Female Reproductive System PDF

PRESENTATION THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PARTS AND FUNCTION OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVARIES The two ovaries are small and almond-shaped organs. It is located inside the female; one on each side of the body a few inches below the waist. Just like the...

PRESENTATION THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PARTS AND FUNCTION OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVARIES The two ovaries are small and almond-shaped organs. It is located inside the female; one on each side of the body a few inches below the waist. Just like the testes, the ovaries secrete hormones called estrogen and progesterone to produce mature egg cells. The egg cell begins to mature when the female reaches puberty. During puberty, the ovaries produce and relea ripened egg every 28 days. This process is called ovulation.  FALLOPIAN/UTERINE TUBES Also called Oviducts. These are the two tubes that extend from each ovary into the uterus. Their main function is to house the egg until fertilization. Afterward, it provides a passage way leading the sperm to the egg and the fertilized egg to the uterus.  UTERUS/WOMB The uterus is a hollow, muscular, pear- shaped organ located between the two ovaries. It is where the fertilized egg will develop and grow into offspring. However, if the eggs remain unfertilized, the uterine wall sheds and passes through the vagina, which leaves the body as menstrual discharge.  CERVIX A narrow structure within an inch- long canal connecting the lower end of the uterus to the upper portion of the vagina.  VAGINA The vagina or birth canal is the hollow tube leading from the cervix to the outside of the body. The wall is elastic which allows it to expand during childbirth and sexual intercourse  VULVA The external genitalia that includes the following parts: a. Mons veneris. The mons veneris is the hairy skin-covered pad of fat over the pubic bone. b. Labia minora. The labia minora is the small lips covered with modified skin. c. Labia majora. The labia majora is the large lips covered with pubic hair. d. Clitoris. The clitoris is the small almond-shaped erectile tissue located below the junction of two minora. e. Vaginal orifice. The vaginal orifice is the opening into the vagina.  ROLE OF HORMONES IN THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Hormones -play an important role that regulate the function of the entire body or just a specific organ of the body. -are regulating and complex chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands that are carried through the bloodstream to the target organ in many areas of the body. -The hormones associated with the reproductive system carry out a specific role during puberty, ovulation, pregnancy, and development.  ROLE OF HORMONES IN THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM The reproductive glands are controlled by the pituitary gland, which is controlled by the hypothalamus. The reproductive glands of boys and girls usually work at low levels until the age of 10. After this age, hormone levels begin to increase, and physical changes start to develop. The hypothalamus releases chemical signals to the pituitary gland, among others, to start producing two hormones responsible for reproduction— the Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). Both males and females produce these kinds of hormones. They affect the testes in men and the ovaries in women.  ROLE OF HORMONES IN THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM In females, the pituitary hormones LH and FSH stimulate the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone. These hormones are responsible to produce ova or mature egg cells.  It controls sex drive and regulates the development ESTROGEN of female secondary sex characteristics at puberty. THE OVARIES PROGESTERONE It controls the development of the endometrium (mucus membrane lining the womb) during the menstrual cycle and the maintenance of the uterus during pregnancy. LUTEINIZING In females, it stimulates ovulation, maturation of egg PITUITARY HORMONE (LH) cells. ana progesterone production. FOLLICLE- GLAND STIMULATING In females, it stimulates the maturation of egg cells in the ovan and estrogen production HORMONE (FSH) Stimulates the production of milk in the mammary PROLACTINE glands.  THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE PROLIFERATIVE PHASE OVULATION LUTEAL PHASE DAY 1-5 DAY 5-13 DAY 14 DAY 15-28 During In the ovary, the A secondary Formation of the menstruation, the follicle matures and corpus luteum; oocyte is released rebuilds the endometrium thickens endometrium from an ovary. endometrium. and develops. breaks down.  THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIFE Stages of Early Embryonic Animal Development 1. Gametogenesis is the formation of the gamete (sperm and egg). This is the first stage of an animal development in which the sperm and egg form and develop inside the reproductive systems under the control of parental genes. 2. Fertilization is the next stage when the sperm penetrates an egg then fusion of their nucleus takes place. 3. Cleavage and Blastulation is the third stage when the fertilized egg undergoes series of mitotic cell divisions and later becomes the early embryo. Also, a fluid-filled cavity is formed inside the developing embryo.  THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIFE 4. Growth and Tissue Specialization is the last stage when the organs acquire their unique structures and chemical properties. 5. Organogenesis is a process of cell differentiation and formation of all major organs once the germ layers have formed. 6. Gastrulation is the next stage to organize cell migration patterns in the embryo to form the three germ layers (region layers of cells forming all organs of the animal body).  THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIFE The Process of Fertilization and the Development of the Human Embryo 1. First Week of Development The union of a sperm cell from a male and an egg cell from a female is called fertilization. After fertilization of the egg cell, the zygote travels in the fallopian tube to get nutrients from maternal secretions, then it will undergo the process of mitosis which forms cleavages. When it reaches the uterus, cleavages have transformed into a solid group of cells called morula and later on will develop into a blastocyst. There is an inner cell mass of the blastocysts having a surface cell layer called the trophoblast.  THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIFE Secretion of chorionic gonadotropin from trophoblast helps to maintain the corpus luteum to grow and to secrete estrogens and progesterone. These hormones help the uterine lining to do its task during pregnancy. Once the blastocyst is formed, it begins to adhere to the uterine lining. This process of attachment is also known as implantation. After the blastocyst has been implanted, it is now called an embryo. z  THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIFE 2. The Embryo The embryo is the initial development stage in humans after fertilization. The bond that holds the embryo to the wall of the uterus is called the placenta. Approximately 25 days after fertilization, a cord forms between the embryo and the sac (called the placenta). This cord is referred to as the umbilical cord which is the embryo's lifeline, meaning the embryo gets its oxygen and food from the mother from the placenta through the umbilical cord.  THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIFE The developing embryo is enclosed in a sac of a thin sheet of tissue called the amniotic sac. Within this sac is the amniotic fluid where the embryo is suspended. This fluid serves as a shock absorber and helps the embryo to maintain its temperature.  THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIFE 3. The Fetus After two months, the embryo is about 1.2 inches (3 centimeters) long and has a recognizable human form or a fetus. The fetus grows with the help of the placenta. The placenta connects the developing embryo through the umbilical cord. At four months, the fetus slightly moves and can be recognized. The baby's eyelashes are formed, and eyelids are recognizable at seven months. All the organs are well developed in the ninth month and the baby is ready to be born by then.  DISEASES 1. Hormonal Disorders Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): A hormonal imbalance causing irregular periods, ovarian cysts, infertility, and symptoms like acne and hirsutism. 2. Infections Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): A bacterial infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, often resulting from sexually transmitted infections (STIs). 3. Vaginitis: Inflammation or infection of the vagina caused by bacteria, yeast, or viruses.  DISEASES 4. Cervical Cancer: Also known as uterine cancer, it occurs most often in women who are obese or during the first stage of menopause. 5. Endometriosis: is a disease in which cells like those in the endometrium, the layer of tissue that normally covers the inside of the uterus, grow outside the uterus. 6. Ovarian cysts: is a fluid-filled sac within the ovary. The majority of cysts are harmless. If the cyst either breaks open or causes twisting of the ovary, it may cause severe pain. THAT’S ALL, THANK YOU!  ACTIVITY 1. 4. 2. 5. 3. 6.