Chemistry Experiment - Basic Radicals PDF

## **Experiment Number - 2** ### **Aim of the Experiment** Identification of basic radical or cation in the given compound-1. ### **Apparatus Required** - Test tube - Test tube holder - Test tube stand - Bunsen burner - Platinum wire - Dropper ### **Chemicals Required** - Concentrated hyd...

## **Experiment Number - 2** ### **Aim of the Experiment** Identification of basic radical or cation in the given compound-1. ### **Apparatus Required** - Test tube - Test tube holder - Test tube stand - Bunsen burner - Platinum wire - Dropper ### **Chemicals Required** - Concentrated hydrochloric Acid - Sodium hydroxide - Ammonium hydroxide ### **A. Physical Characteristics** - **Color:** Blue - **State:** Crystalline solid. - **Odour:** Odourless - **Solubility:** Soluble in water ### **B. Dry test for Basic radicals (cation)** | Experiment | Observation | Inference | | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------- | | **i) Action of heat - Small quantity of given substance is taken in a dry test tube and heated gently.** | (ⅰ) Blue colour turns to white (ⅱ) Fumes are evolved which on cooling turn to liquid droplets. | May be hydrated Substance | | **i) Flame test - Small quantity of the given Substance is applied to the flame with the help of platinum loop and concentrated hydrochloric Acid.** | (ⅰ) Bluish green flame is obtained. | Copper ion is present. | | **i) Jest for Ammonium ion - To the salt Solution little quantity of sodium hydroxide solution is added and heated gently.** | (ⅰ) Pale blue colour precipitate is obtained. (ⅱ) Red litmus paper does not turn blue. (ⅲ) No dense white fumes are obtained in contact with glass rod dipped in concentrated hydrochloric acid. | Ammonium ion is not present. | ### **C. Wet test for Basic radicals (cation)** | Experiment | Observation | Inference | | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :-------------------------------------------------------------------- | | **i) To the salt solution little amount of sodium hydroxide solution is added** | (ⅰ) Pale blue precipitate is obtained. | Copper ion is confirmed. | | **i) To the sal solution little amount of ammonium hydroxide solution is added** | (ⅰ) Pale blue precipitate is obtained which in excess of ammonium hydroxide turn inky blue or deepblue solution. | Copper ion is confirmed. | ### **Conclusion:** Hence, the basic radical or cation in the given unknown compound-1 is copper ion (Cu²⁺). ## **Experiment Number - 3** ### **Aim of the Experiment** Identification of basic radical or cation in the unknown Compound-2. ### **Apparatus Required** - Test tube - Test tube holder - Test tube stand - Bunsen burner - Dropper - Platinum wire ### **Chemicals Required** - Concentrated hydrochloric acid - Sodium hydroxide - Ammonium hydroxide ### **A. Physical Characteristics** - **Color:** Pale white - **State:** Amorphous Solid - **Odour:** Odourless - **Solubility:** Insoluble in water ### **B. Dry test for Basic radicals (cation):** | Experiment | Observation | Inference | | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :-------------------------------------------------- | | **i) Action of heat - Small quantity of given substance is taken in a dry test tube and heated gently.** | The substance changes to brown in colour. | May be ferrous ion present. | | **i) Flame test- Small quantity of the given Substances is applied to the flame with the help of platinum loop and concentrated hydrochloric acid.** | No colour of flame is obtained. | - | | **i) Jest for ammonium ion - To the salt Solution little quantity of sodium hydroxide Solution is added and heated gently.** | (ⅰ) Dirty green precipitate is obtained. (ⅱ) Moist red litmus paper does not turn blue. (ⅲ) No dense white fumes are obtained in contact with glass rod dipped in concentrated hydrochloric acid. | Ammonium ion is not present. | ### **C. Wet test for Basic radicals (cation)** | Experiment | Observation | Inference | | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------- | | **i) To the salt solution little amount of sodium hydroxide solution is added.** | Dirty green precipitate is obtained. | Ferrous ion is confirmed. | | **i) To the salt solution little amount of ammonium hydroxide solution is added.