Faces of Globalization - PDF

Faces of Globalization GARC 2002 In this class, - Theories of Globalization o Modernization theory oDependency theory oWorld-system theory - Diverse perspectives on Globalization o Hyperglobalism oSkepticism oTransformationalism Recap Globalization as: Internationalization...

Faces of Globalization GARC 2002 In this class, - Theories of Globalization o Modernization theory oDependency theory oWorld-system theory - Diverse perspectives on Globalization o Hyperglobalism oSkepticism oTransformationalism Recap Globalization as: Internationalization Liberalization Universalization Westernization Removing Interdependence Similarities Western culture restrictions Theories of Globalization Globalization as international communications, ties and dependencies can be explained by three theories: 1- Modernization theory 2- Dependency theory 3- World-system theory Modernization theory Modernization is a Europeanization or Americanization Modernization is an irreversible process, once started it cannot be stopped. In other words, once third world countries come into contact with the West, they will not be able to resist modernization. Modernization is a progressive process which in the long run is not only inevitable but desirable. Modernization is a lengthy process. It is an evolutionary change, not a revolutionary one. It will take generations or even centuries to complete, and its profound impact will be felt only through time. Achieving development happens through a uniform evolutionary route followed by all societies, from agricultural > rural and traditional societies > post-industrial, urban, and modern societies. The modernization theory regards the need to eliminate traditional values.  Eurocentrism Walt Rostow was particularly in his influential work The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (1960). He describes modernization as a linear process in which all societies must progress through five stages to achieve development, with the "traditional society" at the beginning and "high mass consumption" at the end. “Traditional societies are characterized by a lack of modern science, technological innovation, and rational economic activity. Progress begins when societies adopt the values and practices of advanced Western nations.” Daniel Lerner in his book The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East (1958). Lerner argues that modernity is synonymous with Westernization and associates it with the adoption of specific behaviors and institutions found in Western societies. “The modernization of a society can be measured by the extent to which its members have adopted modern attitudes, such as empathy and rationality, which are most fully realized in Western cultures. Dependency theory Dependency theory rejected the promise that imitation of the West would bring prosperity and liberty to developing nations. It argues that the wealth of the developed world was, and is, derived from the utilization of resources that come from underdeveloped places. Poor economic growth in developing nations results from the difference in unequal exchange with advanced countries. These poor economic nations act as suppliers of raw materials and cheap labor to developed nations, but they are in turn given assistance in the form of huge debts that they are left paying for years. Dependency theorists believe that the colonizing nations had no intention of helping the colonies to develop, as they wanted to continue reaping benefits from their poverty.  Andre Gunter Frank Andre Gunder Frank, a key figure in dependency theory. In his influential work The Development of Underdevelopment (1966), he critiques modernization theory and argues that underdevelopment is not a natural stage but rather a product of exploitative global relationships. “Underdevelopment is not a condition: it is an active process. The historical development of the capitalist system has simultaneously generated economic development in the metropolitan centers and underdevelopment in the satellite regions.” World-system theory Among the most important structures of the current world-system is a power hierarchy between core and periphery, in which powerful and wealthy "core" societies dominate and exploit weak and poor peripheral societies. Core countries are wealthy, militarily strong, and hold significant social power and colonial power. Peripheral countries are poor, have exploitable resources, and do not possess great social stability or government. Semi-peripheral countries have some of the characteristics of core and peripheral countries. Technology is a central factor in the positioning of a region in the core or the periphery. Countries' status in world systems theory are always changing. These changes are due to factors like military actions, geographic expansion, and changes in industrial production levels in a given country. Wallerstein Immanuel Wallerstein, the founder of the world-systems theory, a framework closely aligned with dependency theory. In his work The Modern World-System (1974), he articulates the structural inequalities in the global economy. “The capitalist world-economy has been the prime mover of wealth accumulation and economic development in some areas, while simultaneously being the cause of poverty and stagnation in others. This inequality is not incidental but intrinsic to the system.”  