Public International Law PDF

Public International Law- Green Notes O b lig a tio n s o f a s ta te to w a r d s th e in te rn a tio na l c o m m u n ity...

Public International Law- Green Notes O b lig a tio n s o f a s ta te to w a r d s th e in te rn a tio na l c o m m u n ity a s a w h o le, w h e re a ll s ta te s h a v e le g a l int e re s t in th e p ro t ec tio n o f th e s e In te rn a t io n a l la w o b lig a tio n s. A body of rules a n d p rin c ip le s o f a c tio n w h ic h a r e b in d in g u p o n c iv iliz e d 2. JUS COGENS s ta te s in t h eir re la t io n s to o n e a n o th e r. C u s to m a r y in te rn a tio n a l la w th a t h a s a t ta in e d th e s ta t us o f a peremptory norm , a c c e p te d a n d re c o g n iz ed b y th e in te rn a tio n a l c o m m u n ity o f s ta te s - K a p a g ito a y h in d i n a s u n o d o m a y n a la b a g m a g k a k a ro o n n g s un c tio n n a a s a ru le fro m w h ic h n o d e ro g a t io n is p e rm itte d a n d c a n b e m o d ifie d m a -iim p o s e o n ly b y a s u b s e q u e n t no rm h a v ing th e s a m e c h a r a c t e r. - s a is a n g b a n s a n a h in d i n a g s u n o d s a b a ta s n a ito - Ito ay m a ta g a l ng p ra c tic e ng b aw at ban sa na na g ing n o r m a l/ P u b lic In te rn a tio n a l L a w p e re m p t o ry n o rm. It governs the relationships b e tw e e n a n d a m o n g s ta t e s a nd a ls o th e ir E x.. re la t io n s w it h in te rn a tio n a l o rg a n iz a tio n s a n d in d iv id u a l p e rs o n s. T h e W es t P h ilip p ine S e a , w h ic h w e h a v e lo n g p r a c tic e d ju ris d ic tio n - laws of war, peace and security, and protection of territories. o v e r, is p a rt o f o u r t e rrito ry , m e a n in g it is in c lu d e d in th e b o d y o f w a te r o f o u r c o un t ry , a n d h a s b e e n a lo n g - tim e fis h in g g r o u n d f o r o u r fis he r m e n. A. C o n c ep ts (L a tin ) 1. OBLIGATIONS ERGA OMNES 3. CONCEPT OF EX AEQUO ET BONO  It is a p r in c ip le o f in te rn a tio n a l la w u s e d b y int e rn a tio n a l trib u n a ls in 2. E Q U IT Y P R A E T E R L E G E M d e c id in g W he n fairness s u p p le m e n ts th e la w o r fills in its g a p s. d is p u te s b a s ed o n e q u ita b le c o n s id e ra tio n s. T h e In te r na tio n a l C o u rt 3. E Q U IT Y C O N T R A L E G E M o f J u s tic e W he n principles of equity a re d e p lo y e d t o s tr ike d o w n a la w. c a n o n ly d e c id e a c a s e e x a e q u o e t b o n o if th e p a rtie s to th e d is p u te agree to its -T h e s e a r e th e p o s s ib le g ro u n d s o n w h ic h a leg is la t o r c a n r ep e a l a la w. use. C. S o ur c e s Ex. T H E S O U R C E S O F IN T E R N A T IO N A L L A W A R E A S F O L L O W S : - T h e d is p u te o f P h ilip p in e s a g a in s t C h in a w h ic h is try in g t o c la im t ha t th e y o w n th e W e s t P hil. S e a a n d c la im in g t h a t t h ey d id n o t a g re e a b o u t th e 1. Treaties (A rt. 3 8 (a ) IC J S t a tu te ) n o rm o f P h il S e a. e.g U nite d N a tio n s C o n v e n tio n o n t he L a w o f th e S e a - T h is is th e la w th a t th e y u s e t o t ry to