Exam 4-Bio 111 PDF

How many bonds are between A, T: 2 How many bonds are between G, C: 3 How do we tag proteins: has sulfur but no phosphate How do we tag DNA: has phosphate but no sulfur Is DNA semi conservative or fully conservative: semi conservative What does semi conservative mean: each new double helix form...

How many bonds are between A, T: 2 How many bonds are between G, C: 3 How do we tag proteins: has sulfur but no phosphate How do we tag DNA: has phosphate but no sulfur Is DNA semi conservative or fully conservative: semi conservative What does semi conservative mean: each new double helix formed consists of one original strand from the parent DNA molecule and one newly synthesized strand, essentially \"conserving\" half of the original DNA in each new copy. Energy of DNA synthesis (endergonic): All nucleotides have 3 phosphates which have a lot of potential energy because they have negative charges. These negative charges make them repel each other. In bacteria DNA replicates in ? location(s): 1 In humans DNA replicates in ? location(s): many What is the primer in DNA synthesis: RNA (Ex: 3'AATTGCA5' the primer to this is, 5'UUAACGU3' DNA polymerase: An enzyme that makes new DNA by assembling nucleotides. Proof reads DNa and corrects it. Very accurate. 5' to 3' How does DNA polymerase realise when it has made a mistake: it creates a bump which signals it to correct the mistake. Primase: makes the primer inorder to give DNA polymerase a place to start. This primer is made of RNA Ligase: glues the Okazaki fragments together. DNA helicase: breaks hydrogen bonds between DNA strands. Single strand DNA Binging Proteins (SSBPs): attach to separated strands to prevent them from closing. Topisomerase: cuts and rejoins DNA to relieve tension caused by unwinding DNA. DNA replication: [[Video]](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qqe4thU-os8) Replisome: multiple enzymes working together to synthesise DNA. Sliding clamp: what holds the DNA poly to the DNA. Telomerase: during synthesis of the lagging strand Okazaki fragments are created which leads to an overhanging DNA strand. We can not afford to lose that piece of over hanging DNA so telomerase adds nucleotides to it which allows the primer to add RNA and then DNA poly assembles the nucleotides from the RNA and the DNA template. [[Video]](https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=e0e85ad122f2e6e2&sxsrf=ADLYWIIzuL9TT8T9m_qYxjm-UFbz_PO3cg:1733021705037&q=telomerase+okazaki&udm=7&fbs=AEQNm0Aa4sjWe7Rqy32pFwRj0UkWd8nbOJfsBGGB5IQQO6L3J7pRxUp2pI1mXV9fBsfh39JqJxzRlphkmT2MeVSzs3MQCUNkeUaVjRp3Bu8J5s0Uhsm4Un3k7P8QcgK0Xcm9TgKvFSXVcohClH6pO63SoxNkmqDy85IrkBtdfpjD50jOMDHZu6CuaFpRxf86DYDDpiwd-Dm8T0jzmHvzKrANY3-gEW-lng&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiymPf4yIWKAxUxFFkFHcOdKR0QtKgLegQIGBAB&biw=1440&bih=812&dpr=2#fpstate=ive&vld=cid:3602e3e3,vid:I583ARLUWw4,st:0) DNA Replication in Eukaryotes -- Biology Part I Telomeres: located at the end of chromosomes. They shorten as we age. This why we die. How does UV damage DNA: UV makes the DNA structure crooked because it adds kinks to it.The structure of these kinks are made of thymine dimers.  Nucleotide excision repair: when thymine dimers are cut out and replaced by healthy nucleotides. Where does transcription (DNA to RNA) take place: Nucleus Where does translation take place: cytoplasm RNA pol: synthesizes RNA. does not need a primer. 5' to 3'. How many RNA pol do prokaryotes have: 1 How many RNA pol do eukaryotes have: at least 3 RNA synthesis: unlike DNA synthesis one small section of the DNA is unwound instead of the whole thing. RNA poly adds nucleotides to one strand of the DNA (also called the template strand). This process leads to the creation of multiple types of RNA (Ex: mRNA, tRNA, etc). [[Video]](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YlOqI3PQwjo) Where does protein synthesis happen: ribosome How many bases does a codon have: 3 (Ex: AUG) Why do we need 3 bases inorder to make a codon: 3 bases are needed because we have 20 amino acids and the minimum amount of bases we need to get to at least 20 amino acids is 3. Furthermore, 3 bases leads to us getting 64 codons which means that we that multiple codons code for a single amino acids. Codon \| Definition, Diagram & Examples - Lesson \| Study.com Deletion mutation: detrimental mistake. No protein functions. Addition mutation: detrimental mistake. No protein functions. Point mutation: when one nucleotide is affected. Impact level varies depending on the exact location of the mutation (Ex: a point mutation that messes up the start codon (AUG) is much more serious than when it messes up the end codon). Missense mutation: when an amino acid is changed. Silent mutation: changes amino acid to itself, thus not causing complications (Ex: Val to val). Frameshift mutation: Alters multiple codons. Nonsense mutation: when the stop codon is added too early. 3 letter deletion: Sometimes proteins can be functional. AUG: the start codon for translation. Promoter and termination: what starts and ends transcription. Why is base-pair deletion (frameshift) worse than codon deletion: because if one base pair is deleted all the amino acids after it get messed up but if codon deletion happens all the amino after it are fine.  Is the TATTA box in the promoter or terminator: promoter What process happens in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotes? Transcription and translation happened at the same time in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotes. How does the primary transcript in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell compare to the functional mRNA? The primary transcript is larger than the mRNA because it has introns and exons. mRNA only has exons. RNA processing: 1-splicing 2-5' cap and 3' poly A tail Splicesome: responsible for splicing/removing introns from mRNA. tRNA has anticodons mRNA has codons What does tRNA do: tRNA has anticodons that translate RNA codons into amino acids. Different sites in the ribosome during translation: ​​ -E site: Exit. -P site: Peptidyl-tRNA. -A site: Aminoacyl-tRNA. Translation steps: 1.Initiation: -Ribosome binds mRNA at the start codon. 2.Elongation: -tRNA brings amino acids to the A site. -Peptide bonds form; ribosome shifts along mRNA. 3.Termination: -Stop codons signal release factors to disassemble the ribosome. Post-Translational Modification: -Folding by molecular chaperones -Modification like phosphorylation and glycosylation of function proteins.