Feed and Feeding Management in Ruminants PDF - UPM

VPP3111 Ruminant Husbandry and Health Management Feed and Feeding Ruminant Management under Different Systems Hidayat Mohd. Yusof, PhD [email protected] Outlines Part I – Nutrients, Feed and Feeding Role of nutrients, feed and feeding Part II –Feed and Feeding Management F...

VPP3111 Ruminant Husbandry and Health Management Feed and Feeding Ruminant Management under Different Systems Hidayat Mohd. Yusof, PhD [email protected] Outlines Part I – Nutrients, Feed and Feeding Role of nutrients, feed and feeding Part II –Feed and Feeding Management Feed and feeding management for ruminants under different systems (extensive, intensive, semi-intensive, and integration systems) Importance of Nutrition The efficiency of animal production depends on the nutritional status of the animal and feeding management practices. Nutrition plays a pivotal role in animal production and health as: It brings out the genetic potentiality of the animal It makes animal production economical – the cost of feeding 70- 75% It manipulates feed ingredients for effective utilization of nutrients What do feeds provide? What is a nutrient? Chemical substances that nourish the body and support its vital function. What types of nutrients are there?  PROTEIN Amino acids CARBOHYDRATES ENERGY Needed to GROW and PERFORM FATS WATER For nutrient transport, waste removal and MINERALS Required for milk digestion production and and growth. Forages are high in Ca VITAMINS Grains are high in P Nutrient Requirements Animals require nutrients to meet their need for maintenance, physical activity, growth, milk production, reproduction, and health. Animal requires minimum amounts of the various nutrients Nutrient requirements of animals depend on various factors such as : Age, Weight, Sex Breed Production cycle Body condition scoring Environmental adjustment Important to know how your animal’s requirements change over the growth and feeding period 4 Growth 3 Curve Usually, cattle Market are harvested 2 before too Slow growth Puberty much fat is (organ and deposited, to skeleton ensure optimal development) Muscle growth Muscle growth Weaning carcass quality slows, energy plateaus, being used for energy stored 1 fat deposition. as fat. Energy to Frame size is sustain body Rapid growth Weight mostly function (muscle and complete 1. Prenatal skeleton) 2. Rapid growth 3. Fat deposit begins 4. Fat Time Growing Cattle Intake Requirements For large framed steers that will finish at 1250 lbs, gaining 3 lbs per day Protein intake decreases relative to body weight as growth shifts from muscle development to fat deposition Intake Requirements (kg/day) Dry Matter Intake Energy Requirement Protein Requirement 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Body Weight, kg  Growing Cattle Ca/P Requirements For large framed steers that will finish at 1250 lbs, gaining 3 lbs per day Calcium Essential for bone Phosphorus development and metabolic function Mineral Requirements 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Normal ratio 2:1 / Ca:P Body Weight, kg Growing Cattle Requirements Summary As BODY WEIGHT INCREASES… Dry matter intake INCREASE Energy needs INCREASE Protein needs DECREASE Ca and P needs DECREASE Feed and Feeding of Ruminants under Different Management Systems Ruminant management systems can be categorized into FOUR systems. Extensive system Intensive system Semi-Intensive system Integration system Mainly reared depending on : Purpose/goal Number of animals Availability of resources Agro-climatic zones Feed and Feeding Ruminant under Extensive System Animals are allowed to graze or browse in large areas (grazing-based method). Feeding is entirely grazing, with only occasional supplements. No shelter provided. The animals benefit from grazing depend on the carrying capacity of the land – native grasses (Brachiaria decumbens). Signal grass The rotational grazing method is practiced. This system is under threat because of the increasing human population, urbanization, and decreasing availability of grazing lands. Disadvantages: Requires extensive land, low productivity and is vulnerable to climate changes and animal loss. Para grass Feed and Feeding Ruminant under Intensive System Ruminant farming is moving from a traditional system of rearing to an intensive system. Introduced to counter the inadequate grazing lands and low production in extensive systems. Animals are kept in confinement and fed completely in stalls on cultivated fresh or conserved fodder, crop residue and concentrates - Also known as stall feeding- zero grazing Feeding is typically based on complete rations – Total Mixed Rations (TMR) with concentrates. Regular monitoring of animal growth and health High cost of input (eg; high labor cost, expensive quality feeds, high cost of land). National Feedlot Centre (NFC) Pusat Fidlot Nasional “Under the 9th Malaysia Plan in 2006, the National Feedlot Centre (NFC) was targeted as a High Impact Project with an objective to attain 40% self-sufficiency for beef production by 2010..” “….failed to deliver what it promised… “ Feed and Feeding Ruminant under Semi-Intensive System Combination of 3 to 5 hours of free-range grazing of fenced pasture, provision of supplementary stall feeding and shelter during the night. Optimum level of nutrition and better nutrient supplementation (better than extensive system). Supplements like concentrates or mineral blocks are provided during critical periods, like lactation or dry seasons. Regular monitoring of animal growth and health. Challenges include managing seasonal pasture availability and ensuring a proper balance between grazing and feed supplementation. Feed and Feeding Ruminant under Integration System Based on integration of livestock with crop production (e.g. oil palm and rubber plantation). The goal of an integrated farming system of crops and livestock is to use the products of one to foster the development of the other. The forage or by-products derived from the plantation can be cultivated for animal consumption, while the animal waste can be applied to fields for crop nutrient acquisition - Maximum utilization of resources. Integration system with oil-palm plantation Oil palm trees are only found in tropical forests and South-East Asia is the world’s main oil palm producer. Malaysia and Indonesia is the largest producer of oil palm, which allows livestock to be integrated into readily available oil palm plantation land. Integrated farming system also seen as a solution to address the issue of limited land. The goal of integrating livestock in oil palm was to utilize natural ground vegetation under the plantation as animal feeds. Oil palm tree generates feed resources to the livestock – such as oil palm fronds (OPF) and palm kernel cake (PKC).  