** | Dirty green precipitate is obtained. | Ferrous ion is confirmed. | ### **Conclusion:** Hence, the basic radical or cation in the given unknown compound-2 is Ferrous ion (Fe²⁺). ## **Experiment Number - 4** ### **Aim of the Experiment** - Identification of basic radicals or - Cation in the given unknown compound-3. ### **Apparatus Required** - Jest tube - Jest tube holder - Jest tube stand - Platinum loop - Bunsen burner - Dropper ### **Chemicals Required** - Concentrated hydrochloric acid - Sodium hydroxide - Ammonium hydroxide ### **A. Physical Characteristics** - Color: Pale white - State: Crystalline Solid - Odour: Odourless - Solubility: soluble in water ### **B. Dry test for Basic radicals (cations)** | Experiment | Observation | Inference | | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :-------------------------------------------------- | | **i) Action of heat- Small quantity of a given substance is taken in a dry test tube and heated gently.** | substance sublimes on heating. | May be ammonium ion present. | | **i) Flame test - Small quantity of a given substance is applied to the flame with the help of platinum loop and concentrated hydrochloric acid.** | No proper colour of flame is obtained. | - | | **i) Jest for Ammonium ion- To the salt solution Sodium hydroxide solution is added and heated gently** | (ⅰ) No precipitate is obtained. (ⅱ) Moist red litmus paper turns blue. (iii) Dense white fumes are obtained in contact with a glass rod dipped in concentrated hydrochloric acid. | Ammonium ion is present. | ### **C. Wet test for Basic radicals (Cation)** | Experiment | Observation | Inference | | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------- | | **i) To the salt Solution Sodium hydroxide solution is added.** | No precipitate is obtained. | - | | **i) To the salt solution ammonium hydroxide solution is added.** | No precipitate is obtained. | - | ### **Conclusion:** Since no precipitate is obtained in the wet test of basic radicals or cations so it confirmed from the dry test. Hence, the basic radicals or cations in the given unknown compound 3 is ammonium ion (NH₄). ## **Experiment Number - 5** ### **Aim of the Experiment** Identification of basic radical or cation in the given unknown compound-4 ### **Apparatus Required** - Test tube - Test tube holder - Test tube stand - Bunsen burner - Dropper - Platinum loop ### **Chemicals Required** - Concentrated hydrochloric acid - Sodium hydroxide - Ammonium hydroxide ### **A. Physical Characteristics** - Color: White - State: Crystalline solid - Odour: Odourless - Solubility: soluble in water ### **B. Dry test for Basic radicals (cations)** | Experiment | Observation | Inference | | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :---------- | | **i) Action of heat - Small quantity of the given substance is taken in a dry test tube and heated gently.** | | - | | **i) Flame test - Small quantity of the given substances is applied to the flame with the help of platinum wire and concentrated hydrochloric acid.** | No proper colour of flame is obtained. | - | | **i) Jest for Ammonium ion- To the Salt solution little quantity of sodium hydroxide solution is added gently.** | (ⅰ) Gelatinous white colour precipitate is obtained. (ⅱ) Red litmus paper does not turn to blue. (iii) No dense white fumes are obtained in contact with glass rod dipped in concentalated hydrochloric acid. | Ammonium ion is not present. | ### **C. Wet test for Basic radicals (cations)** | Experiment | Observation | Inference | | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------- | | **i) To the salt solution sodium hydroxide Solution is added.** | Gelatinous white precipitate is obtained which is soluble in excess of sodium hydroxide solution. | Zinc ion is confirmed. | | **i) To the salt solution ammonium hydroxide solution is added.** | Gelatinous white ppt. i s obtained which is soluble in excess of ammonium hydroxide solution. | Zinc ion is confirmed. | ### **Conclusion:** Hence the basic radical or cation in the given unknown compound number 4 is zinc ion (Zn²⁺). ## **Experiment Number - 6** ### **Aim of the Experiment** - Identification of basic radical or - Cation in the given unknown compound-5 ### **Apparatus Required** - Test tube - Test tube holder - Test tube Stand - Bunsen burner - Dropper - Platinum loop. ### **Chemicals Required** - Concentrated hydrochloric acid - Sodium hydroxide - Ammonium hydroxide ### **A. Physical Characteristics** - Color: - - State: - - Odour: - - Solubility: - ### **B. Dry test for Basic radicals (cations)** | Experiment | Observation | Inference | | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :---------- | | **i) Action of heat - Small quantity of the given substance is taken into a dry test tube and heated gently.** | | - | | **i) Flame test - Small quantity of the given substances is applied to the flame with the help of platinum wire and concentrated hydrochloric acid.** | No proper colour of flame is obtained. | - | | **i) Jest for ammonium ion - To the salt solution little quantity of sodium hydroxide solution is added gently.