Skeletal Muscle Anatomy and Function PDF

8/1/2023 Skeletal Muscle Anatomy and Function Brandon Sawyer, PhD KIN3040 5 nigresue Anatomy...

8/1/2023 Skeletal Muscle Anatomy and Function Brandon Sawyer, PhD KIN3040 5 nigresue Anatomy made effusae of 2 AKA: Fascicle 1 3 AKA Muscle Cell 4 Myofibril 5 Sarcomere 6 3  8/1/2023 sarcomere is made of 2 band lines Sarcomere Z band Which filament slides? Actin Troponin Actin How is an eccentric contraction created? Slow relaxation of myosin heads, stretching of Myosin connective Tissue 7 How many actins around each myosin? 8 4  8/1/2023 largestEthnmans What role does titin play in the muscle fiber? eccentfntraction puttings Gwiggsundactin Nishikawa et al, 2012, Proc. R. Soc. B 9 his Efface When is a muscle the strongest? in themiddle ri k When is a muscle the weakest? actin out either extreme 10 5  8/1/2023 Full Range Practical Example: Bench Press of motion concentric A isometric B 11 most c c Group Question How do we define 1-repitition maximum? A. The maximum amount of weight that can be lowered in the eccentric phase B. The maximum amount of weight that can be raised in the concentric phase C. The maximum amount of weight that can be held in an isometric fashion o D. The maximum amount of weight that can be taken through the full range of motion and all phases of contraction 12 6  8/1/2023 Alpha Motor Neuron Where are all the cell bodies of motor neurons found? Found in spinal cord What is the language of communication between muscle and brain? Action potential What do the signals travel on? action potential travel on the axon 13 chemical The is Ach Synaptic Transmission messenger Which neurotransmitter is found in the NMJ? Ach Cacecytocholine What does the neurotransmitter binding to the muscle cell membrane cause? Nat influx leads to depolarization 14 7  8/1/2023 Group Question What is the role of the transverse tubules in muscle contraction? A. To pump ATP to the myosin heads B. To store and release Ca++ into the sarcolemma 0 C. To allow the action potential to spread from the cell membrane to the sarcoplasmic reticulum D. To release new actin, myosin and troponin when needed are thicker than atmusclecellsRBC 15 The Role of the T-Tubule 16 8  8/1/2023 Calcium’s Role in Contraction Where does the calcium come from? sarcong am How does calcium allow a muscle contraction to occur? Binging and 17 Cross-Bridge Cycling https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=BVcgO4 Figure 1.9 in Text p88AA I What breaks down (hydrolyzes) ATP? ATPase 2 Where/when is ATP hydrolyzed? 3 6 Where is the power stroke 3 (where movement actually 5 occurs?) 5 4 18 9  8/1/2023 Release of Pi Leads to Spring Back of Myosin How does the release of Pi allows the myosin head to spring back 19 Fiber types: – Type I: slow-twitch, oxidative What are they used for? cyclingmarathon – Type II: IIa: fast-twitch, oxidative, glycolytic – What are these used most for? middledistance IIx: fast-twitch, glycolytic – What are these used most for? 10 20sec individualmovementspower 20 10  8/1/2023 Fiber Typing Based on Myosin ATPase “Fast Twitch” Fibers have a different form of ATPase than “slow twitch” Naming of fibers based: of ATPase Fast or slow Type myosin And used Primary energy system 21 Fiber Typing Based on Enzyme Staining Type I – Slow Oxidative (SO): Red Fibers Type IIa – Fast Oxidative Glycolytic (FOG): Mixed Fibers Type IIx – Fast Glycolytic (FG): White Fibers Type I Type IIa Type IIx 22 11  8/1/2023 Muscle Biopsy PLNU Alum: Steph Gagnon, PhD Staff Scientist UCSF 23 24 12  8/19/2022 Nervous System KIN3040 Brandon Sawyer 1 Nervous System spindord What’s it made up of? CNS Brain SC axons Peripheral newsstem 2 1  8/19/2022 S Membrane Potential Which side is positive? outside Which is negative? de transpon 3 Primqyg Resting Membrane Potential State of Na+ gates: – closed restingstate State of K+ gates: – closed Movement of ions no net What maintains resting membrane potential? 