Basic Fire Safety PDF

BASIC FIRE SAFETY QHSE DEPT Internal Arrangement introductions Name: Company: Occupation: Fire Experience: Aims of fire fighting Learning Objectives On completion of this basic fire awareness and safety training, you will be able to: A...

BASIC FIRE SAFETY QHSE DEPT Internal Arrangement introductions Name: Company: Occupation: Fire Experience: Aims of fire fighting Learning Objectives On completion of this basic fire awareness and safety training, you will be able to: Answer the question: What is fire? Explain The Fire Tetrahedron Give examples of the causes of fire Explain extinguishment theory and methods Explain classes of fire and extinguisher selection Demonstrate safe operation of portable fire-fighting equipment. Understand actions to be taken in the event of a fire, including methods of raising the alarm and contacting emergency services Understand evacuation and emergency assembly points procedures. What is fire? Definition: “Fire is a rapid chemical reaction known as combustion which occurs when fuel and oxygen are brought together with sufficient heat to cause ignition." The fire tetrahedron The three elements of fuel,oxygen, and heat combinein a chemical reaction to form The Fire Tetrahedron The fire tetrahedron : fuel Fuel is any combustible solid, liquid, or gaseous material. Flammable solids and liquids must undergo pyrolysis (decomposition by heat) before they will release gases that burn Examples of Fuel: Wood Gasoline Propane FUEL: Solid, Liquid or Gaseous The fire tetrahedron : Oxygen The right concentration ofoxygen is required to sustain combustion – a minimum of 16% The air we breathe in is around 2 1 % oxygen; our exhaled air contains 16% oxygen! Enough OXYGEN: Minimum requirement of 16% The fire tetrahedron : heat Sufficient heat energy must be present to raise a material to its ignition temperature or “flash point” Normal day in Dubai Hotter than the sun What might be some examples of ignition sources? Ouch ouch ouch E.g. sparks, flames, friction, convergent A little sweat on refraction (through glass) Rather warm HEAT: Sufficient for the flash point of the fuel The fire tetrahedron : chemical reaction Definition: “A chemical change that occurs when two or more substances combine to form a new substance.” In the fire tetrahedron, when all three elements are present, a self-sustaining CHEMICAL REACTION takes place which will continue until one of the components is used up or removed. The reactions in any fire are complex, however below is an example of a simple chemical reaction for the complete combustion of a common fuel, natural gas: CHEMICAL REACTION HEAT CH4 + 02 = 2H2O + CO2 Principles of Heat Transmission and Fire Spread Conduction Radiation Convection The fire tetrahedron : review Q1. What are the three elements of The Fire Tetrahedron? Q2. When all three elements are present, a CHEMICAL REACTION occurs. FUEL HEAT OXYGEN + + = Causes of fire electrical Causes of fire cooking Causes of fire Improper storage of Chemical and cleaning supplies Causes of fire machinery Causes of fire construction Causes of fire arson Causes of fire Carelessness Causes of fire smoking Causes of fire: Natural causes Causes of fire: Review Improper storage of Chemical ELECTRICal cooking and cleaning supplies MACHINERY CONSTRUCTION ARSON CARELESSNESS smoking NATURAL CAUSES CAUSES OF FIRE: QUESTIONS Q1. As a group, list the ten common causes of fire Electrical Construction Cooking Media Arson Improper Storage Carelessness Cleaning Supplies Smoking Machinery Natural Causes Extinguishment theory Extinguishment theory Using the Fire Tetrahedron to understand extinguishing fires If you remove or eliminate any one side of the Fire Tetrahedron, combustion can not continue. The chemical reactions within the fire are interrupted. Extinguishment theory There are four ways to extinguish a fire: Cooling – Remove HEAT Starvation – Remove FUEL Smothering – Remove OXYGEN Break the Chemical Reaction Extinguishment theory cooling By removing HEAT, you interrupt the chemical reaction, cooling the fire until combustion can not continue The most effective way to reduce the temperature of a fire is to apply water to it Extinguishment theory starvation Removing the FUEL source effectively extinguishes any fire e.g. turning off gas supply to a fire Once the fuel source is exhausted, you starve the fire and combustion can no longer take place; the fire will go out Extinguishment theory smothering If the OXYGEN content of the atmosphere around the fire can be sufficiently reduced below 15%, most combustion will cease to continue One example of smothering is that a cover is placed on a pan of burning grease, starving the fire of OXYGEN and thus extinguishing it. Extinguishment theory Break the chemical reaction Certain fire extinguishers expel an agent that interrupts the CHEMICAL REACTION, thus extinguishing the fire Dry powder is one such