Exam Breakdown - Detailed PDF

Final exam breakdown 1. Classifying proteins in the body a. By shape: i. Globular ii. filamentous b. functional classification- TRICCS i. Transport ii. Regulatory iii. Immunological...

Final exam breakdown 1. Classifying proteins in the body a. By shape: i. Globular ii. filamentous b. functional classification- TRICCS i. Transport ii. Regulatory iii. Immunological iv. Contractile v. Catalytic vi. Structural c. Location of membrane protein i. Integral ii. peripheral d. Functions of plasma membrane proteins- CCREAM i. Carriers ii. Channels iii. Receptors iv. Enzymes v. Adhesion proteins vi. markers 2. Chapter 19- ANS a. Preganglionic neurons: the motor neuron that conducts the impulse out of the CNS, then synapses with a postganglionic neuron, has a class B axon b. postganglionic neurons: conducts the impulse along a class C axon c. Neurotransmitters: i. Ach: released by all neurons in the parasympathetic NS ii. NE: fight or flight neurotransmitter d. Receptors: i. Cholinergic receptors: membrane receptors that bind Ach 1. Nicotinic: on all postganglionic neurons in sympathetic and parasympathetic; adrenal medulla; skeletal muscle cells 2. Muscarinic: all muscles and glands stimulated by parasympathetic division; sweat glands and some blood vessels ii. Adrenergic receptors: bind norepinephrine and epinephrine (adrenaline) 1. Alpha: on most cells in the body except cardiac muscle cells a. Alpha 1: binding with NE = excitation b. Alpha 2: binding with NE= inhibition 2. Beta: on cardiac, smoot, and skeletal muscle cells in the liver, kidney, and adipose tissue a. Beta 1: cardiac muscle cells, liver cells, kidney cells; binding with E = excitation  b. Beta 2: smooth muscle cells in blood vessels of heart and skeletal muscles; binding with E = inhibition c. Beta 3: on adipocytes; binding with E = excitation -> lipolysis 3. Chapter 8- What is false about the integumentary system a. Study statements 4. Chapter 4- motor molecules a. Myosin i. Crawl on microfilaments ii. Made of G actin monomers iii. Functions: support/shape cell membrane; transport cytoplasmic vesicles; cell crawling; pinch cell in two to form daughter cells during cell division b. Kinesin & Dynein i. Crawl on microtubules ii. Made of tubulin subunits iii. Functions: distribute organelles in cytoplasm; movement of large cell projections; enable duplicate chromosomes to separate during cell division c. *intermediate filaments* i. No motor molecules ii. Usually made of keratin protein iii. Functions: reinforce cell junctions; prevent cells from pulling apart; major component in hair and nails 5. Chapter 12- Joints a. Synchondroses: temporary joint; usually replaced by bone tissue i. Example: epiphyseal plate b. Syndesmoses: a fibrous joint in which collagen fibers hold two parallel joints together i. Ampiarthrotic ii. Example: tibiofibular ligament c. Suture: fibrous joint only found in the skull made of short collagen fibers d. Synostosis: fuses two bones together to make one bone AKA bony joint 6. Chapter 5- central dogma a. Transcription: RNA synthesis; first step in central dogma; DNA ->RNA b. Translation: protein synthesis: RNA-> protein c. 40s 60s ribosomes: Eukaryotic ribosomal subunits involved in protein synthesis d. 50s 30s: prokaryotic ribosomal subunits involved in protein synthesis 7. Chapter 17- Part of the brain and what it does a. Where is the primary motor cortex: precentral gyrus b. What part is responsible for balance and equilibrium: cerebellum 8. Chapter 17- Part of the brain and what it does a. Perceive light in occipital lobe b. Perceive sound in temporal lobe 9. Chapter 6- Osmosis  a. Osmotic pressure: tendency of a solution to gain water because of its osmolarity b. Hydrostatic pressure: pressure exerted by water because of its volume or the effect of gravity c. Isotonic: solution has the same concentration of nonpermeating solute particles as the cells cytosol d. Hypertonic: solution has a higher concentration of nonpermeating solute than a cell and causes the cell to lose water e. Crenation: cells that are losing water may often take on a ‘spiny’ appearance f. Hypotonic: solution has a lower concentration of nonpermeating solute particles than the cell and causes the cell to gain water and cell g. Lysis: cells swell so much they rupture 10. Chapter 17- Spinal cord and tracts of spinal cord a. Ascending tracts = sensory tracts i. Fasciculus ii. Spinothalamic