Exercise Biochemistry PDF

Caused by ischemia and metabolite buildup (e.g., **Acute Pain**: lactate). Structural damage to muscle fibers....

Caused by ischemia and metabolite buildup (e.g., **Acute Pain**: lactate). Structural damage to muscle fibers. 8. Muscle Pain Inflammatory response (e.g., leukocyte **Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS)**: mobilization). Fasting: Utilization of stored fuels. Prevention: Gradual intensity increase. 1. Overview **Fasting vs. Exercise** Exercise: Sudden energy demands; extensive mobilization of reserves. **Definition**: Illegal performance enhancement. Boost alertness but cause cardiovascular and Short, intense activities (e.g., sprints). **Stimulants**: addiction risks. **Phosphocreatine**: Rapid ATP regeneration (~4 Increase muscle mass but risk liver, kidney, and sec). **Anabolic Steroids**: **Anaerobic Exercise** hormonal imbalances. **Anaerobic Glycolysis**: Glycogen → Glucose Boost red blood cell production. **Peptide Hormones (EPO)**: **Substances**: 7. Doping → Lactate + ATP. rapid energy sources without oxygen Reduce anxiety, precision sports. **Beta-Blockers**: Catalyzed by LDH. Mask substance use but cause dehydration. **Diuretics**: Reoxidation of NADH in cytoplasm. Lactic Acid Formation: Blood doping, gene manipulation, and chemical Decreased pH → Enzyme inhibition (e.g., PFK, **Methods**: glycogen phosphorylase). alterations. Enhances performance in competitive settings 2. Types of Exercise **Lactate Effects**: Calcium pump malfunction. **Doping in Animals**: (e.g., racing). Fatigue due to reduced ATP efficiency. Sustained activities (e.g., marathons). Increased oxidative capacity, free fatty acid utilization. Reduced lactate production. **Metabolic**: Exercise Biochemistry **Glycogen**: Muscle glycogen: ~300–400 g. Mind Map Energy Sources:utilize oxygen to efficiently Liver glycogen: ~100 g (maintains blood glucose). Elevated cardiac output, hemoglobin levels. **Cardiorespiratory**: generate ATP 6. Physiological Effects of Training Slow but efficient ATP production. Increased capillarization, mitochondria, and **Aerobic Exercise** **Muscular**: **Fatty Acids**: muscle mass. Nearly unlimited reserve (~80,000 kcal). Higher glycogen storage, glycolytic enzyme **Anaerobic Adaptations**: activity. Prevents lactate accumulation. Start: Glycogen utilization. Metabolic Shifts: 1. **Oxygen Restoration**: Replenishes myoglobin stores. Prolonged: Increased fatty acid oxidation. Glycogen (1–5 days, depends on exercise intensity and diet). High endurance, aerobic metabolism. 2. **Energy Resynthesis**: **Phases**: 5. Recovery ATP and phosphocreatine (~minutes). **Type I (Slow-Twitch)**: Rich in mitochondria, myoglobin. Oxidized or converted to glucose (Cori Cycle). 3. **Lactate Clearance**: Fuels: Fatty acids, glucose. **Muscle Types**: 4. **Electrolyte Balance**: Isotonic drinks Short bursts, anaerobic metabolism. recommended during recovery. **Type II (Fast-Twitch)**: Fuels: Creatine phosphate, glycogen. Increased NADH/NAD⁺ ratio in anaerobic Requires ATP at each step. conditions. **Lactate Production**: 3. Muscle Biochemistry **Muscle Contraction**: Binds to troponin → Tropomyosin shift → LDH converts pyruvate to lactate. Myosin-actin binding. **Calcium’s Role**: Low pH inhibits enzymes (e.g., PFK) and muscle Activates ATP hydrolysis. contraction. **Metabolic Effects**: 4. Lactate and Fatigue ATP → ADP + Pi via myosin ATPase. Contributes to muscle fatigue. **Energy Pathways**: Phosphocreatine regenerates ATP rapidly. Increased capillary density, mitochondria. Higher monocarboxylate transporter levels → **Adaptations to Training**: Enhanced lactate clearance. Raised anaerobic threshold.