Navy Expeditionary History and Organization Fundamentals

101 101 NAVY EXPEDITIONARY HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION FUNDAMENTALS References: [a] NDP 1, Naval Warfare 2010 [b] NAVEDTRA 14234, Seabee Combat Handbook, Vol. 1 [c] NTTP 4-04.1M, Seabee Operations in the MAGTF [d] NAVEDTRA 14325, Basic Military Requirements [e]...

101 101 NAVY EXPEDITIONARY HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION FUNDAMENTALS References: [a] NDP 1, Naval Warfare 2010 [b] NAVEDTRA 14234, Seabee Combat Handbook, Vol. 1 [c] NTTP 4-04.1M, Seabee Operations in the MAGTF [d] NAVEDTRA 14325, Basic Military Requirements [e] NECC Portal www.necc.navy.mil [f] NWP 3-06M, Doctrine for Navy/Marine Corps Joint Riverine Operations [g] OPNAVINST 1306.2G, Fleet, Force, and Command Master Chief Program [h] NAVPERS 15839I Navy Officer Manpower Classifications [i] www.navy.mil 101.1 Discuss the conditions that led to the formation of the U.S. Navy. [Ref. a, Ch. 1, Pg. 6 thru 7] In 1794, Congress authorized the Department of War to construct six frigates, for the protection of American merchantmen against the Barbary corsairs. Four years later, April 30, 1798, in response to renewed aggression by France during its war against Great Britain, Congress finally established the Department of the Navy, authorized the Marine Corps, and began the first significant buildup of naval forces as we know them today. ___________________________________ (Signature and Date).2 State the qualities that characterize the Navy/Marine Corps team as instruments to support national policies. [Ref. a, Ch. 1, Pg. 7 thru 10] Operating forward from the sea has long been a characteristic of the Navy- Marine Corps team. Readiness, flexibility, self-sustainability, and mobility. Political, diplomatic and economic strategies combine to support the National Security Strategy. National forward presence relied upon to display U.S. commitment and resolve to allies and friends. ___________________________________ (Signature and Date) 17.3 When is the U.S. Navy birthday? [Ref. d. Ch. 5, Pg. 5-1] Oct 13, 1775 ___________________________________ (Signature and Date).4 Discuss the conditions that led to the creation of the Seabees. [Ref. c, Ch. 1, Pg. 1-6 thru 1-7] Ships ranged over larger areas of the oceans and were dependent on an ever- increasing chain of shore bases for support. Constructing these bases necessitated a new and large organization of seafaring fighter-builders. As WWII drew near there was an urgent need for more overseas bases Airfields & landing strips had to be rushed into existence on far away islands. Need for a military organization trained to construct. Bureau of Yards and Docks conceived the idea of naval construction battalions. The first battalions were organized in January 1942, called construction battalions (CB). The name “Seabee” is derived from these first construction units. This element of the Navy provides general engineering support to Marine Air- Ground Task Force (MAGTFs). Support consists of Navy Construction Force (NCF) units under the operational control of a MAGTF. NCF units are necessary to reinforce and augment the MAGTF’s limited engineering capability. ___________________________________ (Signature and Date).5 Discuss the significance of March 5, 1942 as it pertains to the Seabees. [Ref. b, Ch. 1, Pg. 1-1] Permission to use the name “Seabee” was granted on this date. ___________________________________ (Signature and Date) 18 101 NAVY EXPEDITIONARY HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION FUNDAMENTALS (CONT’D) 101.6 Discuss the importance of the following conflicts as they relate to Naval History: [Ref. d, Ch. 5] a. Battle of Coral Sea [Pg. 5-16] First of 6 fights between opposing aircraft carrier forces The U.S. Navy’s air arm finally stopped the Japanese advance which set the scene for the turning point of the war in the Pacific Battle was fought entirely with aircraft launched from carriers; the two fleets never saw each other. The USS Lexington and USS Yorktown, jointly under the command of Admiral F. J. Fletcher, launched 93 attack planes against the Japanese carriers Shoho, Shokaku, and Zuikaku. The United States suffered the loss of an oiler, an escort, and the USS Lexington. Even though American losses were heavy in tonnage and men, Australia had been saved from invasion. b. Invasion of Normandy [Pg. 5-17] June 6, 1944 Navy’s most notable Atlantic action may have been its part in this invasion. Largest amphibious operation in history. Greatest armada ever assembled. Carried out minesweeping, shore-bombardment, amphibious operations, and transported supplies and troops. Operations let the Allies complete D-Day landings successfully and eventually push on to Germany. c. Battle of Midway [Pg. 5-17] June 4-7, 1942 High water mark of Japan’s Pacific Ocean war and turning point of the war in the Pacific. Japanese had concentrated on the central Pacific with the intention of occupying Midway Island in an attempt to draw out and destroy the Pacific Fleet’s aircraft carrier