s o lv e th e d is p u te b e tw e en tw o -w ritt e n s ta te s ; a n e x a m p le o f it is th e P h ilip p in e s a n d C h in a. 2. C u s to m a ry In t er n a tio n a l L a w (A rt.3 8 (b ) IC J S ta tu te ) N o t w ritte n , b u t s o m e tim e s d o c u m e n te d a n d p ra c tic e d. TYPES OF EX AEQUO ET BONO 3. G e n e ra lly A c c e p te d P rin c ip le s o f In te rn a t io n a l L a w a c c e p te d by C iv iliz e d 1. E Q U IT Y IN F R A L E G E M N a tio n s (A rt.3 8 (c ) IC J S ta t u te ) A fo r m o f equity w h ic h c o n s titu te s a m e th o d o f in t e rp re ta tio n o f th e la w e.g. e s to p p e l in f o rc e , a n d w h ic h is b a s e d o n la w. - A n a g re e m e n t b e t w e e n tw o s ta t e s th a t is o b s e rv e d a n d p ra c tic e d. tre a ty w ith th e s a m e n o rm a tiv e c o n te n t a s c us t o m a ry in te r na tio n a l la w it 4. J u d ic ia l D e c is io n s a n d L e g a l S c h o la rs h ip (A rt. 3 8 (d ) IC J S ta tu te ) is th u s n o t b o u n d to th e s a id o b lig a tio n un d e r c u s to m a r y in t er n a tio n a l S o u rc e s (a )-(c ) a re p rim a ry s o u rc e s , w h ile (d ) a re s e c o n d a ry s o u rc es , a s la w. th e y a re used as ‘ s ub s id ia ry m e an s’ in d e t er m in in g ru le s of in te rn a tio n a l la w. S O U R C E S O F IN T E R N A T IO N A L L A W U N D E R T H E S T A T U T E O F T H E IN T E R N A T IO N A L C O U R T O F J U S T IC E SO U R C ES R u les in c a s e o f C o n flic t b e tw ee n th e S o ur c e s A s u rv e y o f th e p ro c e s s w h e re b y ru le s o f in te r na tio n a l la w e m e rg e. 1. In c a s e o f c o nf lic t b e tw e e n p r im a ry a n d s ec o n d a ry s o u rc e s , p r im a ry s o u rc e s p r e v a il. C L A S S IF IC A T IO N O F S O U R C E S 2. In c a s e o f c o n flic t b e tw e e n tw o o r m o r e p rim a ry s o u r c e s , tre a tie s 1. F o rm a l s o u r c e s p r ev a il o v e r c u s t o m s , a n d c u s t o m s p re v a il o v e r g e n e ra l p rin c ip le s o f la w. re fe r t o v a rio u s p ro c e s s e s b y w h ic h ru le s c o m e in t o e xis te n c e ; c o n fe r u p o n th e ru le s a n o b lig a to ry c h a ra c t er. Private International Law 2. M a te ria l s o u rc e s re fe r to t h e a c tu a l s u b s t a n c e a n d c o n t e nt o f th e o b lig a tio n. P r iv a te In t er n a tio n a l L a w g o v e r ns d o m e s tic la w s in c a s e s w h er e fo r eig n la w is p e rtin en t to lo c a l m a tt e rs. It e s ta b lis h e s a fra m e w o rk fo r In N ic a rg u a v s. U n it e d S ta te s o f A m e ric a , th e In te rn a tio n a l C o u rt o f d e t er m in in g th e a p p lic a b le la w in s itu a tio ns in v o lv in g fo re ig n la w s a n d J u s tic e a ffirm e d th e in d e p e n d e nc e o f th e s o u rc e s o f in te r na tio n a l la w , th e inv o lv e m e n t o f fo re ig n c o u rts. a n d re je c te d th e U S a rg u m e n t th a t s in c e th e U S m a d e a re s e rv a tio n to a - In th e P h ilip p in e s , a g re e m en t s u n d e r P riv a te In te rn a tio n a l L a w a re n o t a lw a y s b in d in g , e s p e c ia lly if th e y c o nf lic t