Wastewater Treatment PDF

WASTEWATER TREATMENT PRESENTATION BY SHRIPAD NIMBHORKAR NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES 1  WASTEWATER TREATMENT What is wastewater ? Water which is used in process and comes out for disposa...

WASTEWATER TREATMENT PRESENTATION BY SHRIPAD NIMBHORKAR NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES 1  WASTEWATER TREATMENT What is wastewater ? Water which is used in process and comes out for disposal This may be Sewage –Domestic industrial wastewater –Effluent NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES 2  WASTEWATER TREATMENT Why treat wastewater ? 1. Not to harm Environment 2. Save water by reusing treated wastewater 3.Decrease water footprint of product and increase the product value 4. Profitability –save on water purchased 5. Meet the regulatory requirements NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES 3  WASTEWATER TREATMENT Why treat wastewater ? 1. Not to harm Environment The contaminants in water can harm the Environment and finally if the same pollutes ground wate it is problematic to human health as well as for the other uses. The bacterial contaminants can spread the pathogens and increase in diseasesspread.Remember During monsoon maximum cases are of drinking water contamination related problems. NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES 4  WASTEWATER TREATMENT Why treat wastewater ? 2. Save water by reusing treated wastewater i) Water cost is increasing over the peiod affecting the profitability 2.Water availability is a big problem.Many cities are having once a week or twic a week water supply 3.3.Tanker water supply does not have quality control as no pretreatment is given 4.Mass migration of nillage population due to water scarecity NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES 5.  WASTEWATER TREATMENT Why treat wastewater ? 3.Decrease water footprint of product and increase the product value Water footprint is a measure of water utilization of product.In process how much water you need as well as what quality of water you discharge are factors for water footprint.World over it is agrred to reduce water footprint of product.Thus for Corporate policy water footprint is a major parameter in purchase policy.Marketability in future will be dependent on water footprint. NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES 6  WASTEWATER TREATMENT Why treat wastewater ? 4. Profitability –save on water purchase Cost of water used is significant in profitability and Hence you find today industries are planning water reuse while planning the plant. Work out some examples.. NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES 7  WASTEWATER TREATMENT Why treat wastewater ? 5. Meet the regulatory requirements As you are aware the factory owner has to have Consent from Pollution Control Board before getting other resources like Electricity etc Water Pollution Control consent is given by State or Central Pollution Control Boards after examination of Wastewater Treatment to the standards stipulated.. NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES 8  WASTEWATER TREATMENT Why treat wastewater ? The water used in the process gets contaminated and as per legal require,ent wastewater need to meet the water quality as per the standards stipulated. Hence it is must to treat the wastewater. Similarly reuse application govern the water quality requirement Hence you will need treatment.. NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES 9  WASTEWATER TREATMENT Why treat wastewater ? The water used in the process gets contaminated and as per legal require,ent wastewater need to meet the water quality as per the standards stipulated. Hence it is must to treat the wastewater. NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES 10  WASTEWATER TREATMENT Why treat wastewater ? Water Quality understanding Water for drinking is stipulated as per IS 10500 is followed.which has 35 parameters and levels. Water drank by us is not the same as what we drink.The quality is changed which is easily noticeable in color, smell etc without going into all parameters. NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES 11  WASTEWATER TREATMENT Why treat wastewater ? Water Quality understanding The treated water quality for disposal is stipulated by the Pollution Control Board in Consent. NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES 12  WASTEWATER TREATMENT Why treat wastewater ? Water Quality understanding For sewage –Domestic wastewater for Example pH,TSS,BOD,COD and O & G are normally stipulated. pH 7-8 BOD 10 mg/lt COD 100 mg/lt TSS 50mg/lt and O & G 10 mg/lt ia example.However these parameters differ depending on pollution control Board policy for the regional NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES Water Quality Policy. 