English Literature Examination Review PDF

EXAMINATION REVIEW ENGLISH - Angles and Saxons 1. Periods of English influenced the language. Literature (Anglo-Saxon BEOWULF – an epic poem Period - T...

EXAMINATION REVIEW ENGLISH - Angles and Saxons 1. Periods of English influenced the language. Literature (Anglo-Saxon BEOWULF – an epic poem Period - Twentieth Century that was considered Period) significant 2. Punctuation Marks (Period- Quotation Marks) POETRY during the period is 3. Word Formation Processes characterized by the use of (Blending- Folk Etymolgy) alliteration. ALLITERATION – repetition by the use of ENGLISH LITERATURE words/beginning with the - Great Britain same sound. - United Kingdom of Great KENNINGS – use of Britain: England, Scotland, elaborate metamorphic Wales, and North Ireland phrases 1. ANGLO-SAXON CAEDMON – first known PERIOD poet in this period for his - Old English Literature Hymm of Caedmon - when English culture was incorporated 2. MEDIEVAL PERIOD - influenced by - MEDIEVAL meaning Germanic tribes middle - foreign influences: Latin, - known as the Middle Germanic, and Celtic Ages - Germanic Tribes: - castles and churches ANGLES, SAXONS, and during this time. JUTES - mixed Latin from  Catholic church and because she is married French from the to the throne. Norman conquest WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE - romances and - the greatest figure of adventure stories were English drama. adopted - was able to write two - EXAMPLE: King Arthur narrative poems and The Knights of the - 154 sonnets (sonnets Round Table consist of 14 lines) - The Round Table - 37 plays meant equality, meaning - most famous play was nobody is above each Romeo and Juliet other. - William Shakespeare - 12 Knights of King origin remains unknown. Arthur - His contemporaries are: - Le Morte D’ Arthur / Ben Johnson and The Death of Arthur Christopher Marlowe. written by Sir Thomas Malory 4. PURITAN PERIOD / 4TH CENTURY GEOFFREY CHAUCER - 16th to 17th century in - Father of Literature England - the most important author - Puritan root word during this period who purity. They wanted to wrote The Canterbury Tales. purify themselves. 3. ELIZABETHAN PERIOD - King James took over - development of after Queen Elizabeth I Modern English - taken from the - named after Queen Puritans, the people at Elizabeth I that time - Golden Age of Poetry - Worst period and Drama - the Great Plague, Civil - Queen Elizabeth I War, and Great Fire of didn’t get married London  - John Donne was the to maintain the bloodline. leading metaphysical - Queen Victorias poet and known for his husband died at the age conceits. of 42 which effected - John Milton known as Queen Victoria to the greatest poet of the prolong grief. She wore period and wrote the black for the rest of her Paradise Lost (based on life. the Bible story of Adam - Queen Victoria is the and Eve) Great Great - Paradise Lost was the Grandmother of Queen greatest poem in this Elizabeth the 2nd. period. 8. THE 20TH CENTURY 5. PERIOD OF PERIOD CLASSICISM - writers are the masters - Age of Reason in all types of literature. - writers used reason on - 2 types of literature: their poems POETRY and PRUSE. - POETRY: ballad, lyrical 6. ROMANTIC PERIOD and narrative. - the writes focus on - PRUSE: fiction and their feelings and non-fiction. emotions. THE BRITISH EMPIRE 7. VICTORIAN PERIOD influenced ¼ of the - named after Queen WHOLE WORLD. Victoria. - most respected period of literature 1. PERIOD - Queen Victoria ruled - full stop England for 64 years making her the longest USES: ruler. - ends declarative (to - Queen Victoria was declare) and imperative married to her 1st cousin  (command or request) 4. COMMA sentences. - separates items in a list EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: I need egg, milk, Everyone wants to be happy. flour, and toppings. Go and pursue your dreams. - used in abbreviations - separates a dependent clause EXAMPLE: and independent clause. Mrs. Fernandez sent a gift to EXAMPLE: Since I was young, I Atty. Roson. have always dreamed of 2. QUESTION MARK becoming a pilot. - ends in interrogative sentences NOTE: IF the dependent clause or direct questions. goes first, we need a comma. If the independent clause goes EXAMPLE: Are you happy? first the comma isn’t needed. Do I need to list all my goals? - direct