Female Reproductive System Anatomy & Physiology PDF

Anatomy & Physiology of the FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS: 1. Production and transport of ovum 2. Production of hormones - estrogen - progesterone - relaxin - inhibin 3. Nurture the developing zygote  PERINEUM - Diamond shape - Contains genitalia and anus BOUN...

Anatomy & Physiology of the FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS: 1. Production and transport of ovum 2. Production of hormones - estrogen - progesterone - relaxin - inhibin 3. Nurture the developing zygote  PERINEUM - Diamond shape - Contains genitalia and anus BOUNDARIES: Anterior - pubic symphysis Lateral - ischial tuberosities Posterior - coccyx I. EXTERNAL GENITALIA  PARTS OF EXTERNAL GENITALIA 1. MONS PUBIS - mound of fats beneath and symphysis pubis - puberty..... pubic hair 2. LABIA MAJORA - skin fold with hair - pudendal cleft - space in between labia majora - sweat, sebaceous glands, apocrine - homologue of male scrotum  3. Labia Minora - Skin fold, hairless - Few sweat gland - Many sebaceous gland - VESTIBULE- space between labia minora - VESTIBULE- space between labia minora a. clitoris- frenulum and prepuce; homologue of the penis b. urethral orifice c. paraurethral glands (skene’s gland) - secretes mucus - homologue to prostate - vaginal orifice- guarded with hymen d.bartholin’s (greater vestibular gland) II. INTERNAL GENITALIA 1. VAGINA - fibromuscular canal - lined by mucous membrane - rugae - hymen - acidic - fornices FUNCTIONS OF VAGINA 1. copulation - receives the penis during sexual intercourse 2. Birth canal 3. Outlet of menstrual flow  2. UTERUS Parts: 1. Fundus - above attachment of fallopian tube 2. Body - from attachment of fundus to isthmus uteri 3. Cervix - distal portion with canal - surrounded by proximal part of vaginal canal  LAYERS OF THE UTERUS 1. Perimetrium - outer covering - derived from peritoneum - forms the uterovesical and rectouterine pouch 2. MYOMETRIUM - Middle layer - Smooth muscles - Thickest at the fundus and thinnest at the cervix - Response to oxytocin stimulation during labor and delivery 3. ENDOMETRIUM - Innermost - Contains endometrial glands - Response to estrogen and progesterone that prepares the uterus for possible implantation Layers: 1. Stratum functionalis - slough off during menstruation 2. Stratum basalis - does not slough off during menstruation Ligamental Support of the Uterus 1. Broad ligament - derived from peritoneum 2. Round ligament of the uterus - remnant of embryonic gubernaculum; attaches to labia minora 3. Uterosacral ligament 4. Cardinal ligament or transverse cervical.... provides support to vagina and cervix  3. FALLOPIAN TUBE - With 4 parts: 1. Infundibulum - with fimbria 2. Ampulla - most dilated - site of fertilization - longest, lat 2/3 3. Isthmus - narrowest 4. intramural/intersti tial - buried into uterus  FUNCTIONS of the Fallopian Tube: - Provide route for sperm to reach the ovum - Transport oocyte from ovary to fallopian tube during ovulation - Site of oocyte digestion if no fertilization - Transport fertilized ovum to be implanted in the endometrium of the uterus  4. OVARY - Almond shape - located lateral to the uterus - produces oocyte - mesovarium… portion of the broad ligament that suspends the ovary - ovarian (utero- ovarian) ligament - infundibulopelvic (suspensory) HORMONES secreted by the Ovary 1. PROGESTERONE AND ESTROGEN - prepares the uterine glands and maintains the endometrium for implantation - Prepares the mammary for milk production - inhibits FSH and LH if high 2. INHIBIN - secreted by granulosa cell and inhibits FSH secretion 3. RELAXIN - relaxes the uterus during implantation and pregnancy - help dilates the cervix - from ovary & placenta HORMONAL REGULATION Hormonal REGULATION - Controlled by GnRH from hypothalamus that causes the release of FSH and LH 1. Follicle stimulating Hormone - stimulate growth of follicle and secretion of estrogen 2. Luteinizing hormone - stimulate further devt of follicle, ovulation, corpus luteum production of progesterone 3. Estrogen - maintenance of female repro, secondary characteristics and breast devt 4. Progesterone - secreted by corpus luteum - acts synergistically with estrogen - prepares the endometrium for implantation and mammary gland for milk production FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE A. OVARIAN CYCLE - involves maturation of oocyte B. UTERINE CYCLE - changes in the endometrium OVARIAN CYCLE OVARIAN CYCLE …..OVULATION - Release of secondary oocyte into the fallopian tube - Usually during 14th day of a 28th day cycle - Follicles retained from mature graafian lead to minor bleeding called corpus hemorrhagicum and later transforms into corpus luteum UTERINE CYCLE  PHASES OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE a. MENSTRUAL PHASE - last for 3-5 days - 1st day of menstruation is 1st day of cycle - 50-150 ml of menstrual flow - decreased estrogen and progesterone level in the blood causes ischemia of functionalis leading to menstruation B. PROLIFERATIVE ( Follicular ) PHASE - Between menstruation and ovulation - More variable length - Dominant follicle is selected to mature - Estrogen and inhibin secreted by dominant follicle and stop FSH secretion to prevent other follicle to grow - Repair of endometrium - Cells of basalis form new functionalis C. SECRETORY ( Luteal ) PHASE - Constant phase last for 14 days - After ovulation..... LH stimulated remnants of mature graafian follicle to develop into... corpus luteum - Corpus luteum secretes progesterone and some estrogen - In the Ovary..... if oocyte is fertilized.... corpus luteum can persist up to 2 weeks due to Human Chorionic Gonadotropin produced by placenta - If not fertilized.... corpus luteum degenerates in 10 to 12 days time...... forming corpus albicans - Endometrium thickens..... and edema formation for preparation of implantation DEFINITION OF TERMS - MENARCHE - MENOPAUSE - AMENORRHEA Methods of Contraception - Rhythm method - Condom - Diaphragm or cap with spermicidal gel - Intrauterine device - Oral contraceptive Pills - Injectable... depo-provera... progesterone - Tubal ligation CLINICAL CORRELATION - ECTOPIC PREGNANCY - PLACENTA PREVIA - POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME ( PCOS) Thank You!