w ith lo c a l la w s. H o w e v e r, if a T Y P E S O F T R E A T IE S s p e c ific a g re e m e n t is p re s e nt e d in th e lo c a l c o u rt and deem ed 1. L a w -m a kin g tre a tie s e n fo r c e a b le, it c a n in flu e n c e th e c o u rt's d e c is io n. T his u n d e rs c o re s th e T re a t ie s w h ic h a re in te n d e d to h a v e u n iv e rs a l o r g e n e ra l re le v a nc e. s ig n ific a n c e o f in te rn a tio n a l a g re e m e n ts , w h ic h c a n in te g ra te int o o u r - E v e n if th e P h ilip p in e s is n o t b o u n d b y t h is la w , it c a n b e a p p lie d in o u r le g a l s y s te m if th e y a lig n w ith a n d a r e e n fo rc e a b le u n d e r lo c a l la w s. c o u n try b e c a u s e it is u n iv e rs a l. H o w ev e r , o u t o f re s p e c t, it is u p t o u s w h e th e r w e c h o o s e to fo llo w it o r n o t. - A lm o s t a ll c o u n t rie s s ig n e d t he s e tre a tie s. M ig h t b e q u es t io n e d in c o m in g ex a m 2. T re a t y c o n tra c ts Difference of Public and Private International Law: T re a t ie s th a t a p p ly o n ly to between two or a small number o f S ta te s. P u b lic In te rn a tio n a l L a w a p p lie s u n iv e rs a lly a n d b in d s a ll c o u n trie s , a s - An e xa m p le o f t his is an a g re e m e n t b e tw ee n two c o u n trie s th a t it g o v e rn s re la tio n s b e tw e e n s ta te s a n d in te rn a tio n a l en t itie s. It m u s t b e p r o m o te s p e a c e b e tw e e n th e ir n a tio n s a nd p e o p le. fo llo w e d b e c a u s e it s e ts g lo b a l s t a n d a rd s a n d a g re e m e n ts. O n th e o th e r h a n d , P riv a te In te rn a tio n a l L a w d ea ls w ith a g re e m e n ts b e t w e e n p riv a te Distinction between the two types of treaties: p a rtie s o r o rg a n iz a t io n s a n d d o e s n o t a p p ly u n iv e rs a lly. H o w e v e r, if s u c h L a w -m a k in g t re a ties a re a g re e m e n ts t h a t a re m e a n t to a p p ly t o m a n y a g re e m e n ts a re b ro ug h t b e fo re a c o u rt a n d d e e m e d v a lid , th e y c a n b e c o u n trie s , o f te n g lo b a lly. Th e y s e t ru le s th a t m o s t n a t io n s fo llo w. E v e n if th e e n fo r c e d w ith in a c o u n try 's le g a l s y s te m , p ro v id e d th e y d o n’ t c o n flic t P h ilip p in e s is n o t le g a lly b o u n d b y o n e , w e c a n c h o o s e to f o llo w it o u t o f w ith lo c a l la w s. re s p e c t b e c a u s e it's u n iv e rs a l. F o r e x a m p le , h u m a n rig h ts tre a tie s th a t m a n y TREATIES c o u n trie s s ig n. W h ile T r ea ty c o n tra c ts a r e a g re e m e n ts b e tw e e n o n ly t w o o r a fe w c o u n trie s. T h e y d e a l w ith s p e c ific is s u e s th a t c o n c e rn th o s e c o u nt rie s S T A T E P R A C T IC E a lo n e, like a p e a c e a g r e em e n t o r tra d e d e a l b et w e e n tw o n a tio n s. To m a ke It c o v e rs acts, statements, omissions or silence o f a s ta t e fro m w h ic h it s h o rt , L a w -m a k in g tre a tie s a p p ly to m a n y c o u n trie s a n d c o v e r g e n e ra l v ie w s a b o u t c u s to m a ry la w m a y b e inf e