3things 4 2  8/19/2022 Stimulus is Received What receives the spinal cord stimulus to start an Action potential? Brain Dendrites or soma Where does the action muscle potential begin? Axon Hillock 5 Depolarization State of Na+ gates: – open State of K+ gates: – closed Movement of ions: Nat in 6 3  8/19/2022 Repolarization State of Na+ gates (both gates): – inactivated State of K+ gates: – open Movement of ions: kt out 7 Hyperpolarization State of Na+ gates (both gates): – inactivated – Resting State of K+ gates: – open – closed Movement of ions: – Early: kt out – Late: none 8 4  8/19/2022 A B Ion Flow For each figure state 1. Which ions are flowing which direction 2. The name of the stage 3. The correct order of events C D 9 Action Potentials All or None Principle: – Definition: Novariationin amplitude – How does variation occur? Frequency Absolute refractory period: Duringrepolarization – Cause? inactivated Natchannel What is the purpose of the refractory period? One direction of AP flow 10 5  8/19/2022 Action Potential What is myelin? lipid How does it work? resists electricity What is this type transduction called? 11 saltatory transduction Comprehension Question An action potential is caused by _______ of the cell membrane which is primarily due to a rush of ________ into the cell. A. Repolarization/Na B. Depolarization/K C. Change in potential/K D. Depolarization/Na 12 6  8/19/2022 Review Question What chemical goes into the neuron when an action potential arrives at the end of the neuron? A. Calcium B. Sodium C. Acetylcholine D. Acetyl-CoA 13 The neuromuscular junction – 3 components: – What is the neurotransmitter? Ach – Where is the neurotransmitter formed? in axonterminal Axon terminal Axon Terminal cleft synaptic endplate motor 14 7  8/19/2022 Arrival of AP What does the AP in the motor end plate cause? voltagegated Ca influx channels cart What does that lead to? Acnrelease 15 AP on Muscle Cell What does ACh binding to the receptor cause? Natinflux kt efflux How does this stimulate the muscle cell? Depolarization 16 8  8/19/2022 Important Review: Write it out: Step by step from brain to joint movement 17 Motor Units Definition: – All of the muscle cells innervated by 1 motor neuron MUs vary in number of muscle cells All or nothing – Fine control: 2-5 cells – Powerful gross movement: 1000-2000 cells 18 9  8/19/2022 Sustained Contraction Achieved by rotating active motor units 19 Variation of Contraction Force strength is all about signal frequency of action potential First: mu TEE – Signal strength from higher brain centers to primary motor cortex dictates how many MUs contract – Also depends on which MUs contract and how many Small ones first → gradually larger as stimulus increases Second: – Within 1 MU depends on the frequency of APs higher frequency → more Ca2+ released → more myosin heads touching actin → more strength mi 20 10  8/19/2022 Smaller and larger Mus stimulated, high frequency AP on each more force generated Smaller Mus stimulated, low AP Low “Strength” stimulus frequency on each High “Strength” stimulus less force generated Group of interneurons between higher brain centers and primary motor cortex Group of motor neurons for the biceps brachii 21 Application Sitting at desk using pectoralis major muscles while typing – Type of stimulus: – Which motor units used: – Number of motor units: Using pectoralis major muscles to throw a punch (hook) – Type of stimulus: – Which motor units used: – Number of motor units: 22 11  8/19/2022 Holy Ground Exodus 3:5 5 “Do not come any closer,” God said. “Take off your sandals, for the place where you are standing is holy ground. 