13  WASTEWATER TREATMENT Why treat wastewater ? Water Quality understanding For Industrial discharge water quality parameters are based on Industry production and production process likely contributing natural water quality parameters 5. Meet the regulatory requirements. NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES 14  WASTEWATER TREATMENT Why treat wastewater ? Contaminants Can be Organic or Non Organics Organics – Sewage, Distillery,Food Processing, Sugar, Pharma ,Textile , etc Inorgnic –Metal processing, Pharma , Electroplating,etc. NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES 15  WASTEWATER TREATMENT wastewaterTreatment is planned based on the contaminants in the wastewater Inorganics – Depending on the nature and reactivity Organics – Normally Biological due to lowcost but some time it is combined with other process. NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES 16  WASTEWATER TREATMENT wastewaterTreatment is planned based on the contaminants in the wastewater The treatment may require or generally preceeded by pretreatment which may be screening/ grit removal/pH correction/ Equalition or chemical treatment depending on specific effluent. NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES 17  WASTEWATER TREATMENT Primary Wastewater Secondary Treatment Tertiary Processes Advanced Screen/Grit Activated Sludge Chlorination UF/RO /MEE removal Process Filteration Sand/Carbon pH correction MBBR Equalization SBR. Oil Removal MBR Anaeroic Digesters Primary Settling NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES 18  WASTEWATER TREATMENT Screening Removal of Coarse/ fine solids Coarse Screens & fine Screens Manually operated 0r mechanically operated Remove solidsto prevent pumps/other equipment dmage & interfere with subsequent processes NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES 19  WASTEWATER TREATMENT Grit Removal Manually operated 0r mechanically operated Remove Grit specifically in sewage treatment & prevent its interfere with subsequent processes NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES 20  WASTEWATER TREATMENT Oil Removal Manually operated 0r mechanically operated Remove oil & prevent its interfere with subsequent processes NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES 21  WASTEWATER TREATMENT Equalization-To achieve uniform characteristics for further treatment surface mixing or air blowers with diffusers /pump aerators uniform characteristics & prevent its interfere with subsequent processes NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES 22  WASTEWATER TREATMENT Settling /clarification To remove TSS before further treatment Mechanical sludge removal –Clarifiers Manual- gRavity settling tanks Various types of clarifiers are available Clarifiers/clariflocculators/ circular/ Rectangular /PPS/Tube settles etc NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES 23  WASTEWATER TREATMENT Biological Treatment is for for Organic removal.Secondary Treatment This may be attached growth process where bacteria rare attached to media –Trickling Filters /Biofilters However, most practiced today is Suspended growth system where bacteria are in suspension with wastewater to be trated.Activated sludge is most common and earlier method NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES 24  WASTEWATER TREATMENT The organic matter reduction is achieved most economically in Bioreactor where wastewater organics are biodegradable.The common historical biological method is Activated Sludge Process.The Extended Aeration Activated sludge Process has the best reported efficiency. NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES 25  WASTEWATER TREATMENT Activated sludge Process is most common and world over followed biological process for removal of organics in wastewater.The wastewater has organics and bacterial mass Culture in suspension.Oxygen needed for biological growth process is provided by surface aerators or by diffused areration. The biomass is settled in secondary clarifier.Part of sludge is taken back to aeration tank to keep microbial concn cionstant and excess biosludge is wasted. NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES 26  WASTEWATER TREATMENT. Components of ASP Bioreactr , Surface Aerators OR Air Diffusers & Blowers.Settler-Clarifier.Sludge Recirculation Exces sludge wastage to dewatering SDB/Centrifugr3 NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES 27  WASTEWATER TREATMENT Activated Sludge Process Clarifie r Bioreactor Waste excess sludge s RAS RAS Pumps NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES 28  WASTEWATER TREATMENT MBBR Process MBBR is also termed as fluidized bed bio reactor. The Media which is Plastic media having high surface to volume / wt ratio. This may be Structural Plastic rings Hexagonal Plastic or modified plastics to get high surface area to volume ( or Weight) ratio The media is for retaining the bacterial mass so that bacterial population is always retained and does not get wash out.It also permit to have higher biomass wrt to other suspended growth processes like ASP and its modifications. The media moves freely in the top layer and protected from escape by having suitable screen at outlet NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES 29  WASTEWATER TREATMENT Components of MBBR 1. Media. 