example of a substance that prevents the CHEMICAL REACTION of combustion. Extinguishment theory Q1: Name the four components of extinguishment theory: Cooling – Remove HEAT Starvation – Remove FUEL Smothering – Remove OXYGEN Break the Chemical Reaction Classifications of fire introduction Fires fall into one of five distinct classes. Knowing which of these classes a fire belongs enables you to choose the appropriate extinguisher. You need to be aware of the classes of fire that each extinguisher is capable of extinguishing. The five classes of fire recognized within the UAE fire and life safety code of practice are A, B, C, D, and K. The classes and their approved symbols are as follows Classifications of fire Symbol identification British / EU Classes NFPA and UAE Classes *Note that both systems are used in the UAE Classifications of Fire: Class A Fuel Source: Flammable solids mostly organic in nature, i.e. wood, paper, fabrics, but do include other materials, i.e. plastic, nylon, polyester. Class A fires are the most common. The most effective extinguishing agent is generally water in the form of jet or spray. Classifications of Fire: Class B Fuel Source: Flammable liquids, i.e. petroleum, diesel, paints, etc. Flammable liquids may be divided into two groups: A. Those that mix with water (miscible) B. Those that don’t mix with water (immiscible) Class B fires are extinguished (depending on if type A or B) predominantly water spray (A), foam (A/B), dry powder (A/B), CO2 (A/B) Classifications of Fire: Class C (British/EU) Fuel Source: Flammable gases including liquid petroleum gases (LPG) like octane, propane, butane, and natural gases like methane. These gases are usually stored under pressure as a liquid, when exposed to ambient pressure they evaporate and become gaseous. CO2 is the preferred extinguisher. Classifications of Fire: Class C (NFPA) Fuel Source: Electrical in origin (AC or DC current) Electrical fires are unique in that there is a constant supply of energized current providing energy to the system. Only extinguished with dry powder or CO2 Classifications of Fire: Class D Fuel Source: Metals including magnesium, titanium, sodium, lithium and potassium Limestone and dry sand are normally suitable to use on Class D fires as well as special metal powders such as graphite powder. The use of extinguishing agents that contain water (or water vapour) are ineffective and dangerous. Similarly, CO2 and the bicarbonate classes of dry chemical powder (ABC powder) may also be hazardous if applied to metal fires Classifications of Fire: Class F / K Fuel Source: Combustible cooking materials, e.g. cooking oils, vegetable and animal fats, grease Commonly occurring in commercial kitchens using deep fat fryers, Class F fires can also occur in domestic kitchens leading to serious fire damage. Class F wet chemical extinguishers or fire blankets (if appropriate) are used on Class F fires. Other messy options include dry powder or CO2 which should be used if the above is unavailable. Classifications of fire: Review Symbol identification British / EU Classes NFPA and UAE Classes *Note that both systems are used in the UAE Classifications of fire: questions Q1. Classes of Fire Fuel Sources A Flammable Solids: Wood, Paper, Plastics, Textiles, etc. B Flammable Liquids: Gasoline, Diesel, Alcohol C (UK/EU) Flammable Gases: LPG, Natural Gas C (NFPA) Energized Electrical Fires D Metals: Magnesium, Lithium, Potassium Cooking Fires: Veg. & Animal Fats, Greases, Cooking F/K Oils 44 Q2. Pick the correct Fire Class symbol 1 2 4 5 3 7 9 6 10 8 Parts of fire extinguisher Parts of fire extinguisher types of extinguishers In addition to the approved symbolsfrom the UAE Code, many fire extinguishers throughout Dubai will feature colour coding to enable easier identification. Each type of extinguisher may be found in various sizes which are appropriate for the fire hazards at their location. 48 types of extinguishers: colour identification Most commonly, a coloured band at the top of the extinguisher indicates its type. Some extinguishers may be in one solid colour. 49 types of extinguishers: water All red extinguisher Used on ordinary combustibles such as wood, paper, rubbish or textiles Contains water pressurised with compressed air 50 types of extinguishers: foam Red with a cream band or allcream Use on flammable liquid fires such as petrol, oils and paint Can also be used on ordinary combustibles Contains water and an aqueous film-forming foam additive pressurized with compressed air 52 types of extinguishers: CO2 Red with a black band or all black Used on fires involving flammable liquids or live electrical equipment 54 types of extinguishers: Dry powder Red with a blue band or all blue Suitable for fires involving ordinary combustibles, flammable liquids, flammable gases, and live electrical equipment Not to be confused with “Dry Chemical Powder” extinguishers types