1 Metabolism KIN 3040 Brandon Sawyer 2 1  8/19/2022 Fuel for Metabolism 0 0 3 here ATPis made Mitochondria Matrix not individual beans Why folded layers? 4889849 Origins? VS. – DNA Thefolded layer int siace for the ETC 4 MinEEEna them.EE t'aria like whatit mitochondria DNA ONLY from mom 2  8/19/2022 Unstable bonds, due to – charges pushing against each other At any instant each cell contains about 1 billion ATP molecules, enough to last about 3 minutes at rest 30 trillion cells → how many ATP molecules? 5 ADP ATP hydrolysis Its ATP + H2O ADP + Pi + Energy Myosin About 7.3 kcal/mole ATPase of ATP 6 3  8/19/2022 Substrates Carbohydrate: Protein: – How much is stored in – How much do we use it? body? 5-10% 5 10 ofof total totalenergy energy 2500-2600 kcal – When? 2500 2600kcal – Where is it found? Long exercise > 1 hr Longexercise I hr muscle liver,blood liver Muscle, blood Fat: – How much is stored? 70,000 70,000 kcal kcal(12% BF 12 BF) – Where? adipose Musclemostly Muscle, Mostly tissue adipose 8 tissue 7 Three Energy Systems 1. ATP-PCr 1 2 3 2. Glycolytic 3. Oxidative Where does the glycogen or glucose come from? 8 4  8/19/2022 CP creatinephosphate Rank the energy systems from fastest to slowest A. Oxidative, Glycolytic, CP B. Glycolytic, Oxidative, CP C. CP, Glycolytic, Oxidative 9 Rank the energy systems from the highest level of endurance to the lowest A. Oxidative, Glycolytic, CP B. Glycolytic, Oxidative, CP C. CP, Glycolytic, Oxidative 10 5  8/19/2022 Energy Transfer Systems and Exercise 100% % Capacity of Energy System “Anaerobic Glycolysis” “Aerobic Energy System” ATP - CP 10 sec 30 sec 2 min 5 min + 11 acid Phosphagen system amino Aka Use of creatine phosphate (PCr), a protein, to gain immediate ATP. Very limited supply How long? 11ATP ATPatata time; a time3-15 3 seconds 15 seconds Oxygen? Does not requireoxygen Activities? Powerful movements 12 6  8/19/2022 Glycolysis Definition: Glucose pyruvate What energy systems is it a part of? Glycolyticsystem oxidative Define glycogenolysis: breakdown ofglycogen 13 Glucose Glycolysis Energy H+ Endoffmolytic LDH ATP 0 Pyruvate (2) Quick demand Lactate (2) Slow demand for energy Cytosol PDH CO2 Mitochondria &H + Fatty Acids oxidative Amino Acids O Acetyl Co-A (2) 2 Energy ATP Krebs CO2 Cycle H+ To ETC 14 7  8/19/2022 he ay Glycolytic System 2 Oxygen? Noneused spit # of ATP made? – 49 # of ATP used? – 1 1052 or 2 How long? – 1-21 minute 2min sprint sprint Activities? distincemin Middle QQ Rate Limiting Enzyme? Phosphofructokinase Phosgffutokinase What speeds up the rate limiting enzyme? (PFK) Increased DPand increasedADP pi Pi know mfffff 15 The hydrogen ion that lactate releases is responsible for which of the following? A. Delayed onset muscle soreness B. Burning during and seconds after an intense workout C. Soreness/weakness hours after a workout D. Lack of energy during a workout E. Bad breath 16 8  8/19/2022 Funneling The Funnel Pyruvate pyruvate Tfr Lactic Acid LDH PDH 1m c a Acetyl Co-A To Kreb’s Cycle 1st ie 17 The Funnel Pyruvate Lactic Acid LDH PDH Acetyl Co-A To Kreb’s Cycle 18 9  8/19/2022 Where does the lactate go? Lactate shuttles discovered and described by George Brooks (UC Berkeley) Used as fuel for muscle – Same muscle muscle fiber (more likelyinin Type I fibers) same fiber more likely type fibers – Or transferred another transferredtotoanother fiber fiber within within the same the same muscle (if originating muscle in typeII fiber in a Type II fiber) if originating – What percentage? 70-75% 0 75010 Cori Cycle (next slide) Brain fuel 19 Lactate Shuttles 20 10  8/19/2022 Cori Cycle Simplified Glucose Glucose Gluconeogenesis Glycolysis 6 ATP 2 ATP 2 Lactate 2 Lactate LIVER MUSCLE What is the purpose of the Cori Cycle? 