2. Bioreactor 3,Air Diffusers & Blowers 4.Settler 5.Sludge Recirculation NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES 30  WASTEWATER TREATMENT Activated Sludge Process Plastic Media Clarifie r Bioreactor Waste excess sludge s RAS RAS Pumps NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES 31  MOVING BED BIOREACTOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT MBBR Process Advantages /Disadvantages Sr No Advantages Disadvantages 1 Reduced Volume /land footprint Breakage of Media 2 Sustain MLSS ,less reseeding More Oxygen required to maintaoin CSTR 3 Good Efficiency for low &n Medium Increased media cost & strength ww replacement/washing 4 Low cost compared to EASP NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES 32  MOVING BED BIOREACTOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT SBRR Process SBR -SEQUENTIAL BATCH REACTOR NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES 33  SEQUENTIAL BATCH REACTOR 2 34 WASTEWATER TREATMENT SBRR Process Bio-Reactor Raw Chlorination Wastewater Treated Wastewater Multi Grade Grit Filter Feed Sand Filter chamber Tank SCREEN Bio-Reactor Air Blower NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES  SEQUENTIAL BATCH REACTOR 2 35 WASTEWATER TREATMENT SBRR Process 1. The batch reactor acts as Equalization tank, Bioreactor and Settling tank 2.The sludge wastage is from bioreactor when Excess sludge is generated. 3, The post treatment of Sand filteration is generally given. To ensure no biomass is passed out.Disinfection is carried out in filter feed tank. NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES  WASTEWATER TREATMENT MBR Process Membrane Bioreactor Membrane Bioreactor has two section Anoxious and Aerated. Anoxious Chamber is a small and has 20 % volume provided.This chamber has a slow stirrer to keep solids ( Biomass ) in suspension Aerobic Chamber is the volume provided for Bioreactor to degrade organics.SRT range is 10-20 days and HRT 4-8 hrs MLSS range upto 5000 -20000mg/lt Air provided with coarse bubble diffusers. In Insitu Configeration ,allowance is made for volume occupied NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES by membrane module. t 36  MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR (MBR) Membrane Bioreactor ( MBR ) has Bioreactor and UF Membrane There are two configuration available In-situ Membrane where UF membrane is in Bioreactor And Ex situ where UF membrane is installed outside Bioreactor NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES 37  MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR (MBR) BIOREACTOR UF BIOREACTOR -AEROBIC MEMBRANE -ANOXIOUS FINE SCREEN RAW EFFLUENT AX AE 38 DIFFUSERS AIR BLOWER NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES  MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR (MBR) WASTEWATER TREATMENT SBRR Process BIOREACTOR BIOREACTOR -AEROBIC -ANOXIOUS FINE UF SCREEN MEMBRANE RAW AX EFFLUENT AE 39 DIFFUSERS AIR BLOWER NIMBHORKAR STUDY NOTES Air Pollution Prevention and control Dr Suresh Nadgouda  Sources of Air pollution Air pollution is the introduction of particles, biological molecules and other harmful materials in the earth’s atmosphere, causing death of human, causing harm to other organisms such as food crops. Major air polluants are 1. Carbon monoxide CO 2. Nitrogen oxide Nox 3. Hydrocarbons HC 4. Sulphur Oxides Sox 5. Particulates Sources and sinks of Carbon monoxide pollution 1. Volcanic action, natural gas emission, electrical discharge during storms, seed germination etc, 2. Human activities: transportation of vehicle is major contributor (About 64%) 3. Miscellaneous source: major is Forest fires( About 16.9%), agricultural burnings (about 8.3%) 4. Industrial Processes eg. Iron, steel, Petroleum (about 9.6%) The major CO sink is some soil micro organisms A potting soil sample weighing 2.8 kg , removed completely in 3 hrs 120 ppm CO at ambient temp  Control of automotive emissions Methods used 1. Modifications of internal combustion engines to reduce the amount of pollutants fomed during fuel combustion 2. Development of exhaust system reactors which will complete the combustion process and change potential pollutants in to more acceptable materials 3. Development of substitute fuels to gasoline to give low pollutants on combustion 4. Development of pollution free power sources to replace the internal combustion