Exam 1 Checklist Filled In PDF

**Chapter 1:** - Biology unifies much of natural science - Define: Living Systems - Characteristics of ALL living organisms 1. Cellular organization 2. Ordered complexity 3. Sensitivity to environment 4. Growth, development, and reproduction 5. Energy Utilization 6. Homeostasis...

**Chapter 1:** - Biology unifies much of natural science - Define: Living Systems - Characteristics of ALL living organisms 1. Cellular organization 2. Ordered complexity 3. Sensitivity to environment 4. Growth, development, and reproduction 5. Energy Utilization 6. Homeostasis 7. Evolutionary Adaptation - Hierarchical Organization - Deductive vs Inductive Reasoning - Scientists use a systematic approach to gain understanding of the natural world (Hypothesis) - Hypothesis formation. - Prediction. - Experimentation. - Conclusion. - Philosophical approaches to science Discuss Model Development - Discuss Scientific Theory - Darwin and Theory of Evolution o Observed Organisms - Comparative Anatomy What is DNA? o Gene- discrete unit of information o Genome- entire set of DNA instructions - What does Evolution explain? **Chapter 2 and 3:** - Atoms - Structure, Protons, Neutrons, Electrons - Protons (positive) - \# of protons = electrons - Neutrons (neutral) - Electrons (negative) - Orbitals - Surrounds the nucleus (negative charge) - = to \# of protons - Atomic Mass (mass vs weight) - Two types of Ions - more protons than electrons = net positive charge - Anion (-) - fewer protons than electrons = net negative charge - Discuss what an Isotope is - Electron Arrangement - Energy Levels - Remember OIL RIG - Discuss Elements and the Periodic Table - Only 12 elements are found in living organisms in substantial amounts - Four elements make up 96.3% of human body weight - Chemical Bonds - Molecules are groups of atoms held together in a stable association - Compounds are molecules containing more than one type of element - Atoms are held together in molecules or compounds by chemical bonds - Electronegativity Trend and Definition - Is created by an atom's affinity for electrons - Differences in electronegativity of atoms in the molecule dictate how electrons are distributed in covalent bonds - Nonpolar covalent bonds =\ equal sharing of electrons - Polar covalent bonds =\ unequal sharing of electrons - Water -Water is a good solvent.\ Water dissolves polar molecules and ions - Buffers - Carbon Compounds - Enantiomers - Chiral = four unique groups attached. - Reactions - Reversible or Irreversible? - Carbohydrates - Nucleic Acids - DNA A. Double helix -- two polynucleotide strands that are\ connected by hydrogen bonds\ between bases.\ B. Contains coding information\ for amino acid sequence of\ proteins - RNA Contain ribose instead of deoxyribose. Include to the base uracil instead of thymine. - Single polynucleotide strand - RNA uses information in DNA to specify sequence of amino acids in proteins - Proteins - Lipids - - High proportion of nonpolar C---H bonds causes the\ molecule to be hydrophobic **Chapter 4:** - Cell Theory - Diffusion - Most cells are relatively small due to a reliance on diffusion of substances in and out of cells - Compare Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic cells - Compare Animal vs Plant cells - Organelles - Endosymbiosis - Cell movement - Cell-to-Cell interactions - Junctions and Plasmodesmata Mechanically attaches cytoskeletons of neighboring cells or cells to the ECM (include adherens junctions, desmosomes). -Communicating junctions **Chapter 5:** - Cellular Membrane - Phospholipid - Membrane Proteins - Transporters\ Enzymes\ Cell-surface receptors\ Cell-surface identity markers\ Cell-to-cell adhesion proteins\ Attachments to the cytoskeleton - Passive vs Active Transport Uniporters -- move one molecule at a time.\ Symporters -- move two molecules in the same direction.\ Antiporters -- move two molecules in opposite\ directions - Channels vs Carrier Proteins - Osmosis - Endocytosis vs Endocytosis