21 Lactate as an Ergogenic Aid? 22 11  8/19/2022 So if lactate isn’t the bad guy who is? Hydrogen + Hydrogen H (H ): lowers pH, makes environment more acidic (The “burn”) 23 The fate of pyruvate is decided by what? A. Whether oxygen is present or not B. The speed that energy is required to be produced by the exercise demand C. How strong of a contraction is needed to produce the movement D. The amount of mitochondria in a muscle E. All of the above 24 12  8/19/2022 Oxidative System glycolysis 0 I Show Ox Phos video 2:00-7:40 25 919101083 from Amphiffeterything KREBS CYCLE Most important PDH products Rate limiting left w 1. ZATP 2 ATP enzyme? 1 ATP 2. Electron Isocitrate I carrying Fgenase Dehydrogenase molecules; NADH and FADH2 3. CO2 CO2 Where do NAD and FAD come from? NAD = Niacin or B3 FAD = riboflavin or B2 7 goes around 26 move 13  8/19/2022 Electron Transport Chain # of ATP? – ~28 28 00 Other Products? –H HO2O O 0 00 *Read Nick Lane Scientific Narrative 27 A Little Chemistry Electron carriers? Hydrogen carriers? NAD+ → ? what do we need to add to get to NADH? NAD + + HH- CH -) → NADH NADT (H with 3 2and 1 proton w 1 proton e 2 eNADIQ How is water created at the end of the ETC? 2H + ½ O + 2e- → H O 2H + 12OctZe 2 H2o 2 know that 28 14  8/19/2022 Where does the power come from? Glycolysis – glucose to pyruvate – ATP used: 2 2 – ATP made: 44 – NADH made: 2 2 Pyruvate to acetyl Co-A – What is made? 22NADH NADH Kreb’s cycle-each turn – How many NADH? 3 – How many FADH2? 1 – How many ATP? 28 1 – 2 How many turns for each glucose? 2 turns Electron Transport Chain: – How many ATP per NADH: 2.5 2.5 1.5 per FADH2: 1.5 29 Adding Up ATP 30 15  8/19/2022 Adding up ATP 10 NADH = 2.5 x 10 = 25 25 ATP – 2 from glycolysis – 2 from Pyruvate to Acetyl Co-A – 6 from Krebs cycle 2 FADH2 = 1.5 x 2 = 33 ATP 2 ATP from Kreb’s cycle 2 ATP in glycolysis Actual total: 32 32 31 METABOLISM OF FAT AND PROTEIN 000 Oxidation of CHO 1.0 Connection to RER? C6H12O6 + 6 O2 32 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 32 ATP Oxidation of a 16-C Free Fatty Acid C16H32O2 + 23 O2 16 CO2 + 16 H2O +106 106 ATP 7 32 16  8/19/2022 Protein Oxidation 33 Energy Systems Recap Creatine Anaerobic Oxidative System Phosphate System Glycolysis Substrate/s Used Steps Important Intermediates Key Enzymes Bi-products/ Products Speed # of ATP Made Athletic Events 34 17  8/1/2023 Endocrine System KIN3040 Brandon Sawyer 1 Control of Blood Glucose What stimulates insulin release? ↑ Blood Gluc in blood 618h 49g What does it cause? ↓ Blood Gluc What stimulates glucagon release? d theS ↓ Blood Gluc, ex Y What does it cause? ↑ Blood Gluc, liver release from glyc 2 1  8/1/2023 Insulin What stimulates Glut 4 proteins to come to the surface of of muscles presence of insulin cells? contraction Insulin and exercise What stimulates an increase in glut 4 proteins? Exercise of Binding to insulinreceptor insulin 3 Sympathetic Nervous System What is the sympathetic nervous system? A gI Fight or flight response What stimulates epi and Égnt norepi? SNS Exercise, stress, fear Where are they released from? AdrenalAdrenal medulla medulla, neurons What effect do they have on blood glucose levels? Increase increases glucose 4 levels in blood 2  8/1/2023 5 What gland releases it? Cortisol cortex cortex Adrenal Adrenal In response to all forms of stress Including exercise Primary effect? stingittgenis catabolism What effect does it have on blood glucose? Decrease Increase → blood glucose spares for brain Lipids? FFAS mobilizes Increase oxidation and breakdown Protein? Fanta's Smisfscease – Breakdown → more AAs available Immune system? suppression Depresses immune reactions and increases the caused 