rre d. to p ic s. O n th e o th e r h a nd , t re a ty c o n tr a c ts a r e o n ly b e t w e e n a fe w c o u n trie s , c o v e rin g s p e c ific m a tt e rs. E v id e n c e o f S ta t e P ra c tic e (n o n -e xh a u s t iv e ): 1. H is to ric a l re c o rd s ; CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW 2. O ffic ia l p u b lic a tio n s ; C o n s is t s o f rules of law derived from the consistent conduct of States a c t in g 3. O ffic ia l m a n u a ls o n le g a l q u e s tio n s ; o u t o f th e b e lie f th a t la w re q u ir e d th e m to a c t th a t w a y. 4. D ip lo m a tic in te rc h a n g e s ; o r 5. O p in io n s o f n a tio n a l le g a l a d v is o rs. 1. M a te ria l fa c ts (a c tu a l b e h a v io r o f S ta te s o r S ta t e p ra c tic e ); a n d C o n s id e ra t io n s o f S ta te P ra c tic e : 2. P s y c h o lo g ic a l o r s u b je c tiv e b e lie f t h a t s u c h b e h a v io r is la w. 1. D u ra tio n ; T h e s u b s ta n c e o f c u s to m a ry la w m u s t b e lo o k e d fo r p rim a rily in th e 2. C o n s is te n c y ; a c tu a l p ra c tic e a n d o p in io n ju ris o f s ta te s. 3. R e p e tit io n ; a n d 4. G e ne r a lity OPINIO JURIS SIVE NECESSITATES T h e b e lie f o f a S ta te is th a t it is b o u n d b y a c e rt a in le g a l o b lig a tio n. PERSISTENT OBJECTOR RULE - H a s c o n n e c tio n o n no.2  A ru le of in te rn a tio n a l la w w h ic h p o s it s th at a S ta t e, w h ic h h as T h e o ld e s t e s ta b lis h ed a n d th e m o s t fu n d a m e n ta l ru le s o f in t er n a tio n a l p e rs is te n tly o b je c te d to th e s ta tu s a s c us t o m o f a p a r tic ula r p ra c tic e in la w. th e p ro c e s s o f e v o lv in g in to a c u s to m , is n o t b o u n d b y th a t c u s to m a ry T h is is a re la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n a t le a s t tw o s o v e re ig n , a ut o n o m o u s a n d ru le. in d e p e n d e n t s ta te s ; w e c a n b a s ic a lly s a y th a t D ip lo m a c y h a s s ta r te d h is - T h is is th e a c tio n th e P h ilip p in e s is ta kin g a g a in s t C h in a. B y s e n d in g o r lo n g w a y. a p p e a lin g d ip lo m a t ic p ro te s t s a g a in s t C h in a , w e s e e k th e s y m p a th y a n d s u p p o rt o f o t he r c o u n tr ie s. If w e d o n o t a c t a g a in s t th e ir a c tio n s , th e s e B IL A T E R A L A N D M U L T IL A T E R A L D IP L O M A C Y p r a c t ic e s m ay e v en t ua lly beco m e c u s to m a r y la w or le a d to th e p e rm a ne n t d e v e lo p m e n t o f s u c h p ra c tic e s a s a c c e p te d n o rm s. D IP L O M A T IC L A W T h e to ta lit y o f le g a l n o rm s re g u la tin g th e m e th o d o f a p p o in tin g a n d re c a llin g E. B a s ic P rin c ip le s o f D ip lo m a t ic a n d c o n s u la r la w d ip lo m a t ic re p re s e n ta tiv e s a n d o f f ixin g d ip lo m a tic ra n k s , f u nc tio n s , a n d V IE N N A C O N V E N T IO N O N D IP L O M A T IC R E L A TIO N S le g a l s ta tu s T h e s e c t io n o f in te rn a tio n a l la w d e a lin g w it h d ip lo m a tic p r iv ile g e s a n d C o d if ie s th e ru le s fo r th e e xc h a