engine 5. Use of catalytic converters in 2 stages to illuminate Pollutants from exhaust gases  Sulphur Oxides SOx SO2 is produced from any material bearing sulphur SO2 is always accompanied by a little SO3. The mixture is denoted by SOx. In humid conditions it reacts with vapors of H2O to form droplets of H2SO4. Sources 1. Natural processes eg Volcanos (Abut 67% of SO2 pollution) 2. Man made sources about 33% fuel consumption of coal accounts for almost 74% and industries 22%. Thus coal fired power stations are major culprits  Control of Sox pollution There are four possible approaches 1. Removal SOx gases from fuel gases 2. Removal of sulphur from fuel burning 3. Use of low sulphur fuels 4. Substitution of other fuel energy sources for fuel combustion (Hydro electric plants or Nuclear plants)  Nitrogen Oxides NOx Nox represents composite atmospheric gases NO and NO2, which are primarily involved in air pollution. Formation of NO is favoured at high temperature, which is normally attained during combustion. Sources and Sinks of NOx Natural bacterial action discharges NO Manmade resources: combustion of coal, oil, natural gas gasoline  Control of Nox pollution Use of catalytic converters for control of automotive emission provides for removal of Nox in the first stage The fuel (Coal, Oil) is fired at a high temperature with low amount air(90 to 95%). This yields less of NO in the absence of O2 Fuel burn out is completed at a relatively low temp in excess air. This will give less of NO A possible approach is Nox is removed by chemical sorption using either H2SO4 or alkaline scrubbers  Particulate matter pollution Particulate matter is the sum of all solid and liquid particles suspended in air, many of which are hazardous in nature This complex mixtures contain for instance dust,, soil, smoke and liquid droplets. Temp and chemical composition of the gases to be cleaned befoe the selection of proper control device. Information on the physical form of suspended materials, its abrasive properties , size and shape, chemical composition and electrical sensitivity is required for selection.  Particulate matter pollution Contd… The following 5 major groups of processes 1. Settling chambers 2. Inertial separation or cyclone 3. Electro static precipitator 4. Bag hose filters 5. Wet scubbers  Settling chambers A simplest device collecting dust of size >10 microns Settling chambers use the force of gravity to remove solid particles. The gas strem enters the chamber where the velocity of the gas is reduced. Large particles drop out of the gas and are recollected in the hoppers. Because settling chambers are effective in removing large particles,they are used in conjuction with a more efficient control device. The size, shape of the particles and density and viscisity are important parameters.  Cyclone collectors A gas flowing is a tight circular spiral produces a centrifugal force on the particles, forcing them to move outwards through the gas sream to a wall where they are collected. Thus it is possible to remove 95% of the particles in the diameter range of 5-20microms  Electrostatic Precipitators Passing the particle laden gases between high voltage discharge.  Majority of the particles get charged and get collected on ground electrodes. At intervals both discharge and collecting electrodesare rapped to discharge collected particles from the electrodes, which then fall in to hoppers at the bottam of the precipitator.  Scrubbers Objectives of the scruber is to entrain the particulate matter in liquid droplets. Water subsequently flows from the bottom of the scrubber. The particulate is then allowed to settle and clear water is recirculated  Bag House and Filters The method ismost often used typeof device, which is required to meet any future standards limiting the emission of respirable particles. The collection efficiency is very high and even for particles of 0.01 micron diameter. The fabric filter or bag housesremove dust from a gas strem through a porius fabric. The fabric filter iis efficient fine particles and can exceed efficiencies of 99% in most applications  Gaseous Pollutants The removal methods for gaseous polltants are designed to concentrate the pollutant in a liquid ( Absorption) or a solid (Adsorption), Some times direct conversion of gaseous pollutants is possible bt combustion. The Central Pollution (prevention and control board)New Delhi has fixed standards for ambient can be considered polluted in a legal term  Absorption This processes is selected to remove pollutants by dissolution in to liquid solvent such as water or in a caustic acid solution. Most commonly water is used as absorbent,  Absorption contd… As the gas stream passes through the liquid, the liquid absorbs the gas. Absorption is commonly used to recover products or to purify gas streams that have high concentration of organic compounds. Among several considerations in absorption unit design the most important one is the selection of suitable liquid solvent, determination of the limits of absorption efficiency selection of appropriate equipment for liquid gas contact and capital cost of the unit.  