6 vasoconstriction byepinephrine 3  8/1/2023 Growth Hormone Where is it released from? – Anterior Anterior pituitary Pituitary GH.fiinse What stimulates it? Hypothalamic – Muscle contraction Higher exercise intensity → morewe increases increase rate of work release Lipid oxidation: Increaseincrease – promotes of fat breakdown in lipolysis –Promotes use Especially offatasenergysource post-exercise Blood glucose: – increases Increase byby nowglucose due sparing to more lipids available Growth: – Major anabolic effects 7 Glucose Regulation Which hormones increase in response to exercise? What happens to blood glucose over the course of 3 hours of exercise? Declines despitestrong 8 hormonal stimulation 4  8/1/2023 Control of Blood Glucose Review Exercise begins → major increase in the use of blood glucose → blood glucose decreases (slightly) The body responds by (which way do these change?): – as exercise intensity ↑ → more lipolysis decrease Insulin: ↓ – ↑ → ↑ BG Glucagon: increase – Epi/Norepi:increases ↑ as exercise intensity ↑ → ↑ BG – increase Cortisol: ↑ as exercise intensity ↑ → ↑ BG – Growth hormone: increases ↑ as exercise intensity ↑ → ↑ BG by sparing glucose 9 Anti-Diuretic Hormone (AKA: Vasopressin) What stimulates ADH release? increased plasmablood – Hyperosmotic osmolality lowblood volume What effect does it have? – ↑ Water reabsorption in kidneys How can you block ADH? Caffeine or alcohol 10 5  8/1/2023 What stimulates this system? ↓ exercise BF to kidneys Prolonged What effects does this system have? – ↑ Water absorption; ↑ BP; ↑ Na+ reabsorption, excrete K+, ↑ HR, ↑ SNS activity, ↑ aldosterone 11 Aldosterone and Blood Volume 12 6  8/1/2023 Water Retention Review Exercise causes fluid to be lost → blood to be more concentrated and blood volume to decrease What is the response: A → retain water – ADH: ↑ – Renin: ↑ → indirectly makes angiotensin II – Angiotensin II: Vasoconstriction; a ↑ aldosterone release; ↑ ADH release – Aldosterone: ↑ → ↑salt absorption → retain water 13 Erythropoietin Where is it released from? Kidneys Kidney What stimulates its release? blood cell red low count Hypoxia cow 02 What effect does it have? ↑ RBC production Stimulates erthyotes Production 14 7  8/1/2023 Hormonal Control Review Top row: stimuli Angiotensin II ↓ Blood Gluc ↑ Blood Gluc Stress Muscle Contraction Pancreas Adrenal This row: Insulin Glucagon hormones Epi/Norepi Aldosterone Cortisol ↑ Na ↓Blood ↑Blood Breakdown ↑Blood ↑Blood Breakdown Fat ↑Fat Synthesis ↑lipolysis retention Glucose Glucose Pro, Fat Glucose Glucose and Pro kidneys Bottom row: effects of hormones 15 Hormonal Control Review Top row: stimuli Hypertonic ↓ Blood flow Blood ↓ Blood O2 to kidneys Exercise Pituitary Kidneys Anti-Diuretic Growth This row: Erythropoieten Renin Hormone Hormone hormones ↑Water ↑RBC Stimulate RAA ↑Lipolysis ↑Protein Syn ↓CHO metab absorption production System Bottom 2 rows: effects of ↑ Water ↑ Na ↑BP hormones absorption Absorption 16 8  8/1/2023 Kahoot link: https://create.kahoot.it/share/enter-kahoot- title/08a481e4-d9e9-4c12-983d-b1c93e8c69e1 TBL Day #1 Activities Hormonal Control During Exercise KIN3040 Brandon Sawyer, PhD These will be done in class, no need to study these ahead of time. 1 Catecholamines Which of the following are catecholamines? 