Facial Bones PDF

The Facial bones Dr Zaid Saad Alnasrawi Dr Maythem Ali Alaraji Trauma and Orthopedics surgery  The facial bones Several bones contribute to the bony skeleton of the face The maxillae, zygomata and mandible contribute most to the shape of the face, and the orbits, nose and para...

The Facial bones Dr Zaid Saad Alnasrawi Dr Maythem Ali Alaraji Trauma and Orthopedics surgery  The facial bones Several bones contribute to the bony skeleton of the face The maxillae, zygomata and mandible contribute most to the shape of the face, and the orbits, nose and paranasal sinuses form bony cavities contained by the facial skeleton  The zygoma This forms the eminence of the cheek and is also known as the malar bone It is a thin bony bar that articulates with the frontal, maxillary and temporal bones The zygoma forms the lateral boundary of the temporal fossa above and the infratemporal fossa below  The nasal bones The paired nasal bones are attached to each other and to the nasal spine of the frontal bone They are grooved on their deep surface by one or more anterior ethmoidal nerves These vertically oriented grooves can be seen on a radiograph and should not be mistaken for fractures  The bony orbit The orbit is a four-sided pyramidal bony cavity The base of the pyramid is open and points anteriorly to form the orbital rim Lateral, superior, medial and inferior walls converge posteromedially to an apex , on to which the optic foramen opens, transmitting the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery from the optic canal The lateral orbital wall is strong and is formed by the zygomatic bone in front and the greater wing of sphenoid behind It separates the orbital cavity from the temporal fossa The superior wall, or roof, is thin and separates the orbit from the anterior cranial fossa It is formed by the orbital plate of the frontal bone in front and the lesser wing of sphenoid behind The medial orbital wall is a thin bone contributed by maxillary, lacrimal and ethmoid bones. It separates the orbit from the nasal cavity, ethmoid air cells and anterior part of sphenoid The bone between the orbit and ethmoids is paperthin and is known as the lamina papyracea The inferior wall, or floor, is formed by the orbital process of the maxillary bone, separating the orbit from the cavity of the maxillary sinus The superior orbital fissure is a triangular slit between the greater and lesser wings of sphenoid It transmits the first division of the fifth, and the third, fourth and sixth cranial nerves, as well as the superior ophthalmic veins The inferior orbital fissure is a slit between the lateral and inferior walls of the orbit as they converge on the apex It transmits the infraorbital nerve  The mandible The mandible is composed of two halves united at the symphysis menti Each half comprises a horizontal body and a vertical ramus joined at the angle of the mandible The ramus has two superior projections, the coronoid process anteriorly and the condylar process posteriorly, separated by the mandibular (or condylar ) notch  The temporomandibular joint This is a synovial joint between the condyle of the mandible and the temporal bone The temporal articular surface consists of a fossa posteriorly, the temporomandibular fossa , and a prominence anteriorly, the articular tubercle