Theories-of-Global-Stratification.pdf

Theories of Global Stratification The patterns of global stratification - the uneven distribution of wealth, power, and resources across the world - have fascinated social scientists for decades. This presentation will explore the key theories that help us understand the dynamics of our interconnect...

Theories of Global Stratification The patterns of global stratification - the uneven distribution of wealth, power, and resources across the world - have fascinated social scientists for decades. This presentation will explore the key theories that help us understand the dynamics of our interconnected global society, from the historical context of international trade to the complex perspectives on the nature of globalization itself. by Paul Jason Pante Globalization Theory Definition Key Perspectives Implications Globalization involves the sharing of Globalization theory encompasses The process of globalization has led culture, money, and products several influential perspectives, to significant societal changes, such between countries through including world-systems theory, as the rise of international terrorism, international trade and modernization theory, and civil unrest, increased advancements in transportation and dependency theory. These theories interdependence in the world communication. This process has offer diverse lenses for economy, and the blending of been influenced by economic understanding the complex diverse foreign cultures. exchanges across borders for dynamics of our interconnected Understanding these impacts is centuries, such as the historic Silk world and the uneven distribution of crucial for navigating the challenges and spice trade routes in East Asia. power and resources globally. and opportunities of our globalized world. World-Systems Theory Core Countries 1 Western Europe and the United States are examples of core countries, characterized by strong central governments, diversified economies, and a focus on industrial production. These countries often hold significant power and influence in the global economic and political order. Periphery Countries 2 Latin America and Africa are typical examples of periphery countries, which tend to have weak governments, a reliance on a single economic activity (such as raw material extraction), and high income inequality. These countries often occupy a subordinate position in the global economic hierarchy. 3 Semi-Periphery Countries Countries like India and Brazil represent a middle ground between core and periphery countries, with relatively diversified economies. These semi-periphery countries play a crucial role in the global economic system, serving as a bridge between the core and the periphery. Modernization Theory 1 Concept Modernization theory proposes that all countries follow a similar path of development from traditional to modern societies, with the assumption that traditional countries can develop into modern nations by adopting new technologies and undergoing political and social changes. 2 Assumptions Modernization theory is based on the belief that traditional societies can and should emulate the characteristics of Western, industrialized nations to achieve progress and development. This perspective has been criticized for its Eurocentric bias and for overlooking the complex realities of diverse cultural contexts. 3 Limitations While modernization theory offers a framework for understanding development, it has been challenged for its linear, one-size-fits-all approach and its failure to account for the unique historical, political, and cultural factors that shape the development trajectories of different societies. Dependency Theory Core-Periphery Concept Dependency theory reacts to modernization theory by emphasizing the unequal relationship between core and periphery countries. In this view, Third World countries are forced to export raw materials and resources to wealthier nations, leading to economic dependence and hindering their own development. Dependency and Underdevelopment Dependency theorists argue that the economic and political dominance of core countries over periphery countries is a key factor in the perpetuation of global inequality and underdevelopment. This uneven relationship constrains the ability of periphery countries to achieve self- sustained growth and economic autonomy. Critiques and Responses Dependency theory has been critiqued for its oversimplification of complex global dynamics and its lack of practical solutions. However, it has also inspired further research and theories that acknowledge the structural barriers to development faced by many countries in the Global South. Perspectives on Globalization Hyper Globalist The hyper globalist perspective views globalization as a legitimate process that creates a global society where individual countries are less significant, with a focus on the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world. Skeptical The skeptical perspective critically examines globalization, suggesting that international processes are becoming more regionalized rather than truly global, and questioning the extent to which national sovereignty and economic autonomy have been undermined. Transformationalist The transformationalist perspective believes in ongoing changes where national governments may be becoming less important, leading to an uncertain new world order characterized by complex and dynamic interactions between various global actors and forces. Globalization vs. Modernization vs. Development Globalization Involves the sharing of culture, money, and products between countries through international trade and advancements in transportation and communication. Modernization A process of cultural and socio- economic change whereby less developed countries acquire characteristics of Western, industrialized societies. This definition reflects the Eurocentric bias inherent in the concept. Development Refers to "change directed toward improving human welfare." However, this definition fails to acknowledge that the notion of development is often based on a model developed by former colonial powers, resulting in "dislocated cultural space." The Dynamics of Global Stratification Uneven Distribution The patterns of global stratification reflect the uneven 1 distribution of wealth, power, and resources across the world, with some countries and regions enjoying a disproportionate share of economic and political influence. Historical Legacies These disparities have deep historical roots, shaped by 2 complex factors such as colonialism, exploitation, and the unequal exchange of resources between the Global North and the Global South. Structural Barriers Theories like dependency theory highlight the structural 3 barriers that prevent many countries in the Global South from achieving sustainable development and economic autonomy, further entrenching global inequalities. Toward a More Equitable Global Order Challenging Collaborative Empowering Local Assumptions Solutions Voices Critiques of modernization theory Achieving a more equitable global Ultimately, the path toward a more and dependency theory have paved order will require collaborative just and sustainable global future the way for more nuanced and efforts, where countries and must be guided by the perspectives context-specific approaches to communities work together to share and experiences of local development, emphasizing the resources, foster cultural exchange, communities, ensuring that importance of acknowledging and develop innovative solutions to development strategies are cultural diversity and addressing shared challenges. This approach can responsive to the unique needs and structural inequalities. help bridge the divide between the aspirations of diverse populations Global North and the Global South. worldwide.