iii. Spinocerebellar b. descending tracts = motor tracts i. Corticobulbar ii. Cortiospinal iii. Vestibulospinal iv. Tectospinal v. Reticulospinal vi. Rubruospinal 11. Chapter 6- type of movement through a membrane requires atp a. Passive transport: does not require energy to move substances across membranes; moves substrates down a concentration gradient b. Active transport: moves a substrate against a concentration gradient i. Primary active transport: uses energy derived from ATP molecules to change a carrier’s shape in order to move a substrate across a membrane against a concentration gradient ii. Secondary active transport: uses the kinetic energy released during facilitated transport of one substance to move another substance through the same carrier protein; a single carrier binds several substrates and transports them through the membrane at the same time; one of these substrates moves down the concentration gradient while the other moves along or against the gradient. c. 4 major ions higher inside vs outside gradients i. Outside: sodium, calcium, cholrids; inside: potassium 12. Chapter 9- Bones growing a. Longitudinal bone growth: bone grows longer at the epiphyseal plate b. Appositional bone growth: bone grows wider; occurs when osteoblasts add matrix to the bones outer surface faster than osteoclasts can remove it. c. Deposition: formation of osseous tissue  i. Requires: formation of osteoid secreting bone cells, secretion of osteoid, precipitation of calcium salts in the osteoid to form a hard matrix 1. Steps: development of osteoblasts 2. Secretion of osteoid 3. Calcification of osteoid d. Resorption: destruction of bone matrix and subsequent diffusion of its minerals into the blood; bones minerals are being absorbed into the blood a second time (re) i. Steps: development of osteoclasts ii. Secretion of acids and enzymes iii. Formation of resorption pit (Howship's lacunae) 13. Chapter 14- Smooth muscle a. Single unit= = visceral muscle i. Groups of muscle fibers contract together as one unit b. Multi Unit: each muscle fiber lies next to a varicosity or an axon terminal of a motor neurons c. Visceral organs vs eyeball movement d. Precise vs gross movements ( small vs large muscle movements) 14. Chapter 17- Decussation a. Axons connecting higher brain centers with the spinal cord cross over in the medulla oblongata; each side of the brain monitors and controls the opposite side of the body 15. Gray vs white matter a. CNS gray matter i. Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, nuclei, dorsal, ventral, and lateral hons b. CNS white matter i. Corpus callosum, internal capsule, association fibers, projection fibers, dorsal, ventral, and lateral columns c. PNS gray matter i. Dorsal root ganglia, autonomic ganglia d. PNS white matter i. Peripheral nerves, cranial nerves, sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves 16. Part of the brain and what it does a. Reflexes i. Flinching ii. Corpora quad 1. Inferior Colliculi: auditory reflex 2. Superior colliculi: visual reflex 17. Chapter 3- what is false a. Enzymes and substrates i. Maltase works on maltose ii. Sucrose works on sucrase  iii. Hydrolysis 18. Chapter 1- feedback a. Positive vs negative feedback i. Snowball example, forest fire ii. Running out of gas for the car is not feedback, needs a reaction 19. Chapter 14: Energy for skeletal muscle a. Glycolysis: converts one glucose molecule into two molecules of pyruvic acid and then into lactic acid (build up of lactic acid lowers pH of cytosol and disrupts metabolic reactions and diminishes muscles ability to contract) i. Generates ATP ii. Supplies substrates and energy to mitochondria iii. Occurs with out without oxygen (anaerobic) iv. Muscle fibers can continue to generate ATP long after depleting stores of CP v. Marathons b. Aerobic respiration: slowest method of converting ADP to ATP i. Aerobic ii. Represents final stages of glucose breakdown iii. Breaks down fatty acids and amino acids c. Resting- using lipids d. Moving- glucose 20. Chapter 20: Things in the eye, what is false a. Photopigments i. Rods: rhodopsin 1. Scotopsin (glycoprotein) 2. Retinal (vitamin A -> carotene) ii. Cones: iodopsin 1. Photopsins: erythrolabe, chololabe, cyanolabe b. Lens changing shape i. Closer object = round lens, contracted ciliary muscle ii. Far object = flat lens, relaxed ciliary muscle, further than 20 feet 21. Chapter 20: What is least