Adsorption Adsorption is a process by which gases, vapours or liquids are concentrated ob a solid surfaceas a result of surface or chemical force(physical adsorption and Chemisorption respectively)The amount of adsorbed substances depends directly on the internal surface area of the solid and the kinematics of the process The most important adsorbents in industrial use today are Bauxite, silica gel and molecular sieves.  Combustion This methos is for the removal of VOC since they can be decompose to CO2 and H2O. The direct, indirect or Catalytic methods are used The catalytic method is preferred when low temperature of the process is preferred Thanks Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster Dr Suresh Nadgoda What Happened April 26, 1986, 1 am Worst nuclear disaster in the history Severe human error, explosion in reactor 4 leads to release of huge amount of nuclear radiations Accident happened during an experiment to test a potential safety emergency core cooling feature Countries affected: Belarus, Ukraine and Russia  Impact or Damage: 2 workers that night + 28 died later Impact of the accident contd… 6000 diagnosed with thyroid cancer, 115000 people evacuated Fire started that last for 10 days 7 mio lived in contaminated area out of this 3 mio were children Government admitted the accident only after high radiation levels were measured in Sweden Sepsis was the common cause of death Bone marrow transplantation – very limited indicatu-ions Human errors Isolation of emergency core cooling system Unsafe amount of control rods withdrawn Connection of 4 main cooling pumps to the right and left of the system The operator did not have a good mental model of the system itself Beta too high Many missed signals before the accident Inadequate instrumentation and alarms for emergency situation There were no physical controls, that prevented the operator from operating the reactor in its unstable state Lessons learnt  NPP as Units of National Importance  Safety First - safety of people and environment rather than productivity Overhaul of current and future projects with focus on risk minimization SOP in place Training to employees provided, team work and communications imp Experts on site, improved radiation measurement technology in place Involvement of community in the emergency respose plan Thanks  Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT) PGCTM Course Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Definition :  Potentially the most valuable, inter-disciplinary, objective decision making tool with respect to alternate routes for development, process technologies and project sites.  An ideal anticipatory mechanism which establishes quantitative values for parameters indicating the quality of the environmental before, during and after the proposed development activity.  Ensures environmental compatibility in developmental process  Presents a clear and concise picture of all benefits and costs associated with alternative courses of action.  Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT) PGCTM Course Methodology of EIA  Preparation of EIA should coincide with the preparation of the feasibility report.  All efforts should be made to integrate environmental concerns into the project from the conceptual stage itself.  The preparation of EIA involves the following stops :  Collection of baseline data from both primary and secondary sources  Identification of the impacts of the project taking into account the contours of the project location and climatic conditions.  Prediction of the impacts and assessment of the net cost - benefit  Preparation of an environmental management plan to prevent and or minimize potential impacts of the project on environment.  Quantification of the financial cost of mitigation measures and preparation of a monitoring plan for the implementation of mitigation measures.  Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT) PGCTM Course Alternatives  The EIA report should discuss different alternatives to be explored for  Different technology options should be examined not only from the productivity and cost angle but also from the angle of quantity and quality of raw materials used and wastes generated.  The objective should be to set up a cleaner and unit whose waste, if any, can be fully recycled/ reused.  