exam 1 bio 112.docx

Study Questions for Lecture 1, History of Evolutionary Theory What is idealism? Who advocated this idea? Was he an advocate of evolution? What is the scala naturae? Who advocated this idea? Who was the father of modern taxonomy? What is binomial nomenclature? What is natural theology? Who was the fa...

Study Questions for Lecture 1, History of Evolutionary Theory What is idealism? Who advocated this idea? Was he an advocate of evolution? What is the scala naturae? Who advocated this idea? Who was the father of modern taxonomy? What is binomial nomenclature? What is natural theology? Who was the father of modern paleontology? Who first documented the fact that extinction takes place? What was the evidence? What is the theory of gradualism and who formulated it? Who was the first biologist to formulate a mechansim by which evolution might work? What are Lamark's two principles? What is uniformitarianism and who advocated it? Why was this idea important to Darwin? What idea did Darwin owe to Thomas Malthus? What two people conceived of the idea of evolution by natural selection? What is a fact? What is a hypothesis? What does the term "theory" mean to a scientist? How is evolution both a fact and a theory? What are the essential ingredients of scientific inquiry? Who is Nicolaus Steno and why is he important? Who is Richard Owen and why is he important? How did medieval people view nature? Charles Darwin got what kind of degree at university? The "watchmaker analogy" is most closely associated with The Origin of Species was published in what year? The idea of homology is most closely associated with Which of the following is false regarding scientific inquiry? Thomas Malthus is best known for his idea that The person who first accurately described fossils as remnants of things that lived in the past was The idea that studying processes happening now can help us understand the past is the idea of The HMS Beagle spent most of its five year voyage A theory, to a scientist is The scientist who first proved that extinction took place is How is artificial selection evidence for evolution? What evidence in the fossil record documents evolution? What are vestigial structures and how do they reflect evolution? What is a “transitional form”? What is an example? What different kinds of homology did we discuss? How are they consistent with the evolution of organisms? What is biogeography? Can evolution be observed in "real time"? What are some examples? What idea did Darwin get from Malthus? What idea did Darwin get from Lyell and Hutton? What is natural selection? What are the observations and conclusions that make up Darwin's arguments in the Origin of Species? What kind of evidence for evolution is contained in molecules (i.e., genes)? At what level does natural selection occur? Is it a random process or not? At what level does evolution occur? Why can evolution be considered a fact? What is theoretical about it? What is the "Modern Synthesis"? In science we prefer parsimonious explanations. This means the explanation should be  Living species tend to have related fossil species that can be found in strata of the same geographic area. This is a good description of  The potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a single species that originated in southern Peru. It now consists of over 1,000 varieties The origin of these varieties is most likely  A good definition for evolution is  Darwin explained that all species produce more offspring that can survive but that their populations tended to stay stable in size.  He concluded that there must therefore be _________________________, Horses evolved in N. America. A series of fossils extending back 50 million years have been uncovered that document changes in the horse lineage that extend from small dog-sized species to the large modern domesticated horse. These fossils are best described as  Many mammals can only see shades of gray, not color. If you examine their genomes, however, there are "broken" genes present that encoded color sensitive photoreceptors in the distant past. These broken genes can be thought of as Homologous structures A scientist is studying the distribution of mule deer and notes that they are confined to the western U.S. You could say that she is engaged in the study of  Darwin noticed that offspring tend to ___________ their parents and that this was often _______________.  2. What is a population? 3. What are the components of the genetic structure of a population? 4. What is the gene pool? 5. What do the Hardy-Weinberg equations describe? Make sure you know what each term in the equation is and how to derive each using the other. Make sure you can use the equations. 6. What are the assumptions that must be met for a population to be in Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium? 7. If a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium undergoes a round of random mating, what happens to the allele and genotype frequencies? 8. What is microevolution? 9. Can evolution happen without variation in the population? Why or why not? 10. What is mutation? 11. Describe different kinds of mutations. What is an allele? 12. Is mutation by itself an important factor in evolution? 13. Whatisnaturalselection?Isitrandom?Whatistheoutcomeofnaturalselection? 14. What is an adaptation? 15. Both Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace acknowledged the influence of the economist Thomas Malthus in the development of their ideas about natural selection.  