Exam Questions for Task 6 - Sleep (Questions & Answers)

Exam questions for task 6 - Sleep The first 2 questions are not created by me - they are from an old exam. 1. Inhabitants from Iceland generally experience a very dark autumn and winter season. Nonetheless, they tend to have a relatively intact circadian rhythm. This is mainly due to:...

Exam questions for task 6 - Sleep The first 2 questions are not created by me - they are from an old exam. 1. Inhabitants from Iceland generally experience a very dark autumn and winter season. Nonetheless, they tend to have a relatively intact circadian rhythm. This is mainly due to: a. People in Iceland have several other existing Zeitgebers that help retain the circadian rhythm. b. Zeitgebers such as the light-dark cycle are not important for a normal circadian rhythm. c. People in Iceland will have the free running circadian rhythm which does not differ too much from the regular rhythm. 2. People suffering from retinal blindness (caused by damage or disease affecting the retina) often have difficulties with the regular day/night cycle. People suffering from cortical blindness (caused by damage to the primary visual cortex) do not show these difficulties, despite the fact that both groups of patients can't see. What might be an explanation for this curious finding? a. In case of cortical blindness information of light still reaches the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) which regulates the light-dark circadian rhythm. b. In case of cortical blindness there is still information going to the superior colliculi (SC) which help regulate our light-dark circadian rhythm. c. In case of cortical blindness the SCN receives information from the other visual cortices which help the SCN to regulate the light-dark circadian rhythm. 3. There are 2 EEG waves in the picture below. Which of the waves displays synchronous activity? Which of the waves displays desynchronous activity? 4. Which of the following measures is not used to define the different stages of sleep? a. Electroencephalography. b. Electromyography. c. Electrocorticography. 5. After a person shuts their eyes but is not yet asleep, which types waves can be observed in an EEG? a. Alpha waves. b. Beta waves. c. Theta waves. 6. Initial stage 1 of sleep is characterized by _____ activity, which resembles that of _____. a. Alpha; relaxed wakefulness b. Theta; alert wakefulness c. Theta; relaxed wakefulness 7. An awake person usually displays _____ activity during relaxation and _____ activity during active mental processing. a. Delta; theta b. Alpha; beta c. Delta; beta 8. Emergent stage 1 of sleep is characterized by: a. Beta and theta activity b. Increased muscle tone c. Low activity in the cerebral cortex 9. K complexes have a _____ amplitude compared to sleep spindles. a. Higher Body and Behavior Page 1  a. Higher b. Lower c. Similar 10. In which sleep stage can EEG synchrony be observed? a. NREM 2 b. REM c. NREM 3 11. As the night progresses, time spent in emergent stage 1 _____. Time spent in stage 3 _____. a. Increases; also increases b. Decreases; increases c. Increases; decreases 12. A lesion to the _____ leads to a cessation of dreaming. a. Temporo-parietal junction. b. Medial prefrontal cortex. c. Either a or b. 13. A lesion to the _____ will lead to a loss of visual imagery in dreams. a. Retina. b. Primary visual cortex. c. Secondary visual cortex. 14. Melanopsin is contained in: a. The suprachiasmatic nuclei. b. The retinal ganglion cells. c. The pineal gland. 15. Which of the following is true about melatonin? a. It is involved in circadian, but not in seasonal rhythms. b. It acts on receptors in the suprachiasmatic nuclei, which can affect their sensitivity to zeitgebers and alter circadian rhythms. c. It is secreted by the pituitary gland, in response to input from the suprachiasmatic nuclei. 16. Which of the following is true about adenosine? a. It is released by astrocytes. b. It has an excitatory effect on neural activity. c. It is synthesized during slow-wave sleep. 17. Low levels of activity in the reticular formation produce _____. a. Sleep b. Wakefulness c. Arousal 18. The _____ hypothalamus promotes wakefulness, while the _____ hypothalamus promotes sleep. a. Posterior; rostral b. Anterior; posterior c. Lateral; medial 19. Several nuclei in the _____ control different aspects of REM sleep, such as the reduction of muscle tone, REMs, cortical EEG desynchronization etc. a. Basal ganglia. b. Posterior hypothalamus. c. Reticular formation. 20. In narcolepsy, there is a ____ level of orexin, which is synthesized by neurons in the _____ hypothalamus. a. Lower; posterior b. Higher; anterior c. Higher; posterior 21. Neurons in the anterior hypothalamus _____ orexin-synthesizing neurons, and _____ cholinergic neurons in the hippocampus and neocortex. a. Excite; excite b. Inhibit; excite Body and Behavior Page 2  b. Inhibit; excite c. Inhibit; inhibit 22. In central sleep apnea, the failure to breathe is caused by: a. An obstruction of the tracts in the anterior hypothalamus. b. A failure of the central nervous system to promote breathing c. An obstruction of the respiratory passages. Answers: 1. A 2. A 3. A - synchronous; B - desynchronous 4. C 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. A 9. A 10. C 11. C 12. C 13. C 14. B 15. B 16. A 17. A 18. A 19. C 20. A 21. C 22. B Body and Behavior Page 3