questions is an informal - sets off (separate) the question where you know the introductory phrase or person interjection (to interrupt) from - indirect questions is a formal the rest. question where you don’t know EXAMPLE: If you like, you can the person. come with me. 3. EXCLAMATION POINT - sets off a direct address and - empathetic interjections transitional expression meaning emphasizing what EXAMPLE: I want to travel with feelings are being shown. you, Marget. - ends in exclamatory sentences EXAMPLE: - comes between coordinate What an exciting dream! adjectives (2 or more adjectives) Wow! You really made it in EXAMPLE: Her dream is to time! have a simple, fulfilling life. - comes before coordinating EXAMPLE: “Watch out!” she conjunctions to link two exclaimed. independent clauses. 5. SEMICOLON EXAMPLE: I want to succeed, - separates two independent but I am not sure how. clauses not linked by a - separates a parenthetical coordinating conjunction. element such as a nonrestrictive EXAMPLE: Dream big dreams; clause or an appositive. make them happen. NOTE: Nonrestrictive clause is a - separates items in a series clause that is not important to that already has internal the main clause and can be punctuation such as commas omitted. Appositive is a noun or noun phrase that further EXAMPLE: I dream of travelling explains or identifies another to Tokyo, Japan; Seoul, South noun or pronoun. Korea; and Rome, Italy. EXAMPLE: I found my book, 6. COLON The Diary of a Young Girl, at - replaces a comma in the attic. introducing a quotation - sets apart a signal phrase or EXAMPLE: The Bible said: “The saying verb from a direct wages of sin is death, but the quotation. gift of God is eternal life.” EXAMPLE: She said, “Chattering - gives emphasis or directs is a female trait.” attention to an explanation. NOTE: Direct quotation is EXAMPLE: He has only one repeating what a person said. goal in mind: to gain more - There is no need for a comma power and honor. if the quotation ends in a - introduces a list after a question mark or an complete sentence. exclamation point. EXAMPLE: Faustus read all EXAMPLE: The Faustus – Lucifer kinds of books: logic, law, pact went awry. medicine, and religion. 10. EM DASH - comes after a salutation in a - sets off parenthetical element formal letter or emphasis; replaces EXAMPLE: My esteemed parentheses. colleague: EXAMPLE: His friends – Valdes 7. APOSTROPHE and Cornelius – were supportive of his interest in magic. - indicates possession or ownership - in place of colons for dramatic effect, EXAMPLE: His magic acts caught everyone’s attention. EXAMPLE: The play ended tragically – Lucifer took the soul - marks omission in contractions of Faustus to hell. EXAMPLE: Valdes and - indicates an interrupted Cornelius weren’t helpful. statement or break in thought 8. HYPHEN EXAMPLE: I would like you to – - forms some compound words what’s that noise? EXAMPLE: The fate of Faustus 11. QUOTATION MARKS is an eye-opener. - sets off direct 9. EN DASH quotations or dialogues - represent range or span EXAMPLE: Mephistophilis said, EXAMPLE: Doctor Faustus is “All places shall be hell that are believed to be written in 1589 – not heaven.” 1592. - indicates a special sense in the - represents connection, use of a word, as in irony and direction, or conflict. others EXAMPLE: Faustus became the - Spoon + Fork = Spork “most powerful” man in the 2. Joining a Full Word with a world - signifies words as words Portion of Another - Work + Alcoholic = EXAMPLE: The term Workaholic “damnation” does not scare him. - Information + Commercial = - inserts a nickname in the Infomercial middle of an actual name - Network + Etiquette = Netiquette EXAMPLE: They could have - Frappe + Cappuccino = called him John “the Magician” Frappuccino Faustus. - sets minor titles as in short 2. CLIPPING stories, articles, essays, poems, - a word is shortened or clipped and songs THREE TYPES OF CLIPPING: 1. BACK CLIPPING EXAMPLE: I love listening to - half back of a word is being “Adore You” from the album clipped or deleted. Fine Line. EX: Exam (Examination) 2. FORE/INITIAL CLIPPING - deleting the beginning of a Combination of words word 1. BLENDING EX: Net (Internet) - also known as “portmanteau” 3. MID CLIPPING - 2 ways: combine portion of - deleting both the beginning two words to make a new on and