Exam I Slides (PDF)

In simple terms, biology is the study of life. Biologists may study anything from the microscopic or submicroscopic view of a cell to ecosystems and the whole living planet.  Branches Bacteriology Cell Biology Evolution...

In simple terms, biology is the study of life. Biologists may study anything from the microscopic or submicroscopic view of a cell to ecosystems and the whole living planet.  Branches Bacteriology Cell Biology Evolution Etiology Zoology Helminthology Ichthyology Genetic Engineering Forensic Biology Genetics Herpetology Malacology Ornithology Virology Microbiology  Branches Bacteriology Cell Biology Evolution Ethology Zoology Helminthology Ichthyology Genetic Engineering Forensic Biology Genetics Herpetology Malacology Ornithology Virology Microbiology  Properties of Life Response to Growth and Energy Order Reproduction Adaptation Homeostasis stimulus Development processing  Order Organisms are highly organized and consist of one or more cells. Even very simple, single-celled organisms are remarkably complex. Inside each cell, atoms come together through chemical bonding and form molecules. Molecules come together to form cell components or structures called organelles.  Activity 1 Organize the following elements Organization levels of the body 8Organ system 9Organism 2 Molecule 6 Tissue 3.Macromolecule 4.Organelle 5 Cell 1. Atom 7 Organ  Response to Stimuli Organisms respond to diverse stimuli. For example, plants can bend toward a source of light or respond to touch. Even tiny bacteria can move toward or away from chemicals, a process called chemotaxis. A movement toward a stimulus is considered a positive response, while movement away from a stimulus is regarded as a negative response. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6QMU3KD7zw Pavlov experiment  Reproduction For a population to survive, some individuals within that population must reproduce. Reproduction begins by first duplicating their genetic material. Once the genetic material is duplicated, it is then divided equally into two new cells.  Adaptation All living organisms exhibit a “fit” to their environment. Biologists refer to this fit as adaptation. Adaptations are a consequence of evolution by natural selection.  Physical adaptations Body structures that help an organism find and consume food and water, protect itself, cope with tough environments, and reproduce. This owl has camouflaged feathers Giraffes have long necks that allow them to that help it hide from predators. reach high leaves in tall trees.  Behavioral adaptations Are actions an organism takes to survive. Migrating (Reproductive) Communicating Grey whales migrate thousands of miles Worker weaver ants communicate with every year to give birth to their calves in one another using chemical signals warm water off the coast of Mexico. Then called pheromones. Ants that whales travel in groups back to the successfully find food lay down nutrient-rich waters of the Arctic. pheromone trails to help other workers find the new food source.  Growth and Development Both multicellular and single-celled organisms grow and develop according to specific instructions encoded in their DNA. DNA is organized into genes that provide information for cellular growth and development.  Homeostasis Is the ability of an organism to regulate and maintain constant internal conditions.  Energy Processing Some organisms can obtain energy through metabolic pathways such as photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is a process where light energy can be captured and converted into chemical energy. Organisms that are capable of making their own chemical energy are referred to as autotrophs. Others must obtain their chemical energy by consuming other organisms. These individuals are referred to as heterotrophs. Scientific Method  Scientific method Is a process used by scientists to study the world around them. It can also be used to test whether any statement is accurate. 6 STEPS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD 1. Identify the Problem 2. Form a Hypothesis 3. Design an Experiment 4. Perform an Experiment 5. Analyze the Data 6. Communicate the Results  1. IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM The scientific method starts with identifying a problem and forming a question that can be tested.  Example: - The graduate student office generates considerable quantities of coffee waste every day. - - How can we use this coffee waste? - Ideas! Scientific question can be answered by making observations with your five senses and gathering evidence. For example, “How does coffee grounds fertilizer affect plant growth?” Fertilized Unfertilized Observation– the process of using the five senses to gather information.  2. FORM A HYPOTHESIS Hypothesis is a possible explanation for a set of observations or an answer to a scientific question. A hypothesis must be testable and measurable. For example, “If I give my plants coffee grounds fertilizer in the spring, then they will be growing faster, or my plants will have a higher number of leaves” YES NO Experimentation Process  3. DESIGN AN EXPERIMENT Test the hypothesis by designing an experiment. This includes creating a list of materials and a procedure— a step-by-step explanation of how to conduct the experiment. Mineral water (W) Not used fresh coffee powder at 7 and 30 days (NU7, NU30) Dried spent grounds from espresso mocha at 7 and 30 days (M7, M30) Dried spent grounds from espresso pod at 7 and 30 days (P7, P30)  Variable– a factor that changes in an experiment. Types of Variables Independent Variable– the variable that is tested and changed by the scientist. ֍ Ex. The amount of coffee grounds fertilizer used on your plants. Dependent Variable– the variable that is measured by the scientist and changes as a result of the independent variable. ֍ Ex. How many centimeters is growing the plant in each treatment. Controlled Variable– the variables that are kept the same (constant) throughout the entire experiment. ֍ Ex. Same type of plant, same amount of light and water.  4. PERFORM AN EXPERIMENT A proper experiment compares two or more things but changes only one variable. Controlled Experiment– an experiment that compares two or more things but only changes one variable. The coffee solutions (Table 1; Fig. 1) were prepared with powders from different sources: not used fresh expresso powder (NU) or dried spent grounds from expresso mocha (M) or pods (P). The powders were dissolved in mineral water at a final concentration of 17.5 g L−1 , kept in the dark at room temperature for 7 and 30 days, and then gently decanted to separate ground coffee sediment from water. Suspensions were not filtered to avoid introducing or extracting components. Simple mineral water (W), pure from any coffee powder, was used as a negative control.  5. ANALYZE THE DATA Data are the facts, figures, and other evidence gathered through observations. A data table provides you with an organized way to collect and record your observations. Data Analysis- the process of interpreting the meaning of the data collected in an experiment, finding patterns in the data, and thinking about what the patterns mean.  Mineral water (W) Not used fresh coffee powder at 7 and 30 days (NU7, NU30) Dried spent grounds from espresso mocha at 7 and 30 days (M7, M30) Dried spent grounds from espresso pod at 7 and 30 days (P7, P30) Total length (A) and total fresh biomass (B) of cucumber seedlings treated with W: mineral water; NU7: not used coffee 7 days; NU30: not used coffee 30 days; M7: mocha seven days; M30: mocha 30 days; P7: pod 7 days; P30: pod 30 days. Data are mean ± se (n=10). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences according to one-way ANOVA (P