Exam 2 Review Outline PDF

Exam 2 Review Outline Topics Genetic Testing What is genetic testing? What are the different purposes of genetic testing? How is a genetic test different from other medical tests Genetic diseases carrier vs afflicted status What is the role...

Exam 2 Review Outline Topics Genetic Testing What is genetic testing? What are the different purposes of genetic testing? How is a genetic test different from other medical tests Genetic diseases carrier vs afflicted status What is the role of a Genetic Counselor? What types and when is Prenatal testing done? Ethical issues related to results? What is Carrier screening? When might this be done? What is Pre-implantation testing? Why would someone do this? What are examples of population screening? What are ways to do this effectively? What are errors to avoid? What is Specificity vs. sensitivity in testing? Who is this calculated? What is Newborn screening? When is this done and why? Mandatory vs, Elective screening FDA What are the different stages of Clinical trials covid/and or related to gene therapy? What is the purpose of each one? Gene Therapy What are the investigational requirements for a new drug? What are the clinical trial phases? What is gene therapy? What are the two general types of therapy? Can both be passed on to offspring? What are two ways gene therapy can be administered?  Somatic-Gene Therapy Understand the overall process shown in the figure on slide 7 for Kymriah and figure 21-6 on slide 10. How is that different than the process used for OTC? What is used as the vector for this process? What are some of the difficulties with gene therapy? What makes it so expensive? Germ-line What are reasons for not doing germ-line? Why don’t we modify embryos? Are there other better options available? GMO What is a genetically modified organism? What is recombinant DNA? How does cloning in bacteria work to make a lot of a product (protein) of interest? Understand the figure on slide 5, 21.13 What is the vector for modifying bacteria? What is a transgenic organism? Why can’t all recombinant proteins be made in bacteria? Why do we have Pharming instead? What is rBGH? What makes the rBGH? How is it used and what is the purpose? Genetically modified plants- How was the tomato modified to reduce ripening? How is this a genetic modification? Figure 4.17, slide 15 What is anti-pectinase gene? Why would a farmer want a plant that has the Bt gene? How does it change how they grow their crop? Why would a farmer want to grow Roundup Ready soybeans? How does it change how they grow their crop? Compare insect resistance to herbicide tolerance What are some example modifications that are beneficial to the consumer for plants? What agency decides which bioengineered foods need to be labeled? What are 4 reasons that genetically modified animals are made? What is pharming? What is a benefit to having a recombinant protein expressed in chicken egg whites or goat milk? What is the process for getting the recombinant protein to be expressed in your animal of choice for pharming? Why was the Atlantic salmon modified? If you eat salmon at a restaurant would you know if it was AquaAdvantage salmon? Blood What is the function of blood? What are the three major components of blood? How does plasma help to maintain homeostasis of the body? Where in the body are blood cells (formed elements) produced? What is this process called? What are the formed elements of the blood? What are the major functions of each? What carries oxygen in the blood? What protein is key to the process? What is oxyhemoglobin vs. deoxyhemoglobin? Why does malaria cause anemia? How is malaria transmitted? What is the vector? Blood types- Who is the universal donor? Who is the universal recipient? What happens if you receive an incorrect blood transfusion? An Rh- women is pregnant. Why would they give her RhoGAM at the end of her pregnancy? Blood clots are formed in two stages. What starts the reaction? What does it form? After this initial reaction what happens next? Cardiovascular system (partial) Slides 1-10 What is the cardiovascular system composed of? How is the structure of arteries and veins similar? What are the differences between them? How is a capillary different? Slide 5 figure Where is the exchange of nutrients/oxygen/waste occurring? What helps get blood back to the heart as it travels through your veins?