the half back of the word and joining a full word with a but not the middle part. portion of another. EX: Flu (Influenza) EXAMPLE: 3. ACRONYM 1. Combining Portion of Two - formed from the initial letters Words of a word. - Breakfast + Lunch = Brunch - form a new word - Motor + Hotel = Motel EXAMPLE: RADAR (Radio - Smoke + Fog = Smog Detection And Ranging) ABBRIEVIATION is shortened 5. FOLK ETYMOLOGY from a word - people change a word EXAMPLE: LOL (Laugh Out because it sounds familiar Loud) EXAMPLE: cucaracha to 4. COMPOUNDING cockroach - two or more words combining together. EXAMPLE: Bed + Room = Bedroom SCIENCE nucleus of eukaryotes GENES: Making You the and prokaryotes that Person You Are contains the heredity units or genes; seen particularly during cell GENETICS - the study of division. heredity and variation. GENE - the unit of HEREDITY - the heredity occupying a transmission of traits particular location on the from one generation to chromosome and another, from parents to passed on to offspring. offspring, the LOCUS - the location of protoplasmic continuity a gene on a between parents and chromosome. offspring. DIPLOID - the 2N VARIATION - any number of difference existing chromosomes; found in between individuals of gametes. the same species. HAPLOID - the N CHROMOSOME - rod- number of shaped body in the chromosomes; half the  diploid number; the ALLELE - a pair of number characteristics of similar or contrasting gametes that contain characters; one of two only one set of or more alternative chromosomes. states of a gene. F1 GENERATION - first DOMINANT ALLELE - filial generation; the first hereditary factor that generation offspring of a expresses itself when the genetic cross that has at genotype is least two generations. heterozygous. F2 GENERATION - RECESSIVE ALLELE - second filial generation; hereditary factor that the second generation expresses itself only offspring of a genetic when the genotype is cross. homozygous. HOMOZYGOUS - a pair HYBRID - the offspring of similar or like genes of two parents that differ for any one character. in one or more heritable characters. HETEROZYGOUS - a pair of contrasting traits MONOHYBRID - cross of two kinds of genes. in which the parents differ in one pair of GENOTYPE - the alternative characters. particularly genes of an individual that determine DIHYBRID - cross in a specific trait. which the parents differ in two pairs of PHENOTYPE - the alternative characters. outward appearance of an organism, caused by HOMOLOGOUS genetic and CHROMOSOMES - a environmental influences. pair of chromosomes that have the same  shape and contain CODOMINANCE – when two genes for the same trait. different traits are both present in an individual. MUTATION - a sudden change in the genetic PHENOTYPE – expressed traits make up ; an abrupt of an organism observable to and heritable an observer. modification of a MULTIPLE ALLELES – many character. variants of allelic forms of a GENOTYPE - actual gene. genes for a trait present INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE – in each individual the offspring does not PHENOTYPE - physical completely express the appearance of a trait. dominant trait; the plant with full dominant traits is crossed and – paired with the recessive trait in Pattern of inheritance classical genetics. where traits do not ALLELE – different forms of the segregate in accordance same gene. with Mendel’s laws. HOMOZYGOUS – having HAPLOID – cell that inherits identical alleles (pure AA). Term ONE pair of contrasting traits. used to describe the genotype GENOTYPE – genetic makeup of an organism containing two of an organism alleles that are the same, expressing contrasting traits of ALLELE – unit of hereditary one kind of gene. material for a particular trait HETEROZYGOUS – pair of MENDELIAN GENETICS – contrasting alleles. Term used to consists of a set of theories that describe the genotype of an explain inheritance based on organism that contains two Mendel’s works different alleles. CHROMOSOME – long thread chromosomes X and Y is of material found inside the considered to be male. nucleus. DOMINANT – trait that mask the presence of the other trait. GENE – section of chromosomes. PUNNETT SQUARE – grid chart that helps to organize the result of a cross between the sex cells of 2 individuals. HEREDITY – passing on traits