related to smell 22. Chapter 3: Free radicals and antioxidants 23. Chapter 14: Stimulating skeletal muscle a. EMG i. Resting potential ii. Refractory period b. Myogram i. Latent period ii. Contraction period iii. Relaxation period c. Internal tension: force generated within the muscle for contractions d. External tension: the force transmitted from the muscle to the external environment 24. Chapter 5: Central dogma a. Different ways to say it i. Instead of dna -> double stranded 25. Chapter 20: Hearing a. Transmit soundwaves through external ear to inwards b. Creating vibrations c. Organ of corti d. Spiral, higher pitch vs lower pitch windows, helicotrema 26. Chapter 18: Cranial nerve, sensory, motor, mixed 27. Chapter 12: Joints a. Cartilaginous joint b. Synchondrosis- immovable cartilaginous joint c. Mensici d. Intracapsular and extracapsular ligaments e. Collateral ligaments f. Periodontal ligaments g. gomphosis - special fibrous joint h. Intervertebral disc- nucleus pulposus 28. Chapter 6: What is false a. Transporting things inside cell b. Endocytosis i. Pinocytosis: cell drinking (cell ingests a small amount of extracellular fluid) ii. Phagocytosis: cell eating (large solid particles) c. Receptor mediated: cell engulfs something because it knows what it is 29. Chapter 5: Dna replication- no picture a. Dna polymerase I, II, III b. Primases, ligases c. Lagging vs leading strand (statements) 30. Chapter 20: What is false about the eye a. Bleaching photopigments b. Photoreceptors hyperpolarize in order to see c. cones, rods, wavelengths d. Regenerate and bleach constantly e. Photoreceptor and bipolar cells f. Saccadic eye movement- quick and jerky 31. Chapter 18: Not a characteristic of the PNS 32. Chapter 7 tissues Part of connective tissue matrix a. Ground substance: the liquid component i. Contains: water, ions, nutrients, metabolites, adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans 33. Chapter 17: Cerebrospinal fluid a. Where its made and where it drains b. Cushions brain and spine 34. Chapter 17: Brain and spinal cord  a. Csf, protecting, removal of waste, provide nutrients i. Made in ventricles and choroid plexus ii. Drained in arachnoid vili 35. Chapter 14: Things you could see on an EMG vs myogram a. Refractory period b. Contraction period c. Latent period d. Relaxation period e. Membrane potentials in skeletal muscle f. Reversal of polarity 36. Chapter 5- cell cycle a. Transcription (RNA synthesis) only happens during the G1 phase (linear dna) b. Okazaki fragments occur in DNA replication during the S phase 37. Chapter 20: Eye a. Accommodation b. Photoreceptors c. Depolarization or hyperpolarization d. Afterimaging e. Saccadic eye movement f. Visual acuity- lens accommodation 38. Chapter 16: neuroglia a. Glial cells do not conduct impulses- they help neurons conduct impulses faster b. PNS i. Satellite cells: form protective ii. Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes): form myelin sheaths around axons c. CNS i. Oligodendrocytes: make myelin sheaths around axons ii. Astrocytes: maintain homeostasis in ECF; regulate movement between blood and neurons iii. Microglia: engulfs foreign particles (phagocytic) iv. Ependymal cell: ciliated; make CSF 39. Chapter 8- how to make precursors for vitamin d and how it is activated and used to stimulate organs to make proteins 40. Chapter 6: Osmosis a. Which one is hypertonic or hypotonic to the others, which one loses or gains water i. 100 mls of 5% glucose contains less glucose than 120 mls of 5% glucose ii. 100 mls of 5% glucose contains more weight than 100 mls of 0.9% NaCl iii. 100 mls of 5% glucose contains the same concentration of solute as 120 mls of 5% glucose iv. 4% glucose is hypoosmotic to a normal human cell v. 0.9% NaCl solution has the same osmotic pressure as normal blood plasma  vi. A 5% glucose is initially isotonic to a human cell, but the cell will swell after remaining in a beaker containing 5% glucose vii. A 5% glucose solution has about the same concentration of diffusible water as a solution with an osmolarity of 300 mOsm/L viii. A solution that is 2.5% glucose and.45% NaCl is isotonic to a human cell ix. Human cells contain less than 300 mOsm/L glucose and less than 0.9% NaCl x. If 25 mL of 5% glucose is mixed with 45 mL of 0.9% NaCl, the new solution would initially be isotonic to a human cell xi. Mixing 200 mls of a 5% glucose with 100 mls of 300 mOsm/L NaCl yields