Geography Exam Revision Notes PDF

**Geography -- Exam Revision** **General Geographical information** *BOLTSS:* B -- Border, O -- Orientation, L -- Legend, T -- Title, S- Scale, S -- Source *Australian map and location of -- state and territory names and capital cities, surrounding oceans (not seas etc), the main iconic landform...

**Geography -- Exam Revision** **General Geographical information** *BOLTSS:* B -- Border, O -- Orientation, L -- Legend, T -- Title, S- Scale, S -- Source *Australian map and location of -- state and territory names and capital cities, surrounding oceans (not seas etc), the main iconic landforms -- GDR, GBR, and Uluru:* **Unit 1 -- Landforms and Landscapes** *G1.1 -- what are landforms & landscapes? Define these 2 terms and give examples:* - Landforms are natural physical features of the Earth\'s surface. They are shaped by processes like erosion, weathering, and tectonic activity. - EXAMPLE: Mountains, valleys, hills, plains, deserts, and volcanoes. - A landscape is the visible features of an area of land that includes a variety of landforms. - EXAMPLE: Coastal landscapes, mountain landscapes, desert landscapes, rural landscapes, and urban landscapes. *G1.4 -- what is the **theory of plate tectonics**?* - The theory of plate tectonics is a scientific theory explaining how because of the Earth's subterranean movements major landforms are created. - Boundaries: Divergent -- plates move apart, convergent -- plates move towards each other and one plate subducts under the other, transform -- plates move side-by-side in the opposite or same direction, collision -- two continental plates collide *Convergent plates - Labelled and described in detail:*  - Two tectonic plates move towards each other, one plate is forced under the other, this process is called subduction - The oceanic plate is forced under the continental plate because it is denser - As the oceanic plate sinks into the mantle, water and things like plankton from the sea floor are dragged down with it which are turned into water vapor and carbon dioxide - They bubble upwards, melting through the continental crust above and get trapped in the rock - The pressure builds up, eventually becoming too great and the gas and lava violently explodes out of the rock in a volcanic eruption - EXAMPLE: Mount Merapi in Indonesia -- the subduction of the Indo-Australian Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate because of convergent plates creates magma that rises to the surface, forming volcanoes like Mount Merapi - Oceanic crust and continental plates are constantly grinding and getting stuck on each other as the oceanic plate subducts under the continental plate - When the plates get stuck on each other the continental plate begins getting dragged down with the oceanic plate - This builds up a huge amount of energy - When plates get unstuck, the plate violently jumps upwards, releasing all the stored energy - This causes intense shaking in the ground, this is known as an earthquake - EXAMPLE: Chile -- the subduction of the Nazca plate under the South American Plate (forming the Peru-Chile Trench), producing frequent earthquakes. **Unit 2 -- Urbanisation** *What is urbanisation, urban sprawl:* - Urbanisation: the increase of population living in urban areas (cities and towns) compared to rural areas (countryside) - Urban sprawl: the spreading of urban development on undeveloped or natural land *How have urban areas changed over time? Discuss examples:* - Cities grew with industrialization, spread with suburbs, and are now becoming smarter with technology. [EXAMPLE: ] Pre-1960s: - Small, traditional town: Dubai was a small fishing and trading port with a low population and simple infrastructure. - Economy: Relied on fishing, pearling, and trade. 1960s-1980s (Oil Discovery): - Rapid growth: After the discovery of oil, Dubai experienced huge economic growth. - Infrastructure: Development of modern buildings, roads, and services. - Example: Construction of the first skyscrapers and the famous Dubai Creek development. 1990s-Present (Global City): - Global hub: Dubai transformed into a major financial, tourism, and business centre. - Iconic buildings: Development of Burj Khalifa, Palm Jumeirah, and Burj Al Arab. - Example: Dubai became a symbol of modern urbanization with high-tech, luxury real estate, and world-class infrastructure. *What are the causes of urbanisation:* - Job Opportunities: People move to cities for better employment in industries, services, and business. - Better Services: Cities offer better healthcare, education, and infrastructure. - Improved Quality of Life: Access to better housing, transportation, and entertainment. - Rural to Urban Migration: People from rural areas move to cities seeking a better standard of living. - Economic Growth: Cities attract investments and businesses, driving further growth. *Definitions and characteristics of MEDCs and LEDCs + Countries located in the more and least urbanised areas of the world:* [MEDCs (More Economically Developed Countries): Wealthier, highly industrialized countries with high standards of living.] Characteristics: - High income levels - Advanced infrastructure (transport, healthcare, education) - Low birth and death rates - High life expectancy - Urbanized population - Good access to healthcare and technology EXAMPLES: USA, Japan, Germany, UK [LEDCs (Less Economically Developed Countries): Poorer, less industrialized countries with lower standards of living.] Characteristics: - Low and income levels - Limited infrastructure - High birth and death rates - Low life expectancy - Rural population - Limited access to healthcare and technology EXAMPLES: India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Afghanistan *Why are people pulled to the cities - Explain push and pull factors and give examples of each:* *How do the push and pull factors differ for people in LEDC compared to MEDC? And why?*