Biopsychology Study Guide - Test #1 - PDF

Summary

This document is a study guide for a biopsychology test covering chapters 1-4. The guide provides information on various topics including action potentials, the nervous system, and genetics. It also addresses experiment design, and heritability. This guide is designed to assist students in preparing for their upcoming exam.

Full Transcript

Study Guide – Test #1 Chapter Content: Chapters 1, 2, 3, & 4 Requirements: Computer and an hour of free time Test Info: -​ 30 multiple choice - 1 point each -​ 1 short answer - 5 points -​ Some extra credit questions -​ One hour long Short Answer Topic: - All things action potent...

Study Guide – Test #1 Chapter Content: Chapters 1, 2, 3, & 4 Requirements: Computer and an hour of free time Test Info: -​ 30 multiple choice - 1 point each -​ 1 short answer - 5 points -​ Some extra credit questions -​ One hour long Short Answer Topic: - All things action potentials Paying Attention Points (Extra credit): - This is information I have talked about in the class - If you can answer them correctly, it shows you have been paying attention ☺ - Extra credit! Can’t lose points, so you should at least guess if you don’t know the answer. Content Breakdown: - Most of the content will be from chapters 3 and 4 o These chapters are the most influential chapters o These chapters are important going forward in the class - Chapters with less content will have more difficult questions based on the amount of study material - Content from chapters 3 & 4, will have a normal distribution of easy, intermediate, and hard questions Content from this study guide is not guaranteed to be on the exam. Content that is not on this study guide can still show up on the test. Please read the textbook, take notes, and ask questions/come to office hours. Chapter 1: - What is biopsychology, what is it not - Human and Nonhuman Subjects: Advantages/Disadvantages - Experiments and Non-experiments o Design o Types of variables o Coolidge effect o Experiments, Quasiexperimental studies, Case Studies: differences and the examples we went over in the slides - Divisions of biopsychology: what they are, how are they different, what are they studying/measuring/interested in? - Examples of inference: Examples from the lectures; Good and Bad (Movement and the Eye, Lobotomies, Bull Behavior) Chapter 2: - Nature-Nurture, Dualism o Arguments dismantling Nature-Nurture o Interactions - Darwin’s theory of evolution o Evidence o Natural Selection – Fitness o Social Dominance/Courtship Displays o Exaptation, spandrels, analogous structures o Evolution of the human brain - Mendelian Genetics (know the key definitions) - Chromosomes: o Reproduction/Recombination ▪ Recombination increases genetic diversity! o Structure and Replication o Sex-linked traits – make sure to understand both X-linked and Y-linked, as well as recessive and dominant - Epigenetics: o Definitions o Maze-bright vs Maze Dull ▪ Selective breeding ▪ Environment ▪ Terms associated with the experiment o PKU ▪ Cause, Effect ▪ Effect of Diet - Heritability Estimates: o Minnesota Study o Kinds of Twins - Twin Studies of Epigenetic effects: o Findings o Differences between kinds of twins o Effect of time o Environment vs Genetics - Experience and Heritability o Understand the interaction Chapter 3: - General Layout of the Nervous System o Divisions of the Nervous System ▪ PNS vs CNS ▪ Autonomic vs Somatic processes ▪ Afferent vs Efferent ▪ Parasympathetic vs Sympathetic ▪ DO NOT NEED TO KNOW THE CRANIAL NERVES! o Meninges ▪ Order and where they are relative to other structures o Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid o Blood–Brain Barrier - Cells of the Nervous System - Anatomy of Neurons o Different roles of structures in the cytoplasm o Structures found in terminal buds vs soma - Glia: o Various kinds and functions - Staining and electron microscopy: o Various kinds o How they are used o Why they are used o Microscopy o Directions in the Vertebrate Nervous System (IMPORTANT) - Divisions of the Spinal Cord o CNS vs PNS ▪ Two-stage neurons - Five Major Divisions of the Brain o Know the location, divisions, and functions of: ▪ Myelencephalon ▪ Metencephalon ▪ Mesencephalon ▪ Diencephalon ▪ Telencephalon ▪ Limbic System and the Basal Ganglia Chapter 4 (based on slides; part 1 & 2): - Ionic basis of the membrane potential o How it is recorded o Ions involved ▪ Location ▪ Concentrations o The resting membrane o Forces that move ions o Sodium-potassium pump - Post synaptic potentials o Pre vs post-synapse o EPSP vs IPSP o Depolarization vs hyperpolarization - Summation o Spatial and temporal o Differences between APs and PSPs o Axon trigger zone, initial axon segment - Action potentials o The whole process ▪ Step by step ▪ Ions in play ▪ Forces involved ▪ Change in membrane potential over time ▪ Phases of the action potential ▪ Refractory periods Intensity of input Frequency Direction - Conduction down the axon o Directions – orthodromic and antidromic o Ions and channels involved o Role of Nodes of Ranvier o Role of myelination in conduction o Size of axon, myelination, and speed - Conduction in neurons without axons (interneurons) - Various synaptic structures o Their roles o The parts of the neuron involved o Pre vs post synaptic inhibition o Non-directed synapses – string-of-beads synapses - Packing of neurotransmitters o Difference between location of neuropeptide and small molecule neurotransmitter production - Exocytosis o The whole process ▪ Ions involved ▪ Terms ▪ Differences in release between small molecule and neuropeptides - Receptors o Different kinds o How they operate o Immediate vs long term effects o Autoreceptors and function - Reuptake and enzymatic breakdown - Gap junctions o How they transfer information o What kind of cells are involved o How they are arranged o Neuron – glia connections ▪ Functions ▪ Cells involved - Neurotransmitters o Different classes of NTs and what NTs are in those classes ▪ Roles and functions of the NTs o Agonists vs Antagonists o Atropine vs Curare o Three influential discoveries in pharmacology o PLEASE READ BOOK – best source for this information!

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