Exam 1 Ex. Phys. Notes - KIN 476 PDF

**Module 1: Bioenergetics (Chapter 2)** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **1.) What is the resting intramuscular conc. of ATP?** 5 mmol/kg **2.) What is the definition of bioenergetics?** the conversion of f...

**Module 1: Bioenergetics (Chapter 2)** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **1.) What is the resting intramuscular conc. of ATP?** 5 mmol/kg **2.) What is the definition of bioenergetics?** the conversion of food into useable forms of energy **3.) What is the most calorie-dense macronutrient?** Fats **Section 2: ATP Production** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Energy Systems** - - - - - - - - **Section 3: Anaerobic** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **CHO Metabolism** - - - - - - - - - - - **Extra Glycolysis Notes** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - *\* In first 5 phases (Energy Investment), glucose is broken down into two molecules of G3P* **Step 1 (irreversible)**: To prevent the glucose from moving back out, it must be chained by adding a phosphate on the 6th carbon of glucose (glucose-6-P) - - - - **Step 2 (reversible)**: To go from G6P to the next step, fructose-6-phosphate (F-6-P), it is catalyzed by an enzyme: **phosphoglucose isomerase** - **Step 3 (irreversible, controlling step)**: enzyme involved: **PFK-1** - - - - **Step 4 (reversible)**: F-1,6-BP split into two separate molecules - - **Left molecule**: dihydroxy acetone phosphate (DHAP) - - **Right molecule**: glyceraldehyde-3-P (G3P) - phosphate on 3rd carbon - **Step 5 (reversible)**: DHAP has to be converted into G3P to continue the process - - **Step 6 (reversible)**: G3P converted into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2) - ONLY REDOX REACTION! - - - - - - **Step 7 (reversible)**: 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate converted into 3-phosphoglycerate (2), where there is only one phosphate now (on the 3rd carbon) - - **Step 8 (reversible)**: 3-phosphoglycerate converted into 2-phosphoglycerate (2) - - **Step 9 (reversible)**: Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) (2) - - - **Step 10 (irreversible)**: 2 ADP reacts with PEP to create (+2 ATP) - - - - - - **Notes**: - - - - - - - - **Glycolysis Net Yield from Glucose** - - - - **Anaerobic Glycolysis (Fermentation)** - - **Lactate vs Lactic Acid** - - - **Does lactic acid cause the burn?** THE BURN IS CAUSED BY DECREASING MUSCLE PH DUE TO HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM MUSCLE CONTRACTION. LACTATE HELPS BUFFER HYDROGEN BUILD UP DURING INTENSE EXERCISE TO TRY AND PREVENT MUSCLE ACIDOSIS! **Lactate Threshold (LT)**: point at which blood lactate accumulation **[increases]** markedly - - - - **Lactate Levels**: - - **Section 4: Aerobic** - - - **Stage II: Conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA** - occurs twice for each pyruvate - - **Step 1** - - - **Step 2** - - - **Stage II Net Yield**: 2 Acetyl-CoA, 2 CO~2~, 2 NADH **Stage III: The Krebs Cycle** - - - - - - - **Mnemonic**: **C**itrate **i**s **k**rebs **s**tarting **s**ubstrate **f**or **m**aking **o**xaloacetate. **C**itrate - Citrate **i**s - Isocitrate **k**rebs - α-ketoglutarate **s**tarting - Succinyl-CoA **s**ubstrate - Succinate **f**or - Fumarate **m**aking - Malate **o**xaloacetate - Oxaloacetate **Stage III (Krebs Cycle) Net Yield**: - - - - **Stage IV: Electron Transport Chain (ETC)** - 1. - - 2. - - - - 3. - - 4. - - - 5. - - - - - **What molecule is the final electron acceptor of electrons in the ETC?** Oxygen **What enzyme pumps the H+ from the intermembrane space to the matrix?** ATP Synthase **The Crossover Concept** - - - - - - - **[Quiz Questions]** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **What does the term allosteric mean?** Rate-limiting **What is the major allosteric enzyme of glycolysis?** PFK **What step does it work?** Step 3 **How many steps is the energy investment phase?** 5 **What steps are the one-way reactions in glycolysis?** Steps 1, 3, 10 **What step is different if starting with glycogen?** Step 1 **What step is the only redox reaction?** Step 6 **Allosteric Enzymes**: Hexokinase (Step 1), PFK (Step 3), and Pyruvate Kinase (Step 10)