a mixture with NaCl < 150 mOsm/L and glucose > 150 mOsm/L and osmolarity < 300 mOsm/L 41. What is false a. Inner ear b. Hearing c. Cochlea part of the body labrinth d. Membranous labyrinth e. Cochlear or corti- contains organ of corti f. Three chambers g. Short wavelength = high pitched h. Height of waves = intensity=decibels=logarithmic 42. Chapter 6: Dialysis a. A passive process involving the separation of different size solute particles using a semipermeable membrane i. Semi permeable membrane: only smaller solute particles can pass through b. Hypertonic= high osmotic pressure, high solute, low free water 43. Chapter 20: Lens accommodation a. Round lens b. Flat lens c. Ciliary muscle function d. Suspensory ligaments function 44. Chapter 14: How the brain changes muscle tension- factors affecting muscle tension a. Wave summation i. The effect of successive stimulations on muscle fiber tension ii. Each successive AP initiates a contraction wave larger than the previous b. Motor recruitment i. Small first then large 45. Chapter 8: What is false- Integumentary system a. Hair matrix cells b. Melanocytes & Melanosomes c. Sebaceous glands d. Eccrine sweat gland- merocrine e. Parts of hair & Hair follicle layers  f. Pilosebaceous units 46. Chapter 20: Ear a. Balance and equilibrium b. Sound c. Which parts are apart of the external, middle, inner ear d. Static equilibrium vs dynamic equilibrium e. Parts of membranous (organ of corti, maculae, christi)and bony labyrinth (cochlea, vestibule (static equilibrium, up and down movement), semicircular canals (dynamic equilibrium, angular motion) 47. Chapter 8: Fingernail a. Parts b. How it grows 48. Chapter 14?: What happens at a neuromuscular junction a. Axon terminal b. Motor end plate c. Excitation contraction coupling 49. Chapter 9 a. Factors affecting bone growth i. Proteins ii. Minerals: calcium, phosphorus, sulfur iii. Vitamins: C & D iv. Growth hormone: stimulate chondrocytes to make cartilage at epiphyseal discs v. Thyroxine: increases metabolic activity of cells vi. Sex hormones b. Hormones- growth hormone ( stimulates growth plates and promotes osteoblastic activity -> increases deposition) 50. Chapter 9: Things associated with deposition vs resorption a. Calcitonin: regulate blood calcium levels; increases deposition, decreases resorption b. Piezoelectric effect: certain materials generate an electrical charge when exposed to mechanical stress c. Parathormone d. Acids and enzymes 51. Chapter 8: What is false integumentary a. Papillary and reticular plexus b. Epidermis- epithelium c. True skin (dermis) is connective tissue, fibroblasts d. Arrector pili- smooth involuntary muscle- only innervated by parasympathetic NS 52. Chapter 8: Skin a. Thick vs thin skin- sebaceous gland in thick 53. Chapter 18: the sympathetic nervous system does not____ 54. Chapter 1: CMEGROAIMHI 55. Chapter 8: Which pairing has the least related items  a. Tissue b. Skin and what things consist of (ie tendons, dermis, etc) c. Tissue cell connections (gap junctions, tight junctions) and their corresponding proteins d. Bone tissue what is in compact vs spongy bone 56. Chapter 5: What is not present in ____ during ___ phase of cell cycle 57. Chapter 8: Process of keratinization in the skin 58. Chapter 6: Cell membrane- things on cell membrane a. CCREAM i. Channels, carriers, regulatory, enzymes, adhesion, markers 59. Chapter 17: Where in the NS is gray vs white matter 60. Chapter 17: Part of the brain and what it does 61. Chapter 20: Balance and equilibrium in inner ear a. Static vs dynamic equilibrium 62. Chapter 20: Pain a. Phasic b. Referred c. Phantom d. Chronic e. Tonic 63. Chapter 9: What is false- bone growth a. Intramembranous ossification b. Endochondral ossification c. Growth plates d. Bone matrix e. Inorganic vs organic components 64. Chapter 19: receptors a. Alpha, beta b. Endergonic c. Adrenic 65. Chapter 9: Osteons and trabeculae in bone a. Lamella b. Canuclicli c. Central canal 66. Chapter 18: Reflexes a. Pain reflex b. Inhibit extensor c. Cross extensor reflex 67. Chapter 17: Basal nuclei a. What they do b. Recognize name c. Semivoluntary motions 68. Chapter 5: What is false a. DNA replication  i. Primase: enzyme that involved in DNA replication 1. Brings RNA nucleotides that are complementary to the exposed DNA nucleotides on the template ii. Leading strand: new DNA polymer formed on template from the 5’ to 3’ direction iii. Okazaki