Comparison ASPECT M O D E R N I Z AT I O N T H E O R Y DEPENDENCY THEORY WORLD-SYSTEMS THEORY Development is a linear process where societies evolve through stages to Development and underdevelopment result from exploitative relationships between Global economic inequality is rooted in the structure of the capitalist world-system, divided into Core Idea resemble Western economies. developed and developing nations. core, periphery, and semi-periphery. Universal process based on Western models of industrialization and liberal Development in the Global South is hindered by the exploitative nature of global Development is shaped by a global system of economic and political relations maintained by the View on Development democracy. capitalism. capitalist world-economy. Post-World War II, during decolonization and Cold War, emphasizing Emerged in the 1960s, critiquing modernization theory, during rising awareness of Developed in the 1970s, combining insights from dependency theory and broader systemic Historical Context modernization as a path to progress. neocolonialism. historical analysis. Internal factors within nations, such as cultural attitudes, technology, and External factors, such as colonialism and trade dependency, causing underdevelopment Key Focus Global systemic relations and the division of labor within the capitalist economy. institutions. in poorer nations. Seen as the dominant core in a hierarchical global system exploiting the periphery and semi- Role of the West Seen as a model for development and progress. Seen as exploiters maintaining inequality through trade and capital flows. periphery. Societies move through predefined stages, e.g., Rostow's "five stages of Stages of Development No stages; focuses on structural inequality rather than linear progress. No stages; focuses on systemic dynamics, historical evolution of the capitalist system. growth." Promote industrialization, technology transfer, and Western-style Advocate for reducing dependency through strategies like import substitution Focus on systemic changes, such as redistributing power in the global economy and challenging Policy Implications institutions in developing nations. industrialization (ISI). capitalism. Overemphasizes external factors, potentially ignoring internal challenges in developing Critiques Eurocentric, ignores cultural diversity and historical exploitation. Overly deterministic, reducing nations' agency within the world-system framework. nations. Key Theorists Walt Rostow, Talcott Parsons, Daniel Lerner. Andre Gunder Frank, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Samir Amin. Immanuel Wallerstein, Giovanni Arrighi, Samir Amin. Diverse perspectives on Globalization Is Globalization Good or Bad? Hyperglobalism It argues that if This perspective views that governments allow It argues that national The hyperglobalist the world economy is organizations the freedom governments have much perspective sees the world controlled more by the to ‘do business,’ wealth will less socio-political influence economy as one single unit. current marketplace than be generated, which will or even none at all. by governments. trickle down to everyone. It conceptualizes Countries that are not It is necessary for countries It sees globalization as a globalization as a ‘leveler’ uniting are being left to band together in order to unique, entirely lawful, and that helps to create behind in the new be successful in the progressive process of economic and social globalized world that we globalized world. unification. opportunities that would live in today. otherwise have not existed. Skepticism This perspective suggests that the This prespective refuses the claim The skeptical perspective views world is not becoming a single It claims that the world is that globalization affects all areas the globalization process as more market but that it is the expansion globalizing but different regions of the world evenly and with the separated and regionalized than as of regional economic sectors and are globalizing together. same responses. a truly global world. the cooperation of trade between countries. For example, industrialized nations have been trading together and It highlights that the world has These "power countries" will It argues that cultural globalization building a trading block between seen greater nationalism in many regulate the trading between essentially refers to the each other. Then they slowly start places, often in response to the developing nations who do not overwhelming dominance of one purchasing products from perceived and real threats of have a strong government system. culture, that of the U.S. developing countries and adding globalization. these countries to their block. Transformationalism It believes that the range of Globalization is seen as It suggests that whilst a critical Scholars of this perspective factors influencing processes of occurring but without just assessment of the claims of believe that the outcome of globalization is much greater, sweeping away all that existed globalization is needed, also the processes of globalization is not and the outcomes of before it, as hyperglobalists recognition of a more complex determined. globalization are very uncertain. might have it. picture of globalization. Transformationalists argue that It suggests that whilst a critical cultural exchange is not It frames the process of assessment of the claims of unilateral from West to East but globalization as uneven and globalization is needed, also the rather a two-way exchange in uncertain, insisting on its recognition of a more complex which Western culture is also multidimensionality. picture of globalization. changed and influenced. References Bishop, T., Reinke, J., & Adams, T. (2011). Globalization: trends and perspectives. Journal of International Business Research, 10(1), 117. Chirot, D., & Hall, T. D. (1982). World-system theory. Annual Review of sociology, 81-106. Hout, W. (2016). Classical approaches to development: Modernisation and dependency. In The Palgrave Handbook of International Development (pp. 21-39). Palgrave Macmillan, London. Rashid, M. A. (2022). Hyperglobalist, sceptical, and transformationalist perspectives on globalization in medical education. Medical Teacher, 1-9. Reyes, G. E. (2001). Four main theories of development: modernization, dependency, word-system, and globalization. Nómadas. Revista Crítica de Ciencias Sociales y Jurídicas, 4(2), 109-124.