductive Organs 15 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/courses-images/wp-content/uploads/sites/1940/2017/05/31173320/ohfemmtbstwed7pvglet.png 16 Vagina ⊳ Distensible, muscular tube lined with mucosal epithelium; around 8 cm long ⊳ Superior end meets with cervix, which holds it open while the rest of the tube is notmally closed into a cross-sec “H” shape when relaxed ⊳ Upper ¾ - has sympathetic, https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/courses-images/wp-content/uploads/site parasympathetic, and visceral afferent s/1940/2017/05/31173320/ohfemmtbstwed7pvglet.png innervations ⊳ Lower ¼ - somatic innervation, sensitivity to touch 17 Uterus ⊳ Thick, hollow, muscular organ lined with mucous layer (endometrium) ⊳ Able to change size considerably during pregnancy ⊳ Myometrium contracts to expel the fetus during childbirth https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/courses-images/wp-content/uploads/site ⊳ Perimetrium – outer covering of s/1940/2017/05/31173320/ohfemmtbstwed7pvglet.png connective tissue ⊳ Supported by the broad ligament 18 The broad ligament ⊳ a flat sheet of peritoneum, associated with the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. It extends from the lateral pelvic walls on both sides, and folds over the internal female genitalia, covering their surface anteriorly and posteriorly ⊳ Mesometrium – Surrounds the uterus and is the largest subsection of the broad ligament. It also encloses the proximal part of the round ligament of the uterus. ⊳ Mesovarium – Part of the broad ligament associated with the ovaries. It does not, however, cover the surface of the ovary itself. ⊳ Mesosalpinx – Originates superiorly to the mesovarium, enclosing the fallopian or uterine tubes. 19 Fallopian tubes and ovaries Ovaries - almond-shaped - produce oocytes and reproductive hormones - sites of mature of oocytes into mature follicles Fallopian tubes - each is 4-5” long and 0.2-0.6” in diameter - capture the ovulated ovum with the fimbriae ⊳ Salpingitis – inflammation of the uterine tubes The uterus, cervix, and vagina comprise the ⊳ TAH BSO – Total abdominal birth canal. hysterectomy Bilateral salpingo-oopherectomy 20 External genitalia 21 Glands and hormones ⊳ Ovaries - theca cells make androgens, and the granulosa cells take the androgen and convert it into estrogen ⊳ Skene's glands – “female prostate”; located in the anterior vaginal wall near the urethra and help lubricate the vagina during sex (infection 🡪 skenitis) ⊳ Bartholin gland - located on each side of the vaginal opening and make a small amount of fluid to lubricate the vagina and the vulva (infection 🡪 bartholinitis) 22 Phases of Menstrual Cycle Menstruation – 0-4 days Proliferative phase – 5-13 days Ovulation – day 14 due to surge of LH at day 13 Secretory phase – corpus luteum produces estrogen and progesterone; high levels of estrogen inhibits GnRH, so FSH level drops 23 24 25 Estrogen ⊳ There are three major forms of estrogen: ○ Estrone (E1) is the primary form of estrogen that your body makes after menopause. ○ Estradiol (E2) is the primary form of estrogen in your body during your reproductive years. It’s the most potent form of estrogen. ○ Estriol (E3) is the primary form of estrogen during pregnancy. ⊳ peaks in the days leading up to ovulation ⊳ thins your cervical mucus, so it would be easier for sperms to swim through https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22353-estrogen ⊳ keeps your vaginal walls thick, elastic and lubricated, reducing pain associated with penetrative 26 sex Progesterone ⊳ an endogenous steroid hormone that is commonly produced by the adrenal cortex as well as the gonads, which consist of the ovaries and the testes. Progesterone is also secreted by the ovarian corpus luteum during the first ten weeks of pregnancy, followed by the placenta in the later phase of pregnancy. ⊳ maintenance of the uterus during pregnancy ⊳ maintain a decreased level of vascular tone (contraction) in the myometrium https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558960/#:~:text=Progesterone%20is%20an% 20endogenous%20steroid,the%20later%20phase%20of%20pregnancy. 27 Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) 29 Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) 30 Polycystic ovarian syndrome vs. disorder 31 What is the essence of being a woman? 32 Thank you. Any questions? 33