0:01 0:02 0:03 0:04 0:05 0:06 0:07 0:08 0:09 0:10 0:11 0:12 0:13 0:14 0:15 0:16 0:17 0:18 0:19 0:20 0:21 0:22 0:23 0:24 0:25 0:26 0:27 0:28 0:29 0:30 0:31 0:32 0:33 0:34 0:35 0:36 0:37 0:38 0:39 0:40 0:41 0:42 0:43 0:44 0:45 0:46 0:47 0:48 0:49 0:50 0:51 0:52 0:53 0:54 0:55 0:56 0:57 0:58 0:59 1:00 End A. Insulin and glucagon B. Growth hormone and testosterone C. Testosterone and estrogen D. Epinephrine and norepinephrine E. Cortisol and aldosterone 2 1  r 8/1/2023 Catecholamines 0:01 0:02 0:03 0:04 0:05 0:06 0:07 0:08 0:09 0:10 0:11 0:12 0:13 0:14 0:15 0:16 0:17 0:18 0:19 0:20 0:21 0:22 0:23 0:24 0:25 0:26 0:27 0:28 0:29 0:30 0:31 0:32 0:33 0:34 0:35 0:36 0:37 0:38 0:39 0:40 0:41 0:42 0:43 0:44 0:45 0:46 0:47 0:48 0:49 0:50 0:51 0:52 0:53 0:54 0:55 0:56 0:57 0:58 0:59 1:00 End Are catecholamines part of the endocrine system or the nervous system? A. Endocrine, because they are released into the blood by endocrine glands B. Nervous, because they are released into the synaptic cleft between neurons and target tissues C. Both they are both neurotransmitters and hormones D. Neither, they are something else entirely E. Neuroendocrine, because they are released into the blood by neurons 3 Control of Blood Glucose Aerobic exercise can lead to a 10-15 fold increase in whole body metabolism in a matter a minutes. Most of this comes from glucose. Which of the following below is accurate to explain how the body maintains a stable blood glucose by changes in hormone levels. A. ↑Insulin, ↓glucagon, ↓cortisol, ↓growth hormone, ↑ epinephrine, ↑ norepinephrine B. ↓ Insulin, ↑ glucagon, ↑ cortisol, ↓ growth hormone, ↑ epinephrine, ↑ norepinephrine C. ↓ Insulin, ↑ glucagon, ↑ cortisol, ↑ growth hormone, ↑ epinephrine, ↑ norepinephrine D. ↓ Insulin, ↑ glucagon, ↑ cortisol, ↑ epinephrine, ↑ norepinephrine, no change in growth hormone E. ↑Insulin, ↑glucagon, ↑cortisol, ↑growth hormone, ↑ epinephrine, ↑ norepinephrine 0:01 0:02 0:03 0:04 0:05 0:06 0:07 0:08 0:09 0:10 0:11 0:12 0:13 0:14 0:15 0:16 0:17 0:18 0:19 0:20 0:21 0:22 0:23 0:24 0:25 0:26 0:27 0:28 0:29 0:30 0:31 0:32 0:33 0:34 0:35 0:36 0:37 0:38 0:39 0:40 0:41 0:42 0:43 0:44 0:45 0:46 0:47 0:48 0:49 0:50 0:51 0:52 0:53 0:54 0:55 0:56 0:57 0:58 0:59 1:00 1:01 1:02 1:03 1:04 1:05 1:06 1:07 1:08 1:09 1:10 1:11 1:12 1:13 1:14 1:15 1:16 1:17 1:18 1:19 1:20 1:21 1:22 1:23 1:24 1:25 1:26 1:27 1:28 1:29 1:30 End 4 2  8/1/2023 Glucose Regulation Which hormones increase in response to exercise? What happens to blood glucose over the course of 3 hours of exercise? 5 Glucose Control 0:01 0:02 0:03 0:04 0:05 0:06 0:07 0:08 0:09 0:10 0:11 0:12 0:13 0:14 0:15 0:16 0:17 0:18 0:19 0:20 0:21 0:22 0:23 0:24 0:25 0:26 0:27 0:28 0:29 0:30 0:31 0:32 0:33 0:34 0:35 0:36 0:37 0:38 0:39 0:40 0:41 0:42 0:43 0:44 0:45 0:46 0:47 0:48 0:49 0:50 0:51 0:52 0:53 0:54 0:55 0:56 0:57 0:58 0:59 1:00 End Glucose enters cells via a special transport protein called Glut-4. Which of the following is true about glucose control and exercise? (Choose all that apply) 0 A. Insulin binding to the outside of a cell leads to glut- 4 coming to the surface of that cell B. Glucagon binding to the outside of a cell leads to glut-4 coming to the surface of that cell C. Exercise without help from the endocrine system leads to glut-4 coming to the surface of cells D. During exercise insulin levels must increase to get more glucose into the cells E. During exercise insulin levels must decrease so we don’t have an unsafe drop in blood glucose 6 3  8/1/2023 Lipid Breakdown 0:01 0:02 0:03 0:04 0:05 0:06 0:07 0:08 0:09 0:10 0:11 0:12 0:13 0:14 0:15 0:16 0:17 0:18 0:19 0:20 0:21 0:22 0:23 0:24 0:25 0:26 0:27 0:28 0:29 0:30 0:31 0:32 0:33 0:34 0:35 0:36 0:37 0:38 0:39 0:40 0:41 0:42 0:43 0:44 0:45 0:46 0:47 0:48 0:49 0:50 0:51 0:52 0:53 0:54 0:55 0:56 0:57 0:58 0:59 1:00 End How are effects of cortisol and growth hormone on lipid breakdown related to blood glucose control during exercise? A. Both lead to less fat breakdown so more glucose can be used to fuel exercise B. Both lead to more fat breakdown so it can be turned into glucose C. Both lead to more fat breakdown so glucose can be spared D. Cortisol is a catabolic hormone so it results in lipolysis, but GH is anabolic so it