n g e o f e m b a s s ie s a m o n g s o v e re ig n im m u n itie s (T h e 1 9 6 1 Vie n na C o n v e n tio n o n D ip lo m a tic R e la tio n s.) S t a te s. C O N SULAR LAW P ro te c t s th e s a n c t ity o f a m b a s s a d o rs to e n a b le th e m t o c a rry o u t th e ir T h e b o d y o f p r in c ip le s a n d n o rm s (o f d o m e s tic le g is la tio n a s w e ll a s o f fu n c t io n s in te rn a tio n a l la w ) re g u la tin g th e a c tiv it ie s o f c o n s u ls. It is th e s ta te d e fin e s th e s c o p e o f th e fu n c tio n s o f its c o n s u la r re p re s e n ta tiv e s , t a k in g in t o Source of Consular Law a c c o u n t th e le g is la tio n o f th e h o s t c o u nt ry. C o n s u la r a g re e m e n ts c o n c lud e d b y in d iv id u a l c o u n tries d e finin g t he le g a l s ta tu s o f c o n s uls a n d la y in g d o w n t he b a s ic r ule s u n d e r w h ic h th e y fu n c tio n. What is the distinguish between consul and ambassador? P r o v is io n s re g u la tin g c o ns u la r a c tiv ity a r e c o nt a in e d in tr e a tie s d e a lin g w ith Diplomatic Officer Consul Officer trade and navigation, legal assistance, and social security. - L o o k a fte r t he p o lit ic a l in te re s ts o f - C o m m e rc ia l in t e re s ts. BILATERAL DIPLOMACY MULTILATERAL DIPLOMACY th e ir s t a te a n d its n a tio n a ls. - S e n t b y a s ta te to fo re ig n p o r ts a n d c itie s , m a in ly for th e purpose of E m b a s s ie s , c o n s u la r p o s ts , a n d A d h o c a n d s ta n d in g c o n fe r en c e s. - A m b a s s a d o r is fre e fro m a rre s t in w a t c h in g u n c o n v e n tio n a l re s id e n t m is s io n s s u c h Q ue s t io n s o f p ro c e d u re : v e n u e , re c e iv in g s t a te a n d t a xa tio n. o v e r a n d p ro m o t in g th e c o m m e rc ia l as in te re s t’ s s e c tio n s a n d m e m b e rs h ip , agenda , and in d us t ria l int e re s ts of th e re p re s e n ta tiv e tr a n s p a re n c y , an d a bo ve a ll a p p o in ting s ta te. O ffic e s d e c is io n -m a kin g C o n s u l c a n b e a rre s te d in re c e iv in g s ta te if h e /s h e s u b je c te d o n c rim in a l W h y t h ey a re t h e m a jo r p a rt o f th e The t riu m p h of c h a rg e s. m o d e rn c o u n te r e v o lu tio n in d ip lo m a t ic “ c o n s e n s u s d e c is io n p ra c tic e. m a k in g ” a n d its v a rio u s  te c h n iq u e s. o f th e m is s io n a re inv io la b le , a n d a g e n ts o f th e re c e iv in g s ta te c a n n o t en t e r th e m w ith o u t th e c o n s e n t o f th e m is s io n. 3. The security of diplomatic correspondence and diplomatic bags - The r e c e iv in g s t a te is re q u ir e d to p e rm it a nd p ro t e c t fre e c o m m u n ic a tio n o n b e h a lf o f th e m is s io n fo r a ll o f fic ia l p ur p o s e s. V ie n n a C o n v e n tio n o f 1 9 6 3 o n C o n s ula r R e la tio n s O ff ic ia l c o m m u n ic a t io n is in v io la b le a n d m a y inc lu d e t h e u s e o f D e fin es th e p riv ile g e s , im m u n itie s , a n d b a s ic fu n c tio n s o f c a re e r c o n s u ls , d ip lo m a t ic c o u rie r s a n d m e s s a g e