striking force. Thwarted by superior American communications intelligence which deduced the scheme before the battle was joined. Adm. Nimitz was able to establish an ambush and the trap was sprung on June 4th 1942. Japan lost 4 aircraft carriers, the U.S. only 1 of the 3 present. ___________________________________ (Signature and Date) 19.7 Discuss the conditions that led to the creation of Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) and Navy Divers. [Ref. e, Ch. 1, Pg. 1-14 thru 1-16] History goes back to the first group of volunteers selected to work with the famed British UXO teams following the initial German Blitzkrieg attacks in early 1940. In June 1941, these veterans returned to form the first class in what was originally named the Mine Recovery School. Between June 1941 and October 1945, nineteen classes graduated and deployed throughout the Pacific and Mediterranean theaters. Divided into Mobile Explosive Investigative Units (MEIU) they were instrumental in the clearance of explosive hazards both on land and at sea The conflict in Korea saw a return to action on various minesweepers ensuring the continual clearance of shipping hazards. Renamed to Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Units they took part in inland intelligence operations and interacted with ground-based units in Inchon, Wonson and throughout the United Nations Theater of operations. Navy Divers: The early history of diving in the US Navy parallels that of the other navies of the world. Since the middle of the nineteenth century, the Navy has employed divers in salvage and repair of ships, in construction work, and in military operations. For the most part, early Navy Divers were swimmers and skin divers, with techniques and missions unchanged since the days of Alexander the Great. During the Civil War Battle of Mobile Bay, swimmers were sent in ahead of Admiral Farragut's ships to locate and disarm Confederate mines that had been planted to block the entrance to the bay. In 1898, Navy Divers were briefly involved in an international crisis when the second-class armored battleship USS Maine was sunk by a mysterious explosion while anchored in the harbor at Havana, Cuba. Navy Divers were sent from Key West to study and report on the wreck. Although a Court of Inquiry was convened, the reason for the sinking was not found. The beginning of the twentieth century saw the attention of all major navies turning towards developing a weapon of immense potential - the military submarine. The highly effective use of the new weapon by the German Navy in World War I heightened this interest, and an emphasis was placed on the submarine that continues today. The US Navy had operated submarines on a limited basis for several years prior to 1900. As American technology expanded, the US submarine fleet grew rapidly. However, throughout the period of 1912-1939, the development of the Navy's F, H, and S class boats was marred by a series accidents, collisions, and sinkings. Several of these submarine disasters resulted in a correspondingly rapid growth in the Navy diving capability. Until 1912, US Navy Divers rarely went below 60 fsw (feet of seawater). In 20  that year, Chief Gunner George D. Stillson set up a program to test Haldane's diving tables and methods of stage decompression. A companion goal of the program was to develop improvements in Navy diving equipment. Throughout a three-year period, first diving in tanks ashore and then in open water in Long Island Sound from the USS Walke (Destroyer No.34), the Navy Divers went progressively deeper, eventually reaching 274 fsw. The publication of the first US Navy Diving Manual and the establishment of a Navy Diving School at Newport, Rhode Island were the direct outgrowth of experience gained in the test program and the USS F-4 salvage. When the United States entered World War I, the staff and graduates of the school were sent to Europe, where they conducted various salvage operations along the French coast. ___________________________________ (Signature and Date).8 Discuss the following personnel including roles and responsibilities in the chain of command: a. Secretary of the Navy (SECNAV) [Ref. d, Ch. 6, Pg. 6-3] The SECNAV is responsible for, and has the authority under Title 10 of the United States Code, to conduct all the affairs of the Department of the Navy. The SECNAV has the following responsibilities: Conducts recruiting, organizing, supplying, equipping, training, and mobilizing, and demobilizing. Oversees the construction, outfitting, and repair of naval ships, equipment and facilities. Formulates and implements policies and programs that are consistent with The national security policies and objectives established by the President and the Secretary of Defense. a. Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) [Ref. i] The Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) is the senior military officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO is a four-star admiral and is responsible to the Secretary of the Navy for the command, utilization of resources, and operating efficiency of the operating forces of the Navy and of the Navy shore activities assigned by the Secretary. b. Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy (MCPON) [Ref. i] The Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy (MCPON) is the senior enlisted person in the Navy. The MCPON serves as the senior enlisted leader of the Navy, and as an advisor to the Chief of Naval Operations and to the Chief of Naval Personnel in matters dealing with enlisted personnel and their families. 21  c. Fleet Master Chief [Ref. g, Ch. 1, Pg. 1-1] FLTCMs, FORCMs, CMCs, COBs, and CSCs provide leadership to the enlisted force and advise commanders and commanding officers (CO) in partnership with the deputy, chief of staff, or executive officer (XO) in the dissemination and promotion of command policy and on enlisted matters that support mission accomplishment. They uphold and enforce the highest standards of professionalism and integrity, while enhancing active communication at all levels of command throughout the Department of the Navy. d. Force Master Chief [Ref. g, Ch. 1, Pg. 1-1] See C. e. Commanding Officer [Ref. d, Ch. 6, Pg. 6-9] The commanding officer’s responsibilities include the safe navigation of the ship and the condition and appearance of the material and personnel. The CO must also ensure the proper stationing of trained lookouts and the preparation of the ship for battle. The CO may delegate authority in these matters, but such delegation does not relieve the CO of responsibility. The officer of the deck (OOD), for example, has authority to run the ship; but if a collision occurs, the CO is still responsible. f. Executive Officer [Ref. d, Ch. 6, Pg. 6-9] The command’s assigned personnel. With the help of department heads, the XO arranges and coordinates all ship’s work, drills, exercises, and policing and inspecting the ship. Investigate matters affecting the discipline and conduct of the crew and makes recommendations concerning these matters to the commanding officer. Approve or disapprove liberty lists and leave requests. Inspect the ship and receive readiness reports from the various department heads when the ship is cleared for action; then report to the CO when the ship is ready for action. g. CMDMC [Ref. g, Ch. 1, Pg. 1-1] CMCs, COBs, and CSCs provide leadership to the enlisted force and advise commanders and commanding officers (CO) in partnership with the deputy, chief of staff, or executive officer (XO) in the dissemination and promotion of command policy and on enlisted matters that support mission accomplishment. They uphold and enforce the highest standards of professionalism and integrity, while enhancing active communication at all levels of command throughout the Department of the Navy. N-1 Admin Assistance Officer [Ref. h, Pg. C-37] Administers all types of contracts. Approves contractor's wage and salary schedules, requests for progress payments and accounting, estimating and purchasing systems. Grants subcontract and purchase order approval/consent. Determines allocability and allocability of costs. Manages inspection program, ensuring timely delivery of acceptable materials. Determines cause and responsibility for delays. Analyzes contractor's claims for adjustments. Prices out, negotiates 22  and executes contract modifications. Negotiates overhead rates. Supervises compliance with property administration requirements and Supervise enforcement of security requirements. N-3 Operations Officer [Ref. h, Pg. C-92] Conducts theoretical, statistical and simulator analyses of complex systems. Assists in determining basis for decisions regarding selection, employment and control of operations systems. Interprets results of fundamental operations research studies. Assists in design of fleet and operational evaluations of new equipment, weapons systems and tactics and in interpretation of results of evaluations. Assists in design, analysis and interpretation of results of fleet exercises. N-4 Supply Officer [Ref. h, Pg. C-24] Contracts for all types of systems, equipments, supplies and services. Analyzes purchase requests. Determines prospective sources. Solicits bids, proposals, quotations and evaluates industry responses. Establishes negotiation objectives, obtains necessary clearances and conducts negotiations. Awards contracts and ensures that all contractual documentation complies with statutory and regulatory requirements. N-6 Communications Officer [Ref. h, Pg. C-119] Operates and administers the end segments or operator positions of radio and landline facilities at communication activity. Supervises operators of communication equipment and administrative, messenger and maintenance personnel. Interprets communication procedures and regulations. Conducts traffic studies. Enforces a traffic quality control program. Maintains files and publications and makes required reports. Operates a fleet locator section. Controls security of assigned spaces and classified material. ___________________________________ (Signature and Date) 23