Inter-row gaps encourage the establishment of at least 60 plant species, most of which considered as weeds, legumes, native grasses. Cover crops with high nutritional content such as Rumput Parit (Axonopus compressus), Rumput Para (Brachiaria mutica), Lalang (imperata cylindrica), Rumput Israel (Asystasia gangetica), Kekacang Asu (calopogonium mucunoides), Kekacang Centro (Centrosema pubescens) etc, are also often found. Tree (canopy) will provide a better habitat for the animal in the form of shade.  One of the pioneer in cattle integration under palm oil estate in Malaysia since 2004. Approximately 100,000 hectares of oil-palm plantation across Sabah. Promoting integrated farming system (livestock within plantation) Provide the animals with a quality low-cost diet. OPF, tapioca and napier cultivation. Management Practices (Rotational Grazing) Definition: A grazing strategy where livestock are moved between paddocks to allow vegetation to recover. Provides mutual benefits: reduces plantation weeding costs while offering a cost-effective cattle-feeding strategy Rotational grazing maximizes forage utilization while protecting the palm plantation. Rotational Grazing Next paddock to be grazed Grazed paddock C A being rested (approx. 15 cm height) – allowing B vegetation regrowth Each paddock have access to fresh water Drinking water Ratio 1:4 ha (animal:hectare land) Mineral block in every paddock Plant Yield and Quality Relationship between yield and quality Yield is highest at The best time to graze is F heading, but E immediately Quality Best time to graze quality is very low following the most D As plants get rapid growth but matured, a greater before flowering A B percentage of and seeding. nutrients and dry C Leaves are higher matter is tied up in in protein than undigestible forms stems. Yield (such as lignin). The leaf : stem ratio decrease (more stems). Increase in fiber Vegetative Stem and lignification, Intermode Early Seed growth elongation elongation heading forming lower digestibility How to assess the quality of the forage? Visually assess for: Color – Green which is a sign Leaves:Stem ratio (80% Maturity – Will have more of freshness and high nutrient of nutrients in leaves) seed heads and stems content, with no evidence of which lower its quality mold  Oil-palm by-products as animals feed Oil palm residue or by-products are used to sustain all the available biomass. Palm oil plantation by-products can be classified into two categories: Plantation lands – oil palm fronds (OPF) – collected during the pruning season Processing plants – palm kernel cake (PKC) – comes as a by-product of the oil extraction process Oil Palm Fronds (OPF) as animal feed source OPF is the most abundant produced by-product and has been identified as a potential alternative green feed for ruminants. Nutrient Percentage (%) Crude Protein (CP) 4.0-10.0 Valued for its high fiber content and Crude Fiber (CF) 38.5 is mainly used as roughage for Fat 2.1 ruminants. Need to be supplemented with other feeds. Energy (MJ/kg DM) 5.65 Highly fibrous High lignocellulose content and moderate nutrition are obstacles to using this material as animal feed. The limit of lignin content for ruminant feed is 7%, while the lignin content of OPF is about ~20 %. How OPF is prepared and fed? OPF is fed to ruminants in several forms, depending on the feeding system and processing method: Fresh OPF Chopped and dried Ensiled OPF (Silage) Fronds are cut into smaller OPF Fresh OPF is chopped and packed into pieces airtight silos to ferment for 21-30 days Fed directly as a roughage Add with molasses, urea or microbial source inoculant to improve fermentation and nutrient content Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) PKC is a main by-product produced after the processing of palm kernel oil extraction. High in fat, protein, carbohydrates and minerals. Source of energy and protein and its cost is lower compared to more expensive ingredients such as maize grain and soybean. The protein content of PKC is considered to be Nutrient Percentage (%) sufficient to meet the protein requirements of most Crude Protein (CP) 14.5-19.6 ruminants (average 14% CP) Crude Fiber (CF) 12.0-20.0 Can be included up to 80% in beef cattle feedlot Fat 5.0-8.0 * PKC contains 20-30 ppm of copper. Sheep are sensitive to Energy (MJ/kg DM) 10.5-11.5 copper and levels as low as 25 ppm in the diet can be toxic. Table : Summary of feed and feeding management for ruminants under different system System Feed Sources Feeding Practices Supplement Challenges Extensive Natural grasses and Relying on grazing and animals - Minimal - Nutritional deficiencies in shrubs move across large areas to access supplementation poor-quality pastures food - Occasional salt or - Dependence on mineral supplements seasonal vegetation Intensive - Total Mixed Ration - Regularly scheduled feeding, - Concentrates - High cost of formulated (TMR) precise rationing to meet nutrient - Minerals and vitamins feeds - Silage, hay and needs - Protein supplements - Risk of metabolic grains - Ad libitum access to high-quality (e.g., soybean meal) disorders (e.g., acidosis) - Concentrates roughages and water Semi-Intensive - Grazing on Combination of grazing and - Concentrates during Seasonal fluctuations in improved or natural supplementary feeding to address critical periods. pasture availability. pastures nutrient gaps. - Mineral blocks or Balancing pasture utilization - Silage, hay, crop Feeding schedules are adjusted premixes with feed inputs residues based on grazing conditions Integrated - Natural vegetation - Grazing on field - Mineral supplements - Poor-quality pastures. from the plantation - Custom feed plans to ensure - Dependence on lands. sustainability in resource sharing. seasonal vegetation - - Crop residues - Utilization of feed by-products (e.g., fronds) from integrated component. - By-products from the plantation (e.g., PKC) Thank you