s in c o d e a n d in c ip h e r, a lth o u g h a s w e ll a s th e le g a l s ta t us o f ho n o ra ry c o n s u ls. th e c o n s e nt of th e re c e iv in g s ta t e is r e q u ire d for a w ire le s s tra n s m itte r. ELEMENTS OF DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR LAW 1. Immunity of diplomatic staff – th e p er s o n o f a d ip lo m a tic a g e n t is SEVEN (7) SOURCES OF DIPLOMATIC and CONSULAR LAW in v io la b le. D ip lo m a ts m a y n o t b e d e t a in e d o r a rre s te d a n d e n jo y 1. Customary law -tra d it io n a l c o m m o n ru le o r p ra c tic e t h a t h a s b e c o m e c o m p le te im m u nity f ro m c rim in a l p ro s ec u tio n in th e re c e iv in g s ta te , a n in trin s ic p a rt o f th e a c c e p te d a n d e x p e c te d c o n d u c t in a c o m m u n ity , a lth o u g h th e re is n o im m u n ity fr o m th e ju ris d ic tio n o f th e s e n d in g p r o fe s s io n , o r tra d e a n d is tre a te d a s a le g a l re q u ire m e nt. s ta te. 2. General legal principles – e s s e n tia lly p ro v id e a m e c h a n is m to 2. The inviolability of the diplomatic mission and its grounds - T h e a d d re s s in t er n a tio n a l is s u e s not a lre a d y s u b je c t eith e r to tre a ty p r iv a te r e s id e n c e, p a p e rs , c o rr es p o n d e nc e an d p ro p e rty of p r o v is io n s o r to b in d in g c u s to m a ry ru le s. d ip lo m a t s a re a ls o in v io la b le. It is a n a b s o lu te ru le th a t th e p re m is e s 3. Agreement (c o n v e n tio n s , tre a tie s , e tc ) - A s e tt le m e n t, e s p e c ia lly o n e th a t is le g a lly e n fo rc e a b le; c o v e n a nt ; tre a t y. 4. Acts - T h a t w h ic h is d o ne o r d o in g ; th e e xe r c is e o f p o w e r, o r th e e ff e c t, o f w h ic h p o w e r e x e rte d is th e c a u s e ; a p e rfo rm a n c e ; a d e e d. EX EQ U A TO R 5. Analogy - A re s e m b la n c e o f re la tio n s ; a n a g r ee m e n t o r like n e s s T h e te rm e xe q u a to r is a p p lie d t o th e w rit te n o ff ic ia l re c o g n itio n is s u e d b e t w e e n t hin g s in s o m e c irc u m s ta nc e s o r e ffe c ts , w h e n th e t h in g s a re b y th e lo c a l s ta te authorizing a foreign consul to perform therein his o t h er w is e e n tire ly d iffe re n t. functions as such. 6. Comitas Gentium, International Comity, Courtesy, Precedence, and Etiquette, Protocol (customary source) and Diplomatic Practice - a s e t B R IE F D E S C R IP T IO N OF TH E IM M U N IT IE S AND P R IV IL E G E S OF o f r u le s o f c o nd u c t fo r s ta te s th a t h a v e in te rn a t io n a l re la tio ns - fo r C O N S U L A R O FF IC E R S e xa m p le , th e g r a n tin g o f im m u n ity ; P ro to c o l, C e re m o n ia l, d ip lo m a tic p r a c t ic e. 1. In v io la b ility o f o f fic e a n d a rc h iv e s ; 7. Other Sources: Doctrines and Jurisdiction – A ru le o r p rin c ip le o f la w , 2. Im m u n ity f ro m m ilita ry s e rv ic e o r b u rd e ns ; e s p e c ia lly w h e n e s ta b lis h e d b y p re c e d e n t. 3. E x e m p tio n fro m a rre s t except on criminal charges ; P R IV IL E G E S / IM M U N IT IE S O F A D