fragment: the other template replicated in short segments away from the replication fork (still in 5’ to 3’ direction) iv. Lagging strand: the new DNA polymer formed on the other side of the replication fork b. Translation: RNA -> protein (last step in central dogma) i. tRNA: transfer RNA: brings amino acids to a ribosome so they can form a protein ii. rRNA: ribosomal RNA; structurally reinforces a ribosome any plays a role in linking amino acids together during protein synthesis iii. mRNA: messenger RNA; carries a copy of the DNA’s genetic message for protein synthesis from the nucleus to the ribosome iv. Methionine: first amino acid used in translation v. Steps of translation: 1. Binding mRNA with small ribosomal subunit 2. Formation of ribosome and entry of next tRNA 3. Formation of a peptide bond 4. Translocation 5. The stop codon ends translation c. Transcription: DNA -> RNA (first step in central dogma) i. Promoter: Region of DNA that initiates transcription ii. Steps of transcription: 1. RNA polymerase constructs RNA 2. RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template towards the 5’ end 3. Constructs RNA molecule in a 3’ to 5’ direction 69. Chapter 18: Which of these components would you need for a somatic reflex arc a. Going in i. Peripheral nerve ii. Spinal nerve iii. Ramus iv. Dorsal root v. Spinal cord \ b. Going out i. Ventral root ii. Spinal nerve iii. Ramus iv. Possibly plexus v. Peripheral nerve 70. Chapter 20: What is false  a. Maculae b. Crista c. Static equilibrium d. Dynamic equilibrium 71. Chapter 14: Sliding filament mechanism: Fill in blank i. Sliding filament theory steps: 1. Z discs move closer together 2. I bands become narrower 3. Zones of overlap become wider 4. H zones become narrower 5. Width of A bands remains constant b. Tropomyosin c. Calcium d. Troponin e. Power vs recovery stroke 72. Chapter 14: Different types of muscle contractions a. Eccentric b. Concentric c. Isotonic 73. Chapter 7- where you would find certain tissue a. Loose connective tissues: i. Lamina propria (areolar tissue below a mucous membrane) ii. reticular tissue: branched collagen fibers; forms internal framework of spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow iii. Adipose tissue: yellow and brown; armpits, neck and kidney regions b. Endothelium: simple squamous epithelium that lines the inside of blood and lymph vessels c. Mesothelium: d. Dense connective tissues i. Elastic tissue: elastin protein fibers; blood vessels, lungs, and vocal cords ii. Adipose tissue: loose, yellow and brown iii. Dense regular: collagen fibers arranged parallely with fibroblasts; tendons and ligaments iv. Dense irregular: irregularly arranged collagen fibers; in the skin and coverings of kidneys, bones and testes 74. Chapter 20: Eyeball anatomy which of the following is farthest away from ____ 75. Chapter 13- membrane potential a. Action potential: a rapid reversal in polarity, inside membrane becomes positive and outside becomes negative b. Two reversals of polarity c. Ions involved to depolarize or hyperpolarize a membrane 76. Chapter 20: Describe a function a. Round window b. Eustachian tube  c. Vestibule d. Auricle e. Conchae 77. Chapter 8: Skin color a. Melanin-relationship b. Melanocytes- relationship 78. Chapter 12- joints which joint is not a ______ (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial) a. Synchondrosis b. Gomphosis 79. Chapter 3- free radicals and antioxidants 80. Chapter 14: Smooth muscle contraction a. Steps: i. Formation of calcium-calmodulin complex ii. Activation of myosin kinase (myosin light-chain kinase) iii. Phosphorylation of light-chain region crossbridge iv. Binding of ATP to ATPase sight v. ATPase activity vi. Binding of crossbridge to actin vii. Cross bridge cycling viii. Relaxation of smooth muscle fiber ix. Latch state b. Must be phosphorylated twice c. Nothing is done to actin 81. Chapter 19: Nerve plexuses a. Brachial b. Sacral c. Ventral rami are brought together to form plexuses and then peripheral nerves branch off of those 82. Chapter 9: intramembranous ossification a. Fontanels i. Formation of ossification centers: osteogenic cells differentiate to become osteoblasts, which secrete osteoid which calcifies to form trabeculae ii. Development of woven bone: as more ‘non lamellar’ trabeculae emerge, they connect to become woven bone while blood vessels in the fibrous membrane become trapped in between