Fascia and Cartilage PDF

Anatomy of the fascia  Fascia Definition It is a sheet of connective tissue, represent general covering of the body beneath the skin. Classification Superficial fascia Deep fascia  Superficial fascia  General features: 1-General covering beneath the skin...

Anatomy of the fascia  Fascia Definition It is a sheet of connective tissue, represent general covering of the body beneath the skin. Classification Superficial fascia Deep fascia  Superficial fascia  General features: 1-General covering beneath the skin. 2-Fibrous mesh filled with fat. 3-Its distribution a-Abundant: in Buttock, Flanks , and anterior abdominal wall below the umbilicus b-Absent in Eyelids , Nipple & Areola of the breast, Penis and Scrotum. Contents: 1-Muscles: as muscles of the face, platysma in neck. 2-Mammary glands. 3- Cutaneous nerves and vessels. 4- Superficial groups of regional lymph nodes Function: 1- Allows skin mobility 2- Passage for cutaneous vessels & nerves. 3- Conserves the body heat 4- Storage of fat. 5- smooth rounded Contour of the body  Deep fascia  General features: 1- strong fibrous investing the body beneath superficial fascia 2-dense, not elastic, devoid of fat 3- formed of regular arranged collagen fibers 4- its distribution: a-Well-defined: in limbs and neck b-Ill-defined: in -face and anterior abdominal wall. 1. Formation of broad sheets: ▪ They surround the muscles and the different structures of the upper and lower limbs. ▪ They keep the underlying structures in position. They separate different groups of muscles which have different actions and nerve supply by formation of septa. 2. Formation of retinacula: They are localized transverse thickened bands of deep fascia present at wrist and ankle joints. They keep the tendons in position during movements of joints. 3. Formation of palmar aponeurosis (in palm) and plantar aponeurosis (in sole): They are very thick, strong and protective layers of deep fascia. They protect blood vessels, nerves and tendons. 4. Formation of sheaths around big blood vessels: e.g. ▪ Femoral sheath around the femoral blood vessels in lower limb. ▪ Carotid sheath around the carotid arteries and internal jugular vein in the neck.  (A) Extensions to form : Special features (A) Extensions to form : 1-Septa between muscles of limb, dividing it into compartments  Septa  Muscle sheath 2- Muscle sheath: fascial covering of muscles 3-Fascial envelope for the neuro- vascular bundles As Carotid sheath  Fascial envelope for the neuro-vascular bundles (B) Thickening to form: 1-Retinacula: They are thick bands of deep fascia around some joints, as the wrist and ankle. 2-Aponeurosis :- thick band of deep fascia, as palmar aponeuroses in palm and plantar aponeuroses in sole. 3-Ligaments:- strong, inelastic fibrous bands formed of thickening of deep fascia nearby joints to connect bones, as sternoclavicular and radioulnar ligaments  (C) Inturption of deep fascia The subcutaneous parts of bones throughout the body are devoid of deep fascia as medial surface of tibia  CARTILAGE *General features: 1-a non-vascular structure 2-It is insensitive 3-covered by a fibrous membrane named perichondrium. 4-Calcification of cartilage, occurs when it is replaced by bone. 5-It is a radiolucent Hyaline cartilage It is homogenous, bluish white and translucent In respiratory system: Nasal cartilages ,Larynx and trachea and bronchi. Articular cartilage Costal catilage Epiphyseal plate of cartilage White fibrocartilage -rich in white collagenous fibers, -white colour and opaque appearance. -It is resilient, strong and tough, and is usually found in places subjected to great pressure e.g intervertebral disc Yellow elastic fibrocartilage rich in yellow elastic fibers which make it more flexible Examples:- External ear -Epiglottis -Eustachian tube  Classification A- Hyaline cartilage It is homogenous, bluish white and translucent In respiratory system: Nasal cartilages ,Larynx and trachea and bronchi. ,articular cartilage and Epiphyseal plate of cartilage. Undergo ossification B- White fibrocartilage -rich in white collagenous fibers, -white colour and opaque appearance. -It is resilient, strong and tough, and is usually found in places subjected to great pressure Examples:- Intervertebral discs (IVD) C- Yellow elastic fibrocartilage rich in yellow elastic fibers which make it more flexible - Examples:- External ear - -Epiglottis - -Eustachian tube Quiz All the following are hyaline cartilage except 1- nose 2- articular cartilage 3- intervertebral disc 4- trachea