IP L O M A T 4. E xe m p tio n fr o m ta x a t io n if solely engaged in consular business ; 1. In v io la b ilit y 5. E xe m p tio n fro m w itn e s s d u t y , th o u g h te s tim o n y m a y b e t a k en a t th e 2. E x e m p tio n o f p e rs o n fro m c rim in a l a n d c iv il ju ris d ic tio n c o n s u la te , o r th e c o n s u l m a y b e in s tru c te d to a p p e a r b y h is h o m e 3. Im m u n ity o f re s id e n c e fro m lo c a l ju ris d ic t io n g o v e rn m e n t; 4. J u ris d ic t io n w it h in h is r e s id e n c e 5. P r ec e d e n c e , c e re m o n ia l p r er o g a tiv e s , a c c o r d in g to ra n k  6. P riv ile g e o f p la c in g t he a rm s o f t he ir s ta te a b o v e th e o u te r d o o r, a n d 1. M u ltila te ra l t re a tie s - o p e n to a ll s ta te s ; c re a te n o rm s a s b a s is fo r o f fly in g th e n a tio n a l fla g a b o v e th e c o n s u la te , o r a b o v e a v e s s el w h e n g e n e ra l ru le e n g a g e d in th e d is c h a rg e o f o ffic ia l p o r t d u tie s. o f la w ; th e y a r e e ith e r c o d ific a tio n o f tre a tie s o r la w m a k in g tre a t ie s. 2. B ila te ra l tre a tie s (c o n tra c t tre a t ie s )- tre a tie s b e tw ee n t w o S ta te s PERSONA NON GRATA – UNDER ARTICLE 9 of the 1961 VIENNA w h ic h a re c o n tra c tu a l in n a tu re w h ic h c re a te re c ip ro c a l e xp ec ta tio n s. CONVENTION ON DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS T R E A T Y -M A K IN G P R O C E S S N E G O T I A T I O N - > S I G N A T U R E - - If th e re c e iv ing s ta te d o e s n o t w a n t t h e a m b a s s a d o r t o re tu r n, th e y m u s t > R A T IF IC A T IO N d e c la re th e m p e rs o n a n o n g r a ta — b u t o n ly if t h e a m b a s s a d o r h a s c o m m it te d a n o ff e ns e th a t ju s t ifie s s u c h a d e c is io n. 1. Negotiation P r o c e s s w h e re p ro v is io n s o f p ro v is io n s o f a p ro p o s e d tre a t y a re d is c u s s e d F. G e n e ra l P rin c ip le s o f T re a ty L a w b y th e re p r es e n t a tiv e s o f t h e c o nt ra c tin g s ta t e s p o s s es s in g fu ll p o w e rs. TREATY 2. 2. S ig n a tu re A n int e rn a tio n a l a g re e m e n t c o nc lu d e d b e tw e e n s t a te s in w ritte n f o rm a n d It s e rv e s a s a u th e n tic a tio n o f th e d o c u m e n t; it m a ke s th e te x t g o v e rn e d b y in te rn a t io n a l la w , w h e th e r e m b o d ie d in a s in g le in s tru m e n t o r a u t ho rit a tiv e a n d d e fin it iv e. U n d e r in te rn a tio n a l la w , a lth o u g h a m e re in t w o o r m o re re la t e d in s t ru m e n t. S ig n a t o ry is not s tr ic t ly b o un d to th e p ro v is io n s of a tre a ty , TYPES OF TREATIES n o n e th e le s s th e y a re b o u n d n o t to d e f ea t t he o b je c t a n d p u r p o s e o f th e tr e a ty ( A r t.18 ( a ) V C L T ) 3. C o n s e n t (t o b e b o u nd to th e tr e a ty ) C o n s e n t m a y b e e xp re s s e d b y 44 : a. s ig n a t u re ; 3. b. E xc h a n g e o f in s tru m e n ts c o ns t itu ting a tre a ty ; 4. c. R a tific a t io n ; 5. d. A c ce ptan ce ; 6. e. A p p ro v a l o r a c c e s s io n ; o r