of extinguishers: Dry Chemical powder Red with a blue band or all blue Dry chemical contains specialized powders to extinguish fires of different types of metals Not to be confused with “Dry Powder” extinguishers 58 types of extinguishers: wet chemical Red with a gold band or allgold Has a liquid alkaline extinguishing agent Used in kitchens on deep fryer fires cooking oils and other fats 59 How to use fire extinguisher The P.A.S.S. Method § p Pull the pin, test a Aim for the base of s Squeeze the lever s Sweep the nozzle extinguisher the fire as if required types of extinguishers: review How to use fire extinguisher The P.A.S.S. Method  How to use fire extinguisher Exceptions to P.A.S.S. Foam application should not involve sweeping from sideto side. The goal when using foam is to create a blanket on the nearest side and let it flow across the burning liquid CO2 needs to be applied in a circular motion over the fire in order to displace the oxygen. You must get closer to the fire than with other types of extinguishers In all cases, after extinguishment, back away slowly being alert in case the fire does re-ignite 63 How to use fire BLANKTS 1. Remove blanket from its container by pulling cords Fire Extinguishment 2. Ensure that the fire is smaller than theblanket with Fire Blankets 3. Hold the blanket in front of you by the top corners, wrap your hands in the corners to protect them 4. Smother the fire by placing the blanket over it. Make sure the blanket is covering the entire fire 5. Confirm that the fuel source has been isolated (gas turned off) 6. Do not remove the blanket for 30 minutes 7. CAUTION: If the fire is not extinguished, do not attempt to retrieve the blanket 64 Types of Extinguishers: Review Classroom practical session Emergency numbers Upon Discovering a Fire police Ambulance Civil Defense (Fire Service) 999 998 997 Discovering a fire Sound the fire If you are not trained in the use of fire alarm extinguishers, close all doors and windows and leave the area Evacuate the building Inform Civil Defense (997) Do Not Use Elevator If it is a small fire and you are trained, attempt to extinguish Gather in assembly points for the fire and seek the assistance accountability of others. reporting a fire 1. Remain calm, Call 997 2. 3. State your Name Give your specific location 997 4. Describe the emergency 5. Describe the current condition 6. Detail any special hazards or needs, such as hazardous materials stored on site 7. Stay on the line, unless told otherwise 8. Meet Civil Defence upon their arrival and provide pertinent information Making The RightDecision: Fight or Flight? Only attempt to fight a fire if:  You are trained  You know the classification of the fire  You have the correct type and size of fire extinguisher  Fire is not spreading rapidly  Smoke and heat have not filled thearea  It is safe for you to fight the fire  You have a clear path of escape If you can answer NO to any of the above, do not attempt to fight the fire. Close all doors and windows and evacuate immediately 70 Smoke and Heat warning Fire creates extensive heat, and dark smoke Heat and smoke will rise to the ceiling and begin to fill the room from the top Smoke contains carbon monoxide,hydrogen cyanide, and other poisonous gases Smoke inhalation is the primary cause of death in fire victims Exposure can be lessened by escaping from a smoke filled room by crawling towards your exit as near to the floor as possible 71 evacuation Make sure you are familiar with your building’s fire safety procedures you should know who your fire warden is and familiarize yourself with the whereabouts of your fire extinguishers. Make sure you are aware of the different alarms within your building and note that some alarms will change their sound as they progress. Evacuation Procedures 1. Remain calm and keep others calm (no running) 2. Be familiar with surroundings (Primary &Secondary Exits) 3. Close all door and windows if safe to do so (but don’t lock) 4. Proceed to the nearest safe exit 5. Do not use the elevator 6. Test doors with the back of your hand prior to opening 7. In a smoked filled room, crawl near the floor towards exit 8. If stuck in a room without an escape route, keep door closed open window if possible and hang a towel outside toindicate your location Examples of fire signage summary What is fire? The Fire Tetrahedron Causes of fire Extinguishment theory and methods Classes of fire and extinguisher selection Operation of portable fire-fighting equipment Actions to be taken in the event of a fire, including methods of raising the alarm and contacting emergency services Evacuation and emergency assembly points procedures references National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)10 AND 1001, 2013 Edition; BS/EN 3 Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers; UAE Fire and Life Safety Code ofPractice practical Live fire practical session 77