from parents to offspring. HOW TO FIND THE F1: Expression of certain traits on the autosomes is either influenced or dependent on the gender of the individual. FIRST FILIAL GENERATION (F1) – the offspring of the first two different pure forms. TRAIT: Dihybrid – heterozygous for a certain trait of the two copies of the same gene for the trait are different, dominant or recessive. PAIR OF CONTRASTING TRAITS – traits of two kinds of genes. An individual with sex  ARALING PANLIPUNAN kahit hindi nagbabago ang kita 1. PAGSUSURI NG ay tumataas ang kakayahan na DEMAND makabili. - When the price of a good 2. ELASTISIDAD NG decreases, people effectively DEMAND feel like they have "more 3. PAGSUSURI NG SUPLY money" to spend because their purchasing power has increased. Even though their DEMAND income hasn’t changed, they – ay tumutukoy sa relasyon ng can now afford to buy more of presyo (P) at ng dami ng that good (or other goods) with demand (Q) para sa isang the same amount of money. partikular na produkto o This increase in the ability to serbisyo sa isang tiyak na buy more can lead to higher pagkakataon. demand for the good. - refers to the relationship EPEKTO NG HALINHINAN between price (P) and quantity - konsyumer ay karaniwang demanded (Q) for a specific bumibili ng mga produktong product or service at a specific may mas mababang presyo. time. Kung tumaas ang presyo ng BATAS NG DEMAND produkto na kaniyang binibili, - mataas ang presyo, humahanap siya ng maaaring bumababa ang demand ipalit dito na may mas - bumababa ang presyo, mababang presyo. mataas ang demand - If the price of a product increases, consumers will often look for a similar product that costs less. They "substitute" the EPEKTO NG KITA higher-priced item with a lower- - pagbaba ng presyo ng bilihin priced alternative. This is ay nakapagpataas ng demand because consumers tend to prefer products that provide price (P) of a product similar satisfaction (or utility) but and the quantity (Q) of at a cheaper price, maximizing the product that a their purchasing power. consumer is willing and able to purchase in the market or demand DEMAND SCHEDULE quantity. - ay isang talahayan na - demand curve is nagpapakita ng dami ng downward sloping produktong handa at nais bilhin ng mamimili DEMAND FUNCTION sa iba’t - ibang - mathematical equation alternatibong presyo. QUANTITY DEMAND - is a table that shows - tumutukoy sa dami ng the amount of product produktong handa at that the consumer is kayang bilhin ng ready and willing to buy mamimili sa isang at different alternative pamilihan sa isang prices. takdang panahon. DEMAND CURVE - refers to the amount of - isang grapikong product that a consumer paglalarawan ng is willing and able to buy relasyon ng presyo (P) in a market at a given ng produkto at ng dami time. o quantity (Q) ng produktong handa at kayang bilhin ng isang OKASYON mamimili sa pamilihan o POPULASYON dami ng demand. EXPECTATION - kurba ng demand ay PANLASA/ pababa o downward KAGUSTUHAN sloping PRESYO NG - representation of the MAGKAUGNAY NA relationship between the PRODUKTO  KITA Elastiko (Elastic) – a number greater than 1 Di – Elastiko (Inelastic) – FORMULA: Qd = a-bP lesser than 1 bP = a – QD Unitary – equal to 1 Perfectly Elastic – infinite, 3 numbers the same number Perfectly Inelastic – exactly 0 FORMULA: Pinaliwanag ni Alfred Marshal ay sinusukat ng koepisyente ng elastisidad ng demand sa presyo na nagsasaad ng porsiyento ng pagbabago sa presyo. is measured by the coefficient of price elasticity of demand which indicates the percentage change in price.  Dami ng produkto at serbisyong LAW OF SUPPLY SUPPLY SCHEDULE SUPPLY FUNCTION SUPPLY CURVE FORMULA: QS = c+dP c+QS=dP Elasticity of Supply is simply just the same as the demand one.  