In the case of river-valley and other infrastructure projects, efforts should be made to use appropriate technologies which could reduce the impact during reconstruction phase  Site selection should take into account distances from sensitive areas such as national parks, sanctuaries, urban settlements, etc. and suitability for disposal of wastes (effluents, emissions and solid waste)  The relative importance of different alternatives should be weighed from environmental angle.  Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT) PGCTM Course Land  Project site should be selected in such a way that displacement of people and diversion of forest agricultural land can be avoided  The project area should be kept to a minimum  Width of the green belt should be decided taking into account the nature of the project and proximity to sensitive areas.  In the case of low-lying areas, the implications of filling up the land need to be examined  If a new query is to be opened up for the construction, the implication of this also will have to be assessed. Soil The quality of the soil is important in case the project involves land disposal of effluents and solid waste  Permeability of the soil and other factors play an important role in the disposal of waste water and solid waste.  Depending on the nature of the soil, the design for lining of soil for disposal of solid hazardous wastes has to be decided.  Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT) PGCTM Course Air  The ambient air quality after the project is established can be predicted if baseline information on existing air quality is available  Air quality should be measured not only at the site but also at selected place around the site.  The sites should be selected based on wind direction, location of sensitive areas, etc.  Meteorological data can be collected by installing weather station while the past data, can be obtained from the Indian Meteorological Department  Air quality prediction if indicates a significant change, adequate air pollution control equipments as well as instruments/systems for measuring air quality and emissions be provided.  Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT) PGCTM Course Water  Water availability is critical for many projects  The quantum of water drawn by the project will have an impact on the ground water level/availability of surface water, etc.  The concern should be to minimize the use of fresh water for the project.  Without proper recharge, the groundwater gets depleted.  In case of surface water, there are many competing users who would like to have first charge on the water  The use of recycled water is preferable in case of cooling tower, green belt, etc. provided the quality of this water match with the prescribed standards.  The water that is being disposed of should be segregated and treated before it reaches the primary effluent treatment plant  The treated water should, as far as possible, be recycled for use in the plant itself.  Effluent treatment plants hold be so designed that the discharge from it should meet prescribed standards.  Projects, which propose to discharge the effluent into a common effluent treatment plants should provide primary treatment within the plan premises.  Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT) PGCTM Course Flora and Fauna  Identification of the impacts on the flora and fauna  These are very few methodologies available to reduce the impact on flora and fauna.  Project proponent should look for the different species of flora and fauna, which are endemic to the area  Project site should not be too close to migratory routes of birds and mammals Solids  The solids waste that is generated from the operations may be both hazardous and non-hazardous  Estimate the exact quantity of the wastes and indicate the mode and place of disposal as well as details of the permission granted by the local authorities.  Solid waste disposal site within the existing plant it should have proper lining so that there would be no leaching of solid wastes into the groundwater.  It should also have adequate protection from storm water  The transport of hazardous material through congested areas should be avoided and prior approval for the route should be taken from the local authorities.  Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT) PGCTM Course Noise  The noise measurements have to be collected keeping in view the distance of the proposed location of the project from urban settlement/ national parks/ sanctuaries  Adequate protection measures including mufflers and other noise control devices should be provided. Green Belt  The design of the greenbelt should be based on the attenuation effect  It should not only be aesthetic but also useful in controlling pollution  The greenbelt should be made up of indigenous species and those having long-term economic value. Transportation  Raw materials are transported to the plant site and final products are carried to consumption points by rail, road pipeline, etc.  