Feeding Management PDF

Feeding management Nutrient - Fundamental energy and metabolic substrates classified as essential or nonessential Ingredient - Raw materials used in food compounding Formula - Selects and apportions ingredients for a particular diet Nutrient profile - Resulting quantitative distr...

Feeding management Nutrient - Fundamental energy and metabolic substrates classified as essential or nonessential Ingredient - Raw materials used in food compounding Formula - Selects and apportions ingredients for a particular diet Nutrient profile - Resulting quantitative distribution of the individual nutrients within the formula Mechanical digestion - Chewing - Peristaltic Chemical - Enzymatic digestion - Fats, carbs, protein Digestive tract - Mouth to anus - Mouth starts breakdown of food with chewing saliva - Saliva helps lubricate and further break down food - Response to sight and smell of food - Composed of water, salt, mucus and amylase - Teeth help breakdown of food - Tongue can move food around the mouth - Passes through the esophagus and down into the cardiac sphincter of the stomach Stomach - Reservoir for ingested food, initiates digestion - Smaller in cats then in dogs - Enzymes and peristaltic movements aid in digestion - Pyloric sphincter for movement into the small intestine Small intestine - Mechanical digestions continues through the contractions of the intestinal wall - Three main parts: duodenum, jejunum and ileum - Dueodenum - Pancreatic and bile ducts enter the small intestine - Travels to the ileocecocolic valve - Large intestine - Cecum, ascending, transverse, descending colon and rectum and anus - Absorption of water and electrolytes, fermentation of food and bacteria population, storage of feces in rectum - Limited capacity for absorption of nutrients - By time feces have been excreted the body has extracted all usable energy, vitamins, and minerals and fibres Digestibility - Is the absorptive capability of a nutrient - A balance diet should supply all the key nutrients and energy needed to meet the daily requirements of the animal at its particular life stage - Higher digestibility allows animal to consume less = less money, less waste in the yard - Determined by amount of nutrient food/ amount of nutrients found in feces Energy Balance - When an animal's intake is sufficient to meets its needs and minimal changes in the energy stored by the body occur - Growing and pregnant - Excess energy= lean body tissue - Adult - Excess energy = fat - Slight variations in requirements can result in increases and decreases in body weight Energy content of food expresses as the amount of energy per unit of volume The weight of a given volume of food will vary based on the density of food which can vary greatly Common measurements - BER - Normal animal - Awake but resting - Fasting state - Energy required to keep vital organs functioning constantly - Impractical to measure as stress of measurement increases metabolic rate - RER - Normal animal resting - Not fasted - Thermoneutral environment - Largest portion of animals energy expenditure - Amount of energy used while resting quietly in a thermoneutral environment on a nonfasted - Maintain homeostasis - Factors: sex, repro status, thyroid, and nervous system function, body composition, body surface area and nutrition status - Accounts for energy used to digest, absorb and metabolize nutrients. Also to recover from physical activity - MER - Moderately active adult - Thermoneutral environment - Energy for a moderately active adult animal in a thermoneutral environment - Energy used to same as RER but also to maintain current body weight and energy required for spontaneous activity - DER - Average daily activity - Energy for daily activity, dependent on lifestyle or any animal - Includes energy for work, gestation, lactation and growth, maintain normal body temp - Matching input with output over a long period of time - Requirement of animal and density of the food will determine amount to be fed - RER x 1.0- 1.6 GE (gross energy) - Amount of heat produced by burning a specific amount in a bomb calorimeter DE ( Digestible energy) - Energy in a food that is left over after digestion - GE- energy left in feces ME (metabolized energy - Energy after losses - GE- feces of urine and gases Kcal (kilocalorie) - Energy needed to crease temperature of 1g of water form 14.5-15.5 Net energy - Available to animal for vital functions, physical growth and repair - Used primarily for maintenance and then for production (growth, activity) Energy expenditure - RER - Coluntary muscular activity - Body heat production - Meal induced thermogenesis Repro status - Neutered animals - Lower estimated RER than intact - 25% decrease immediately after neutering - Causes - Change in body composition, decrease in activity levels and hormones Body heat production - Energy associated with ingestion, digestion, absorption and metabolism of food - Responsible for 10-15% of daily EE in dogs and cats - Varies based on meal size and nutrient composition - High protein meal = greatest amount of heat - High fat meal = least amount of heat Facultative thermogenesis - Amount of energy required to maintain body temperature when animal is outside of thermoneutral zone - Adaptive thermogenesis - The change in RER secondary to enviro stresses, emotional stress and alterations in food intake - Animals living outside can be a major source of EE in zones well outside of thermoneutral zone Voluntary oral intake - Regulated by internal and external cues - Internal controls - Stomach contractions or stomach distension - Neural and hormonal - External controls - Palatability, composition texture of diet - Timing and environment of meals Nutrient composition - Affects metabolism and amount of food eaten - Body is better at converting fat to body fat for storage than converting carbs or protein to body fat - Treats and table scraps over-ride fullness cues and animal will eat anyway = fatty - Owners seldom reduce regular food when giving treats = fatty Estimated energy requirements - Many different formulas - Dogs challenging due to variance in sizes - All formulas useful but are only estimates - Normal health dog has an MER of RERx1.3 but energy requirements will vary with activity levels, growth or lactation - Low environmental temperatures increase energy requirements, high temperatures increase requirements even more RER simple formula - Reliable for animals \>3kg - RER = (30 x BW in kg) +70 RER complex formula - RER = 70 x (wt in kg) \^0.75 Energy requirements in sickness - For sick or injured animals including surgery trauma or sepsis are based on the RER assuming that the animal is inactive or restricted to kennel rest Adult maintenance - Reached mature adult size - Are not pregnant lactationg or working strenuously - Dogs - Between 1 and 7 years - Cats - Between 10-12 months and years - Least demanding phase nutritional in most animals with some exceptions - Diet considerations - Provide correct amount, balance and availability of nutrients to sustain physical and mental health and activity - Promote peak condition, reduce susceptibility to disease - Sufficiently nutrient dense to allow animal to meet its nutrient requirements by eating an amount within the limits of its appetite - Sufficiently palatable to ensure adequate intake - Requirements - Maintenance diet to minimize risk factors for disease and achive iptimal health - Maintain ideal BCS - Relatively small nutrient requirments compared to reproductive stages - Good quality, fixed formula food should suffice - Treat each dog as an individual - Considerations - Stress can affect the caloric intake - Competition eating - Obesity - Most prominent form of malnutrition - Occurs twice as often in neutered dogs then intact - Linked to diabetes, lameness, degenerative joint disease and skin disease DER adjustments - 1-2 yrs - 1.7-2.0 x RER - 3-7 yrs - 1.14-1.9 x RER - \>7 yrs - 1.1 -1.7 x RER Adult maintenance cats - Minimize risk factors for disease - Optimal health and longevity - Small nutrient requirements compared to reproductive stages - Good quality, fixed formula diet - Ideal BCS - Neutering - Reduced DER by 24-33% - Activity - Cats usually do not participate in heavy work or endurance activities - Sedentary, inactive, caged or older cats often have low energy requirements - DER = RER x 1 or less - Cats with unlimited activity may need 10-15% above average - Very active cats may need as much as 30% more - Disposition affects energy - Evaluates BCS every 2 weeks - Monitor food and water intake daily - Obesity - Same risk factors as dogs Geriatric dogs and cats - Average lifespans have increased - Affecyed by genetics, health care and nutrition - Old age is not a disease - Age alone will not kill any animal - Cats 10-12 yrs old - Dogs - \90 lbs -- 7.5 yrs - Gradual decline of functional capacity of organs - 3 leading cuases of death - Cancer - Kidney - Heart disease - Considerations - Feeding goals - Enhancing quality of life - Delay onset of aging - Extending life expectancy - Slowing or prevention of disease - Eliminating or relieving clinical signs of disease - Maintaining optimal BCS - Metabolism - Naturally slows with age - Decrease in activity level - Cats MER remains fairly consistent - Reduce caloric intake by 20-30% - Digestibility - No evidence that suggests digestibility changes or that geriatric diets are necessary - Protein - Should not be reduced in health animals - May reduce in renal failure to alleviate symptoms but it will not prevent renal disease - Fats - Moderate to low levels to reduce risk of obesity - 'should be highly digestible - Fibre - May need to adjusted if geriatrics suffer from constipation - May need to increase bulk - Feeding tips - Provide regular health exams 2 times yearly - Avoid sudden changes in diet - Feed a diet that contains high quality protein formulated for adults - Used measured feeding method - Provide moderate amount of regular exercise - Maintain proper dental health Performance - Heavily based on individual - Training and nutrition must match used - Fats - Easiest and quickest way to increase energy density - Prepares muscles to use free fatty acids for energy - Increases palatability - Carbohydrates - No dietary requirement for dogs except gestation and neonatal development - Inclusion of carbs can help prevent stress diarrhea - Carb loading is not as beneficial for dogs - Protein - Dogs running for more then 30 minutes not protein in their diets - Water - Can increase by 10-20 times normal during exercise - Should be offered in small amounts frequently - Might need to add water - Do not require additional electrolytes - Diet requirements - Needs to be highly digestible so the dog can eat enough at each meal - An ideal diet would have increased levels of high quality protein and enough protein energy nutrients - Dogs doing short duration, maximal intensity exercise may benefit from lower fat high carb diet To increase available glycogen stores - Calculations - Dependant on intensity x duration x frequency of work done - 1.6 x RER for average canine athlete - Sprinters may need 1.6-2 x rer - High end athletes may require 2-5 x RER - Timing - 1 meal at least 4 hours before excersise - 1 meal within 2 hours after exercise - Caloric distribution - 30-35% ME protein - 50-65% ME fat - 10-15% ME carbohydrate