Specifically, Malthus's ideas about geometric population growth implied that: 16. The phrase “modern synthesis” refers to: How is mutation a force of evolution? Is it weak or strong? Why? 2. What is migration? What are its genetic consequences? What is another name for it? 3. What is genetic drift? In what sized populations does it occur most readily? What are two particular kinds of genetic drift? 4. What are two kinds of non-random mating? In what important ways do they differ? 5. What is inbreeding? What is the consequence of inbreeding on the genetic structure of a population? 6. What is evolutionary fitness? How is measured? What does the process of natural selection do to the average fitness of a population over time? 7. Describethedifferentmodesofnaturalselection.Knowsomeexamplesfromeach and be able to recognize figures that display each kind. 8. What is sexual selection? Why does sexual selection exist (i.e., what are the components of the theory of sexual selection?)? What is intersexual selection? What is intrasexual selection? Know examples of each. 9. Does natural selection shape perfectly adapted organisms? Why or why not? 10. Is all evolution adaptive? Why or why not? A hypothetical endangered species of wildflower has been reduced to a single small population in a mountain meadow. A rare early spring blizzard kills all but 3 of the remaining plants, one of which has a rare mutation. This is an example of: What does it mean to say that an allele is “fixed” in the population? You measure the genetic structure of a population and you notice that there are many more homozygotes of each type that you expect to see based on the measured allele frequencies. What is a good hypothesis to account for these observations?  Two populations of genetically distinct flowers begin to exchange migrants between the populations. If this process continues for a long time, what is the expected outcome? The only evolutionary process that leads to adaptive change is Fitness is a concept that is most closely related to In New Mexico, large expanses of black lava create patches of unique habitat. Pocket mice with darker coat color are less likely to be seen by predators on the darker patches of habitat, and more likely to survive and reproduce. If, in every generation, selection favors the darkest colored pocket mice in those habitats because they are best hidden from predators, this would be an example of: You encounter an unknown species of deer where the males are 3 times larger than the females. What kind of phenomenon is likely to be responsible for the size difference between males and females?  What is a species? 2. What is the morphospecies concept? What is the biological species concept? For each, be sure you can distinguish their strengths and weaknesses. 3. List and describe the different kinds of prezygotic isolating mechanisms. 4. List and describe the different kinds of postzygotic isolating mechanisms. 5. What is allopatric speciation? What are the conditions that favor it? 6. What is sympatric speciation? What are the conditions that favor it? 7. What group of organisms commonly speciates by sympatric speciation? How do they do this? 8. What is adaptive radiation? Describe an example. 9. What is vicariance? Give an example 10. Why is hybridization a challenge to the BSC? The origin of polar bears was the result of: Polar bears arose from a vicariant event Rarely, hybridization has occurred between polar bears and grizzlies. The presence of grolars and pizzlies Based on the biological species concept, what additional information would assist you in determining whether or not polar bears and grizzlies are different species?  In some large groups of plants, including dandelions, oaks, and willows, the biological species concept is complicated because the process of _____ allows gene flow to occur between _____ that can be easily distinguished based on appearance. A drawback of the biological species concept is that it cannot be applied to: Several species of fireflies are active on the same summer nights in the same fields. Males and females of each species recognize one another by their distinctive flashing patterns. This is an example of what kind of reproductive isolation? In general, sympatric speciation requires the action of _____ selection acting against hybrids Cuvier uncovered fossil elephant like species that were eventually called mammoths. What kind of species concept is used to describe fossil species?  What kind of rocks do fossils usually form in? What is a good definition of a fossil? What are the limitations and biases of the fossil record? What is mass extinction? Be able to describe the events surrounding the End-Cretaceous mass extinction. What is a phylogeny? Be able to name the parts of a phylogenetic tree and understand what they represent. What is an apomorphy? A synapomorphy? A monoplyletic group? A paraphyletic group? A polyphyletic group? Be able to identify these groups on a phylogenetic tree. What is an outgroup? What do we mean when we say a phylogeny is a hypothesis? What are characters? What is a character state? How can we use radioactivity to tell how old a fossil is? Be able to look at a phylogentic tree and identify sister groups What is a sister group? Why do we prefer the most parsimonious tree? Among the organisms listed, which is most likely to be fossilized? Earthworm, jellyfish, house flies, clam How can fossils provide evidence for macroevolutionary processes, such as the divergence of two species from a common ancestor? characters that are similar because of descent from a common ancestor are _____; characters that are similar due to convergent evolution are _____. In a phylogenetic tree, a node or branching point represents