results in lipogenesis 7 Fluid Control 0:01 0:02 0:03 0:04 0:05 0:06 0:07 0:08 0:09 0:10 0:11 0:12 0:13 0:14 0:15 0:16 0:17 0:18 0:19 0:20 0:21 0:22 0:23 0:24 0:25 0:26 0:27 0:28 0:29 0:30 0:31 0:32 0:33 0:34 0:35 0:36 0:37 0:38 0:39 0:40 0:41 0:42 0:43 0:44 0:45 0:46 0:47 0:48 0:49 0:50 0:51 0:52 0:53 0:54 0:55 0:56 0:57 0:58 0:59 1:00 End Which sentence is true about the stimuli for each below? A. ADH release is stimulated by hyperosmotic blood and renin release is stimulated by decreased blood flow to the kidneys B. ADH release is stimulated by hypoosmotic blood and renin release is stimulated by decreased blood flow to the kidneys C. ADH release is stimulated by hyperosmotic blood and renin release is stimulated by increased blood flow to the kidneys D. Renin release is stimulated by hyperosmotic blood and ADH release is stimulated by decreased blood flow to the kidneys 8 4  8/1/2023 RAA System 0:01 0:02 0:03 0:04 0:05 0:06 0:07 0:08 0:09 0:10 0:11 0:12 0:13 0:14 0:15 0:16 0:17 0:18 0:19 0:20 0:21 0:22 0:23 0:24 0:25 0:26 0:27 0:28 0:29 0:30 0:31 0:32 0:33 0:34 0:35 0:36 0:37 0:38 0:39 0:40 0:41 0:42 0:43 0:44 0:45 0:46 0:47 0:48 0:49 0:50 0:51 0:52 0:53 0:54 0:55 0:56 0:57 0:58 0:59 1:00 End Which of the following below is the correct pathway for the formation of Angiotensin II? A. Kidneys release renin → renin converts Angiotensin I into angiotensin II B. Kidneys release renin → renin converts angiotensin I into angiotensinogen then angiotensinogen converts ACE into angiotensin II C. Kidneys release renin → renin converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I then angiotensin I converts ACE into angiotensin II D. Kidneys release renin → renin converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I then ACE converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II E. Kidneys release renin → renin converts ADH into angiotensin I then ACE converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II 9 Angiotensin II 0:01 0:02 0:03 0:04 0:05 0:06 0:07 0:08 0:09 0:10 0:11 0:12 0:13 0:14 0:15 0:16 0:17 0:18 0:19 0:20 0:21 0:22 0:23 0:24 0:25 0:26 0:27 0:28 0:29 0:30 0:31 0:32 0:33 0:34 0:35 0:36 0:37 0:38 0:39 0:40 0:41 0:42 0:43 0:44 0:45 0:46 0:47 0:48 0:49 0:50 0:51 0:52 0:53 0:54 0:55 0:56 0:57 0:58 0:59 1:00 End Angiotensin II has a very powerful effect on fluid and electrolyte balance as well as blood pressure. Which answer/s below is/are true about its effects? (choose all that apply) A. It leads to ADH release and vasodilation B. It leads to ADH release and vasoconstriction C. It leads to aldosterone release and an increase in SNS activity D. It leads to aldosterone release and an decrease in SNS activity E. It leads to a decrease in Na+ and K+ retention 10 IT 5  8/14/2020 Cardiovascular Physiology Brandon Sawyer Functions of the Cardiovascular 00 System What organs make up the system? Glucose Fat cells Lipids Epinephrine *Lactate *H+ 0 Transportation of heat 1  8/14/2020 Composition of Whole Blood Calculate hematocrit of a person with 60% plasma in their blood 60 Fig. 6.15 Myocardium Heart muscle is like type? I or II? mitochondria Lots of Differences: within a In LEffected 2 Homogeneous Ff ÉÉme einar cat is See Figure 6.3 2  8/14/2020 The Heart left Know the Chambers venacava Know the Valves superior arteries Pulmonary valve pulmonary valve aortic Pulmonaryveins atrium Right Biscuspidvalue Trickfied Leftventricle inferiorvenacava rightventricle Know the pathway of blood Lungs → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → arteries → arterioles → capillaries → venules → veins → vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → lungs 3  8/14/2020 Electrocardiograph (ECG or EKG) What is it? Measuring electrical activity in heart What does it record? voltage