female repro
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the Fallopian tube during ovulation?

  • Provide a route for sperm to reach the ovum (correct)
  • Produce oocytes
  • Transport fertilized ovum to the endometrium
  • Release hormones

    • The ovary is almond-shaped and located medial to the uterus.

    False

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for maintaining the endometrium for implantation?

    Progesterone

    The __________ ligament provides support to the vagina and cervix.

    <p>Cardinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the Fallopian tube with their characteristics:

    <p>Infundibulum = Has fimbria Ampulla = Site of fertilization Isthmus = Narrowest part Intramural = Buried into uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone inhibits FSH secretion?

    <p>Inhibin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fimbria are located at the ampulla of the Fallopian tube.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure suspends the ovaries?

    <p>Mesovarium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ hormone stimulates the growth of the follicle and the secretion of estrogen.

    <p>Follicle stimulating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of oocyte digestion if fertilization does not occur?

    <p>Fallopian tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is NOT produced by the female reproductive system?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vagina serves as both the birth canal and the outlet for menstrual flow.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the paraurethral glands in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Secretes mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The outer layer of the uterus is called the __________.

    <p>perimetrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the corpus luteum after ovulation?

    <p>Secreting progesterone and some estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the uterus with their descriptions:

    <p>Fundus = Above the attachment of the fallopian tube Body = Main portion of the uterus Cervix = Distal portion with a canal Endometrium = Innermost layer containing glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is part of the external genitalia?

    <p>Mons pubis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The menstrual phase lasts for 14 days.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the female reproductive cycle does ovulation typically occur?

    <p>Ovulation phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The labia majora are the internal folds of skin surrounding the vaginal opening.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify one function of the myometrium.

    <p>Response to oxytocin during labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ secretes hormones such as progesterone and some estrogen after ovulation.

    <p>corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their correct definitions:

    <p>Menarche = The first occurrence of menstruation Menopause = The cessation of menstruation Amenorrhea = Absence of menstruation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is the space between the labia minora.

    <p>vestibule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of contraception is a surgical procedure?

    <p>Tubal ligation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the ovaries?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle lasts for 14 days.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the corpus luteum if the oocyte is not fertilized?

    <p>It degenerates into corpus albicans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rhythm method is a natural form of ______ used for family planning.

    <p>contraception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by the implantation of the embryo outside the uterus?

    <p>Ectopic pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Female Reproductive System Anatomy & Physiology

    • The female reproductive system has several functions, including producing and transporting the ovum, producing hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin, nurturing the developing zygote, and more.
    • The perineum is a diamond-shaped region containing the genitalia and the anus with borders at the pubic symphysis, ischial tuberosities, and coccyx.

    External Genitalia

    • Mons Pubis: A mound of fatty tissue beneath the pubic symphysis covered in pubic hair after puberty.
    • Labia Majora: Skin folds with hair that enclose the other external genitalia; contains sweat, sebaceous, and apocrine glands; homologous to the scrotum in males.
    • Labia Minora: Hairless skin folds that enclose the vestibule and contain many sebaceous glands.
    • Vestibule: Space between labia minora containing the openings of the urethra, vagina, and the ducts of paraurethral and Bartholin's glands.
      • Clitoris: The homologous structure to the penis, with a frenulum and prepuce; has erectile tissue.
      • Urethral Orifice: Opening of the urethra.
      • Paraurethral Glands (Skene's Glands): Secrete mucus; homologous to the prostate.
      • Vaginal Orifice: Opening of the vagina; guarded by the hymen (a membrane partially or completely covering the opening).
      • Bartholin's Glands (Greater Vestibular Glands): Secrete mucus to lubricate the vagina.

    Internal Genitalia

    • Vagina: A fibromuscular canal lined with mucous membranes and rugae; serves as a birth canal, a copulatory organ, and the outlet for menstrual flow. The vagina has acidic conditions.
    • Uterus: A hollow muscular organ with three parts: fundus (above the attachment of the fallopian tubes), body (from attachment of the fundus to the isthmus), and cervix (distal portion with a canal, surrounded proximally by the vaginal canal).
      • Layers of the Uterus:
        • Perimetrium: Outermost layer, derived from the peritoneum, forming the uterovesical and rectouterine pouch.
        • Myometrium: Middle layer of smooth muscle, thickest at the fundus and thinnest at the cervix; responds to oxytocin during labor and delivery.
        • Endometrium: Innermost layer containing endometrial glands; responds to estrogen and progesterone; site of possible implantation.
        • Stratum Functionalis: Sloughs off during menstruation
        • Stratum Basalis: Does not slough off, giving rise to the new stratum functionalis.
    • Ligamental Support of the Uterus: Broad ligament (derived from the peritoneum), round ligament of the uterus (remnant of embryonic gubernaculum, attaches to labia minora), uterosacral ligament, and cardinal ligament (or transverse cervical) support the vagina and cervix.
    • Fallopian Tubes: Tubes with four parts including the infundibulum (with fimbria), ampulla (most dilated, site of fertilization, longest), isthmus (narrowest), and intramural/interstitial (buried into the uterus); transport the oocyte from the ovary to the uterus, and sperm to reach the ovum; site of fertilization.
    • Ovary: Almond-shaped structures lateral to the uterus; produce oocytes; include the mesovarium, part of the broad ligament, ovarian ligament, and an infundibulopelvic (suspensory).
    • Ovarian Functions: Ovulation (releasing secondary oocyte), produces progesterone and estrogen.

    Hormonal Regulation

    • Hormonal Regulation of Menstrual Cycle: Controlled by hormones such as GnRH from the hypothalamus that causes the release of FSH and LH.
      • FSH: Stimulates follicle growth and estrogen secretion.
      • LH: Stimulates further follicle development, ovulation, corpus luteum formation, and progesterone production.
      • Estrogen: Maintains female reproductive organs, secondary sex characteristics, and breast development.
      • Progesterone: Synergistically acts with estrogen to prepare the endometrium for implantation. Maintains endometrium, helps mammary gland prepare, and more.
      • Inhibin: Secretion by granulosa cells, inhibits FSH secretion.
      • Relaxin: Relaxes the uterus to aid in implantation and pregnancy; helps to dilate the cervix; from the ovary and placenta.

    Female Reproductive Cycle

    • Ovarian Cycle: Involves maturation of oocytes.
    • Uterine Cycle: Changes in the endometrium (menstrual, proliferative, and secretory phases)

    Methods of Contraception

    • Varying methods are available, including rhythm method, condoms, diaphragm/cap with spermicidal gel, IUDs, oral contraceptive pills, injectable progesterone, and tubal ligation.

    Clinical Correlations

    • Ectopic pregnancy, placenta previa, and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) are potential conditions affecting the reproductive system

    Definitions of Terms

    • Menarche: The first menstrual period.
    • Menopause: Cessation of menstrual periods.
    • Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation.

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