MAPEH - staff is made up of 5 MUSIC lines and 4 spaces. - 4/4 TIME SIGNATURE Clefs are symbols at the - FAMILIARIZE THE beginning of the staff LOCATIONS OF NOTES IN THE that show where specific MUSICAL STAFF FOR BOTH notes are located. TRBLE CLEF AND BASS CLEF. - PITCH NAMES (C-D-E-F-G-A- Treble Clef (G Clef) B-C) Lines (bottom to top): - SOLFA SYLLABLES (DO-RE- E,G,B,D,F MI-FA-SO-LA-TI-DO) (Every Good Boy Does - IDENTIFY THE NOTES IN 4/4 Fine) TIME SIGNATURE Spaces (bottom to top): - FAMILIARIZE THE MUSICAL F,A,C,E SYMBOLS (FACE) ART Bass Clef (F Clef) - CLASSICAL ART Lines (bottom to top): - SCULPTURE AND G,B,D,F,A ARCHITECTURE OF THE (Great Big Dogs Fight EARLY AGE Always) Spaces (bottom to top): HEALTH A,C,E,G - THE COMMUNITY AND ITS (All Cows Eat Grass) ENVIROMENT Pitch Names (C-D-E-F-G-A-B-C) 4/4 Time Signature sequence repeats itself - 4 beats in each every 8 notes. measure, and each beat is a quarter note. (REFER TO WHAT SIR UY Locations of Notes on SENT FOR MORE INFO) the Staff CLASSICAL ART - plural frescos or CHARACTERISTICS frescoes - fresco meaning fresh 1. BATTLE SCENES - technique of mural 2. MYTHOLOGICAL painting FIGURES - executed upon freshly 3. EVERYDAY SCENES laid wet lime plaster 4. LINEAR PERSPECTIVE 5. NATURALISM 2. ENCAUSTIC PAINTING - also known as hot wax painting HORIZON and - mummy portraits or VANISHING POINT Fayum mummy portraits HORIZON LINE is visible - naturalistic painted or invisible in the final portrait drawing. - painted on wooden VANISHING POINT is a boards dot on the horizon line - upper class mummies from Roman Egypt - tradition of panel 1. NATURALISM painting - captures scenes. - the word encaustic - less concerned with originates from Ancient “what” was captured. Greek which means “burning in” and “to 2. REALISM burn” - an effort to capture the real world. 3. KERCH STYLE VASE - mostly the lives of the PAINTING lower class. - Kerch style also referred to as Kerch vases - final phase of Attic 1. FRESCO PAINTING red-figure pottery - it is a process TYPES OF KERCH 1. Pelike – wine container - Archaic Period - the earliest known panel painting - offering to the Cult of the Nymphs - sheep being led to slaughter 2. Lekanis – low bowl as a religious sacrifice to the with low broad foot nymphs. (Nymphs are minor nature female deities) PREHISTORIC ART - produced in preliterate, 3. Lebes gamikos – prehistorical cultures beginning deep bowl with low somewhere in very late neck and usually no geological history. handle - used bone, ivory, stone like lime, clay, and marble among others. VENUS OF WILLENDORF - charm to ensure fertility - Roman Goddess of Beauty 4. Krater – a bowl used for mixing wine and water MEGALITH 3. CROMLECH - mega means “big” lithos means “stone” EGYPTIAN PYRAMID - KHUFU, KHAFRE, MENKAURE, DJOSER, RED, 3 TYPES OF MEGALITH BENT, MEDIUM, HAWARA STONES THE THREE GIZA PYRAMIDS 1. MENHIR PYRAMID OF MENKAURE 2. DOLMEN PYRAMID OF KHAFRE PYRAMID OF KHUFU STEP PYRAMID - oldest important stone building in Egypt BENT PYRAMID - one of the first attempts of the ancient Egyptians to create beautifully decorated with arch- something extraordinary that shaped walls; built by Snefru can stand the test of time. (father of Khufu). RED PYRAMID - first successful attempt to make a smooth pyramid, and was built by the Pharaoh HAWARA PYRAMID Sneferu - tomb of Neferu Ptah, daughter of Amenemhet III. BLACK PYRAMID - dark, decaying appearance as a rubble mound. THE COMMUNITY AND ITS ENVIROMENT COMMUNITY - a group of people - unite with one another - work hand in hand - stays at the same environment MEIDUM PYRAMID CHARACTERSTICS OF A - believed to be the first attempt HEALTHY COMMUNITY to build a pyramid and the first Egyptian pyramid to have an 1. Clean and Safe Physical above ground burial chamber Environment  - Cleanliness and safety Communication are essential for - Opportunities for community health and socialization, development. communication, and interaction among 2. Environment Meeting members. Everyone’s Basic Needs - Access to food, shelter, 7. Accessible Health clothing, education, and Services and Facilities healthcare for all - Presence of health community members. centers and workers for community members. 3. Promotes Social Harmony and Active 8. Celebrates Historical and Involvement Cultural Heritage - Encourages - Cultural preservation cooperation, respect, supports community camaraderie, and identity and productivity. development. 4. Understands Local 9. Diverse and Innovative Health and Economy Environmental Issues - Ability to adapt to - Awareness of current changes, staying health and dynamic and innovative. environmental trends is 10. Sustainable Use of crucial. Resources 5. Participates in Local - Resources must be Problem-Solving maintained for long-term - Community availability and involvement in identifying sustainability. solutions, supporting democratic participation. 6. Access to Varied Experiences and