** | (ⅰ) Chalky white precipitate is obtained. (ⅱ) Moist red litmus paper does not turn blue. (ⅲ) No dense white fumes are obtained in contact with glass rod dipped in concentrated hydrochloric acid. | Ammonium ion is not present. | ### **C. Wet test for Basic radicals (cations)** | Experiment | Observation | Inference | | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :-------------------- | | **i) To the salt solution sodium hydroxide Solution is added.** | Chalky white precipitate is obtained which is soluble in excess of Sodium hydroxide. | Lead ion is confirmed. | | **i) To the salt solution ammonium hydroxide solution is added.** | Chalky white precipitate is obtained which is insoluble in excess of ammonium hydroxide. | Lead son is confirmed. | ### **Conclusion:** Hence the basic radical or cation in the given unknown compound number 5 is Lead ion (Pb²⁺). ## **Experiment Number - 7** ### **Aim of the Experiment** - Identification of Acid radicals - or Anions in the given unknown compound number - 6. ### **Apparatus Required** - Test tube - Test tube holder - Test tube Stand - Bunsen burner - Dropper. ### **Chemicals Required** - Dil. and conc. hydrochloric acid, - Dil. and conc. sulphuric acids some other reagents. ### **A. Dry test for Acid radicals (anions)** | Experiment | Observation | Inference | | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :-------------------------------------------------- | | **1. Small quantity of the given substance is taken in a dry test tube, then dil. hydrochloric acid is added and heated gently** | 1. Effervescence is obtained. 2. Rotten egg like Smell is obtained | Carbonate or sulphite ion is present. | | **2. To the salt conc. sulphuric acid is added then a pinch of manganese dioxide (MnO₂) is added to it and heated gently.** | Greenish yellow colour fumes are obtained. | May be (Cl-) chloride ion is present. | | **3. To the salt conc. sulphuric acid is added and heated gently then copper turning is added to it.** | Reddish brown fumes are obtained. | Nitrate (NO₂) or nitrite (NO₂) ion is present. | ### **B. Wet test for Acid radicals (anions)** | Experiment | Observation | Inference | | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------ | | **1. To the salt dil. Sulphuric acid is added and heated gently. (use of potassium dichromate soln. and potassium permanganate Solution)** | 1. A colourless gas is evolved which does not turn pot. dichromate Soln orange to green and pot. permanganate soln. pink to colourless. | Carbonate ion (CO₃) is confirmed. | | **2. A colourless gas with Suffocating odour is evolved which turn pot dichromate Soln-orange to green and pot. permanganate soln pink to colourless but no effect on lead acetate paper.** | 2. A colourless gas with Suffocating odour is evolved which turn pot dichromate Soln-orange to green and pot. permanganate soln pink to colourless but no effect on lead acetate paper. 2. A colourless gas with Suffocating odour is evolved which turn pot dichromate Soln-orange to green and pot. permanganate soln pink to colourless but no effect on lead acetate paper. | Sulphite (SO₃) ion is confirmed. | | **3. A gas with rotten egg like odour. is evolved which turn pot. dichro-mate soln orange to green and pot. permanganati soln. pink to colour-less, It also turns moist lead** | 3. A gas with rotten egg like odour. is evolved which turn pot. dichro-mate soln orange to green and pot. permanganati soln. pink to colour-less, It also turns moist lead | Sulphide (S²) ion is confirmed. | ### **C. Wet test for Basic radicals (cations)** | Experiment | Observation | Inference | | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :-------------------------------------------------- | | **1. To the salt solution sodium hydroxide Solution is added.** | Acetate paper silvery black in colour. | Sulphide (S²) ion is confirmed. | | **2. To the salt solution Barium chloride solution is added.** | A white ppt. is obtained which is insoluble in dil hydrochloric acid. | Sulphate (SO₄) ion is confirmed. | | **3. To the salt solution conc, sulphuric acid is added and heated gently.** | A glass rod dipped in ammonium hydroxide is brought near the evolved gas, A dense white fumes are obtained . | Chloride (Cl¯) ion is confirmed. | | **3b) To the above solution silver nitrati solution is added.** | A curdy white ppt. is obtained. | Chloride (Cl¯) ion is confirmed. | | **4. To the saturated Salt soln freshly prepared ferrous Sulphate soln. is added, then conc. Sulphuric acid is added gently.** | A brown ring is obtained at the junction of two liquids. | Nitrate (NO₃) ion is confirmed. |