Exam 2 Review PDF

Exam 2 Review Explain Sensation, Transduction, and Perception Sensation is a physical process, that everything we see in this world comes from light waves and everything we hear comes from sound waves. (Neuroimpulse is the firing and wiring) Transduction is the process that has to happen in order...

Exam 2 Review Explain Sensation, Transduction, and Perception Sensation is a physical process, that everything we see in this world comes from light waves and everything we hear comes from sound waves. (Neuroimpulse is the firing and wiring) Transduction is the process that has to happen in order for us to process of lightwaves and sound waves perception is more of the psychological process of making sense of a stimuli. The goal is to get into the level of perception. Name sensory receptors for each sense? -visual: rods and cons which convert lightwaves into neural impulses -auditory: hair cells -olfaction: olfactory receptor which binds to odorant molecules which signals to the brain as smell -pain nociceptor: nociceptor which sends signals into the brain which triggers the sensation of pain.  What is the Absolute threshold refer to the minimum stimulation necessary to detect a single sensation (one single sensation at a time) an example can be hearing test  What is Just Noticeable Difference -What is Weber’s law The just noticeable difference is the minimum for people to sense two stimuli at a time Weber's law- it’s harder to tell the difference between two large sounds or large stimuli’s then it is to really small sounds or small stimuli Name the structures of eye involved in: -Light regulation- the pupil and the iris is involved in light regulation. The pupil regulates the amount of light that comes into our eyes and our Iris does the same too but the Iris controls the pupil size. -Distance regulation - the lens regulates distance to see close up or see from afar -Color processing - cones are for color, cones help you see color.  Compare Light vs. Dark adaptation dark adaptation is our ability to go into a dark environment (sensitizes your rods to the darkness) lightwaves is the ability to go into a light environment (cones are not quite as active if you walk into the bright light when in a dark room for a long time)  What is Gestalt theory - gestalt theory the human mind has a natural and automatic tendency to receive whole images over individual parts (we see what we are expected to see)  Compare Fast vs. Slow pain nerve fibers fast pain nerve fibers - they are carrying sharp and intense pain (fast pain nerve fibers are contained with a lot of myelin sheath) slow pain nerve fibers- dull and achy pain (traveling through these relatively never fibers really slow because they don't have a lot of myelin sheath)  Define the following classical conditioning terms: -Neutral stimulus - a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning (neutral) -Unconditioned stimulus - natural response so it is a stimulus that produces a response -Unconditioned response :there is no learning required it is just a natural reflex. -Conditioned stimulus - through a repeating trial, a natural will elicit a learned response -Conditioned response - a learned response, learning is required  What is generalization and extinction in classical conditioning? generalization- tendency for stimuli to produce a learned response extinguish- learned behavior fades overtime without the presentation of unconditional stimulus. What is operant conditioning? learning to associate our behaviors with consequences what are types of reinforcement - positive reinforcement - adding something on to you that you find pleasant to do something again Negative reinforcement- trying to get you to do something by removing something we don't like -what are types of punishment were trying to reduce a behavior frequency Positive punushment trying to get you to do something less often by giving something you don't like. Negative punishment- trying to reduce the behavior by removing something from the person Explain ratio (fixed/variable) and interval (fixed/variable) reinforcement schedules Fixed ratio: reinforcement after a specified number of responses Variable ratio: reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses variable ratio rs- random or unpredictable What is the process of memory E(encoding): getting information into our brain S(storage) retaining information in memory R(retrieval) getting the information back out of memory  Recall vs. recognition Recall: retrieving information without external cues Recognition: retrieving info with external cues like remembering faces but not names  What is selective attention The tendency to attend to some pieces of info more than others. If we do not attend to certain pieces of info then recall is impossible because the info was not encoded to begin with. Explain the following types of memory in Atkins & Shiffrin’s model of storage: -sensory memory: the unattended information is lost -short-term memory: we are temporarily holding items in our head for like 20 seconds -long-term memory: it is relatively permanent and has a limitless amount of storage.  What is Working memory It is the active manipulation of information that holds info for longer in short term memory.  What is chunking Breaking down/ organizing items into meaningful units Compare maintenance vs. elaborative rehearsal The shallow encoding by repetition of how the words sound (repeating notes out loud) Elaborative rehearsal: deep encoding of infos meaning and relation to self What are two types of amnesia? Retrograde amnesia: The inability to retrieve past memories ex: alzheimer's Anterograde amnesia: Inability to form new memories -which type did patient H.M have? He had anterograde amnesia as his hippocampus was removed. -What brain area was compromised for H.M? The hippocampus Types of Long-term memory? Explicit long term memory: involves the conscious storage of information. It is the memory of names, dates and events. Implicit long term memory: involves the unconscious storage of information (via cerebellum) Explain dual process model a cognitive theory that explains how humans think and make decisions by distinguishing between two types of processing: Type 1: Fast, automatic, and non-conscious Type 2: Slow, controlled, and conscious -goals of each system? The main goal of system 1 is to help people make quick and hopefully accurate decisions.. The central goal of system 2 is to flexibly correct for failures of system 1.  What are cognitive misers? The tendency to be unwilling to do much extra thinking than necessary 3 Common heuristics? Availability Heuristic: Information accessibility as a cue for likelihood. Representativeness Heuristic: Judgments of likelihood based on how prototypical the case appears Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic: Tendency to anchor decisions on irrelevant information and adjust for that error insufficiency  What are schemas Knowledge structures or expectations about world ❑ Ex: Self - athletic, smart, sociable -what are schemas about people? Race and gender -what are schemas that guide behavior? Scripts For example, when interacting with a man I may introduce myself with a firm handshake, whereas when interacting with a women I may introduce myself with a hug. You may notice that scripts have relation to acting. When people learn their gender roles they begin to “act the part” similar to actors on the stage - we follow our scripts.  What is priming & the priming effect Priming: Planting or activating a schema in someone’s mind Priming effect: Processing advantages for primed information -compare supraliminal vs. subliminal priming  What is Spearman’s general intelligence theory? A single intelligence factor that underlies all mental abilities So if you were good at math you were also good in english  Compare Gardner and Sternberg’s intelligence theories Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence: identified eight independent intelligences While sternberg's intelligence believed there Three independent intelligences: Analytical (book smart) , practical (street smart) and creative  What is creative intelligence -What is functional fixedness? a cognitive bias that limits a person's ability to use an object for anything other than its intended purpose  Compare entity vs. incremental beliefs about intelligence Intelligence is fixed (entity belief) or can change w/ effort (incremental belief) People with incremental beliefs tend to exert more effort, have more motivation, and prioritize mastery goals over self-esteem goals (feeling good about oneself).  Compare achievement vs. aptitude tests Achievement tests: assess what a person has learned ❑ Intro psychology exams! Aptitude tests: predict your ability to learn a new skill ❑ “capacity to learn.” ❑ Ex: SAT/ACT scores