Exam 3 Study Guide PDF

EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE Lecture 18 – Poverty and Global Health; Food Insecurity and Obesity (Tanumihardjo) Key terms: Food security: access by all Food insecurity:limited or Hunger: the uneasy or people at all times to uncertain availability of painful sensation caused enough foo...

EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE Lecture 18 – Poverty and Global Health; Food Insecurity and Obesity (Tanumihardjo) Key terms: Food security: access by all Food insecurity:limited or Hunger: the uneasy or people at all times to uncertain availability of painful sensation caused enough food for an active, nutritionally adequate by a lack of food. The healthy life. Food security and safe foods or limited recurrent and involuntary includes at a minimum 1. or uncertain ability to lack of access to food; the ready availability of acquire acceptable foods individual-level nutritionally adequate/safe in socially acceptable physiological condition foods 2. assured ability to ways; aka low and very that may result from food acquire acceptable foods low food security. Low insecurity in socially acceptable ways; refers to diet quality being high and marginal food affected. Very low refers security. Food intake not to disrupted eating with affected. decreased in US hunger from 89.5% (2020) to 86.5% (2023); even less for children Hidden hunger: when an Malnutrition: mal= bad; Healthy Eating Index (HEI): individual suffers from nutrition= process of USDA healthy eating index specific nutrient absorbing nutrients from is a summary measure of deficiencies (ie. iron, folic food and processing them the overall diet quality. It acid, and vitamin A); but in the body in order to provides a picture of the they do not have any overt keep healthy/grow; is the type and quantity of foods clinical signs of result of lack in proper people eat and the degree malnutrition. The most nutrition - this could be to which diets comply with common example of not having enough to eat, specific recommendations hidden hunger in the US is not having access to iron status among nutritious foods, or having women—not just in imbalances in types of developing countries! food eaten. Nutrition education: e.g. foodwise– a federally funded program working to make the healthy choice  the easy choice; healthy choices for not a lot of $--become more food secure and encourage healthful choices for low income families Key concepts: Relevant SDGs o SDG 2, 3, 10, 11 Factors contributing to overweight/obesity o Demographics and family resources leading to ▪ Food insufficiency ▪ Exercise risks ▪ Health care risks o Past nutrition/health/social risks o Genetic factors The relationship between socioeconomic factors, overweight/obesity, food security, and hunger in the US o Obesity as a function of income and education ▪ particularly map onto one another; more education, lower obesity rates; greater income, less poverty ▪ because of family food insufficiency o Weight characteristics of households by food insecurity; means and proportion obese ▪ Household insecure BMI mean= 28.2 (greater than food secure → 25.6) % obese = 27% (way greater than food secure → 26%) o How does food security relate to income? ▪ higher density/calorie foods are lower cost → obesity ▪ food energy intakes are higher in lower cost diets ▪ log GDP per capita vs. total obesity %; Global scale—higher income countries have greater total obesity US at the upper right corner  Trends and disparities in obesity prevalence and poverty rates in Wisconsin, the US, and globally o Prevalence of adult obesity in the US by racial/ethnic group ▪ Non-hispanic-white: 28.7 % ▪ Non-hispanic black: 39.9 ▪ Mexican American: 34.4 ▪ All: 30.5 o Prevalence of obesity among adults by race 2009-2010 o By sex and race 2009-2010: ▪ More prevalent in women (most in non-hispanic black with 49.7%) o Poverty rates by race and hispanic origin ▪ 1999: 23.6% Black, 22.8% hispanic, 9.8% white poverty stagnant in WI since Great recession ▪ 2018: 17.6% Hispanic, 20.8% Black, 10.1% White, 25.4% Native American o Obesity in WI Native Americans ▪ >80% of adults are overweight or obese (approx 69% in WI) ▪ >60% are obese (22% nationally) ▪ Highest incidence for any minority group ▪ overweight in children is increasing faster than any other group of children  o By late Oct 2020, 1 out of every 5 American kids was living in poverty conditions. And it’s much worse for Black and Latino families ▪ 2 out of 3 black children (and slightly less for latinos) live in households that have “trouble covering usual expenses” according to a Bureau Household Pulse survey in 2021 o Latest data? ▪ 2023: 11.1% in poverty; childhood supplemental measure went from 5.2% to 12.9% from 2021 → 2023 Food insecurity levels (low vs. very low), how it is measured, what are the challenges o Least severe/low: a household that runs out of food, is uncertain about their ability to obtain sufficient food, and begins to compromise the quality of the family diet ▪ Low= diet quality affected o Most severe/very low: A household that has hungry children in it as judged by the parents ▪ Very low = disrupted eating with hunger o What is currently being measured? ▪ often not enough to eat → sometimes not enough to eat → enough food, but not always the kind wanted → enough of the kinds of foods wanted o Challenges in assessing food insecurity ▪ establishing a relationship between food security, health outcomes, and quality of life ▪ Determining the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral changes that occur The impact of the COVID pandemic on food security and hunger o In 2020, more than 45 million people (including 15 million children) faced hunger bc of the coronavirus o The number of Americans in households experiencing hunger rose from 7.8 million in 1999 to 9.6 million in 2003, an increase of 24% Food and poverty value system o Values in poverty  ▪ certain values shape our thoughts and actions ▪ Economic class is a continuous line, not a clear cut distinction ▪ Some of these values or “hidden rules” are unique to the economic class that we’re raised in ▪ Example: food ▪ ▪ Example: driving force ▪ ▪ Example: Physical appearance (and exercise risks_ ▪ HEI – what does it measure, what do the results indicate, relationship to income and education in the US Components: degree to which diet conforms to recommended servings total fat consumption as a percentage of total food energy  total cholesterol intake total sodium intake diet variety Healthy eating index scores o max is 100 o >80 implies good diet o 51-80 implies a diet that needs improvement o