the trabecule iii. Development of lamellar bone and periosteum: periosteum develops as collagen fibers and fibroblasts cluster along the perimeter of the fibrous membrane, osteoblasts continue to form bone matrix iv. Formation of marrow: trabecule grow thicker (spaces between them get smaller) tissue is called spongy bone (diploe) eventually blood vessels give rise to hematopoietic tissue (red marrow) which makes blood cells 83. Chapter 17: Part of the brain and what it does, which pairing is out of place 84. Chapter 6: Things moving in and out of a cell through the membrane  a. Passive transport: movement of substances across a membrane without ATP (no energy needed) i. Simple diffusion: movement directly through the lipid bilayer ii. Facilitated diffusion: movement through specific proteins in the membrane b. Active transport: moves a substrate against a concentration gradient (requires energy) i. Primary active transport: uses energy derived from ATP molecules to change a carriers shape in order to move a substrate across a membrane against a concentration gradient 1. Sodium-potassium pump: move Na+ ions out of the cell and K+ ions into the cell 2. Calcium pumps: transport Ca2+ ions out of the cell to maintain a low concentration in the cytosol than the ECF 3. Chloride pumps: transport Cl- ions out of the cell to maintain a low concentration in the cytosol than the ECF c. Channels: tunnels/pores in the membrane that allow specific ions/molecules to pass through based on size/charge; movement is fast (facilitated diffusion) d. Carriers: binding site of specific molecules/ions; slower than channels (facilitated diffusion (passive) active transport) 85. Chapter 20: Fluid in eyeball a. Aqueous humor, made & drained etc b. Vitreous humor, made & drained, etc 86. Chapter 16: a. Regeneration tubes b. Neurilemma (sheath of schwann): external, cytoplasmic part of schwann cells c. Nodes of ranvier (neurofibril nodes): tiny gaps between schwann cells 87. Chapter 4 motor molecules a. Myosin, dynein, kinesis b. Cytoskeleton 88. Chapter 20: What is false about the eye a. Photoreceptors and photopigments b. Sensitivity of photopigments (dim vs bright light) c. Iodopsin and rhodopsin, colors, photopsin 89. Chapter 8: Different things in the skin and what they do a. Sweat glands b. Sebaceous glands 90. Chapter 3: enzyme inhibition a. Allosteric b. Competitive 91. Chapter 20: What is least related to hearing 92. Chapter 6: Movement of vesicles in the cell a. Bulk transport- too big to go through a carrier- endocytosis, exocytosis 93. Chapter 5  a. sa/v ratio; what it means to increase or decrease it (question is correlated to cell cycle?) i. Decreasing SA/V Ratio: The cell has less surface area relative to its volume, making it harder to transport enough nutrients in and waste out efficiently. ii. Increasing SA/V Ratio: Happens when a cell is smaller, making it easier to manage nutrient and waste exchange. iii. When the SA/V ratio becomes too small (as the cell grows large): The cell can no longer maintain its needs efficiently. This triggers signals for the cell to enter the cell cycle and prepare for division. 94. What is false chapter 6 a. Osmotic pressure: tendency of a solution to gain water because of its osmolarity b. Swelling: caused by a hypotonic solution; the solution has a lower concentration of solute particles than the cell does, so the cell gains water and swells up and can eventually rupture c. Crenation: cell is shriveling up usually due to a hypertonic solution; the solution has a higher concentration of solute than the cell does so the cell loses water 95. Chapter 20: Smell and taste a. Olfactory neurons- replaced every two months b. Sustenacular cells c. Basal cell d. Cribriform plate e. Ethmoid bone 96. Chapter 9: Factors affecting bone growth a. Proteins, minerals, vitamins, calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, GH, PTH, sex hormones b. Activities of different bone cells i. Osteoclasts: increase resorption ii. Osteoblasts: secrete osteoid, increasing deposition 97. Chapter 20: Dynamic equilibrium a. Flipping, spinning etc b. Which organ experiences the most motion c. Semicircular ducts and canals 98. Chapter 12: Joints what is this joints classification a. Diarthroitc b. Syndesmosis c. Suture d. Synovial 99. Chapter 12: What is not a function of synovial fluid a. Cartilage nourishment b. Lubrication 100. Chapter 17: Sleep a. Rem b. Nonrem