in difference charge between 2 locations P Wave = Atrialdepolarization P-R Interval = activefilling QRS Complex = ventriculardepolarization T-wave =ventricular repolarization 4  8/14/2020 Wigger’s Diagram HighBP A atonicpressur THE4 9 ing atterload B Aorticopens or dubsound later c aorticvalvecloses using p gaffer D mitralvalveopens Decrease strokevolum C B A D Cardiac Arrhythmias B A Normal Sinus Rhythm: E C Bradycardia: A Atrial Fibrillation: D Ventricular Tachycardia: D C Ventricular Fibrillation: B What is the opposite of E Bradycardia called? Tachycardia 5  8/14/2020 Electrical System of the Heart Yagus ACh 8 cardiac acceleratornerves phase norepi What is the rate of depolarization for the SA node? Name the nerves 100 bpm Cardiac Terminology Stroke volume (SV): EDV ESV SV volumeofbloodejected on beat End-diastolic volume (EDV): beffrecontraction volume ofblood after rest or End-systolic volume (ESV): Bloodin heart after cardiac action SV EDV 100 Ejection fraction (EF): SV/EDV giveus the percentage would Cardiac output (Q): SV X HR L min Amount of blood pumped per min being 6  6/21/2023 What is the most important reason GPS is helpful when you are out in the wilderness? A. So you can see the trail ahead of you B. So you can see the peaks, valleys, and terrain that lies ahead C.o So you can see where you are D. So you can see the destination ahead E. So you can see how far you have gone and how much you have left to go 1 Respiratory Physiology Brandon Sawyer 2 1  6/21/2023 3 Fig. 7.1 4 2  6/21/2023 Group Question Which of the following is a passive (IE: no muscle contraction required) process? A. Exhalation during exercise B. Inhalation at rest C. Inhalation during exercise D. Exhalation at rest E. Both A and D 5 Mechanics of Breathing “Bucket Handle Movement” Inspiration → UP Expiration → down 6 3  6/21/2023 0 0 7 Its all about changing volume! X-ray maximal inspiration maximal expiration 8 4  6/21/2023 Boyle's Law states that for a fixed amount of gas (fixed number of moles) at a fixed temperature, the pressure and the volume o are inversely proportional. P1 V1 = P2 V2 P P P Volume = 2 Volume = 1 Volume = 1/2 Pressure = 1/2 Pressure = 1 Pressure = 2 9 How does Boyle’s Law apply to breathing? Pressure atmosphere Intrapulmonary or alveolar (lung) Intrapleural Pressed A pressure Diaphragm See Fig. 7.2 10 5  6/21/2023 Resting State of Respiratory System (end of a normal expiration) 760 mmHg (atmospheric pressure) 0 760 756 Relaxed Diaphragm What is the importance of the intrapleural pressure? intrapleuralpressure needs to be less than pulmonary Should it be lower or higher than the Intrapulmonary pressure? lower See Fig. 7.2 11 starting INSPIRATION 760 mmHg What causes the What effect intrapleural does this have on the pressure to lungs? decrease? 760 * Pressurgynent 752 What happens to the volume in ↓ Intrapleural pressure the intrapleural space? Diaphragm contracts volume went See Fig. 7.2 UP 12 6  6/21/2023 760 mmHg How long * does air flow during INSPIRATION into the Why does lungs? the air increasevolume into flow into the lungs the lungs? 758 Creates a vaccum on inside the bags lungs the volume 750 goes up pressure goes down ↓ Pressure in the lungs See Fig. 7.2 13 760 mmHg end INSPIRATION / start EXPIRATION What causes air to leave volume in pleuralspace the lungs? 760 pressure in pleural space volume in lungs 1 Pleural space 750 first 9 pressure in lungs changes * 2 Change in the same direction within Diaphragm relaxing inspirations See Fig. 7.2 volumegoes 14 UP 7  6/21/2023 760 mmHg during EXPIRATION * 762 754 What is happening ↑ Intrapleural to lung volume? pressure volume in decreasing Lung pressure? pressure is increasing See Fig. 7.2 15 760 mmHg (Rest) end EXPIRATION Equal pressure 760