In case raw material/ final product is transported by road the existing traffic density of the road should be assessed over a period of time and the impact of the proposed project on this should be estimated.  In the case of pipeline there should be a risk analysis and disaster management plan.  Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT) PGCTM Course Risk Analysis and Disaster Management Plan  In the case of projects of a hazardous nature or those requiring storage of hazardous chemicals. It is necessary to provide a risk analysis report based on the worst case scenario.  Contours of the likely impact based on the wind direction and the type of material stored/ handled be provided  In the case of river-valley projects, flood prone zone needs to be indicated  Socio-economic analysis data is generally available in the Census publications and the gazetteers.  Many local universities educational institutional also conduct periodical socio-economic surveys.  These are important while considering the issue of rehabilitation and resettlement (R&R)  The project proponent should get an exact idea of the requirements of rehabilitation/ resettlement through a comprehensive survey  The policies of the State Government should be followed strictly for R & R.  The project proponent should identify the site where the displaced people are proposed to be resettled.  Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT) PGCTM Course Environment Management Plan  This should be designed to achieve : Reduction the impact of the project on environment Improvement of the environment of the area Establishment of a proper monitoring mechanism with adequate staff  The environmental plan should earmark specific staff and funds for routine environmental management as well as collection, collation and examination of various data Post-project Environmental Quality Monitoring Programme  To be delineated by the proponent for submitting 6 monthly report to regulatory agencies a a EIA follow-up.  Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT) PGCTM Course Generic Structure of Environmental Impact Assessment Document Sr No EIA Structure 1. Introduction 2. Project Description 3. Description of the Environment 4. Anticipated Environment Impacts & Mitigation Measures 5. Analysis of Alternatives (Technology & Site) 6. Environmental Monitoring Program 7. Additional Studies 8. Project Benefits 9. Environmental Cost Benefit Analysis 10. Environmental Management Plan (EMP) 11. Summary & Conclusion (This will constitute the summary of the EIA Report) Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT) PGCTM Course  Dedicated CCR 20 YEARS Process Safety Beacon to all those that lost their lives or were injured in An AlChE Industry http: /www. aiche.org/ccps/safetybeacon.htm Technology Aliance the Piper Alpha Messages for Manufacturing Personnel tragedy July - 2005 Piper Alpha Oil Platform Destroyed Here's What Happened Seventcen years ago (July 6, 1988), leaking natural gas condensate on the Piper Alpha oil platform in the North Sea exploded. The explosion disabled the communications center and was followed by a fireball and a large oil pool fire. The fire ruptured a major gas line that was transporting gas from another oil platform to Piper Alpha. That massive gas release caused alarger cxplosion and fire which engulfed the entire platform. Within an hour, other gas lines ruptured and the fire was completely out of control. 165 workers and 2 rescuers were killed. The PSID Members see: Phase of Operation-Maintenance platform was totally destroyed. during Operation *Guidelines for Investigating Chemical Process Incidents, 1992, CCPS ofAIChE How Did This Happen ? What You Can Do The Piper Alpha platform drilled for oil and processed natural Communicate effectively at shift turnover. Inform gas from other platforms. Amain tenance crew was working on the oncoming shift what equipment is out of service a pump in the gas processing unit. As part of their work, they and why. A log boo: can bea very effective tool for removed a relief valve from the pump's discharge line -butdid this task! NOT install a regular blind flange to cover the opening. They did not complete the repair work that shift so they told the shift Do not short cut mainienance or safety procedures. supervisor that the pump should not be used. Unfortunately, Complete all pernmits, make sure that the oncoming this message was not given to the operators on the next shift. shift knows about them and understands their importance. When the primary pump failed, the operators started the pump that had been taken out of service. Gas condensate immediately Know the hazards your unit imposes on other units escaped from the opening where the relief valve should have and the hazards they impose onyours. Know what to been. An explosion and fire occurred damaging fire walls shut down when there is a problem. and the control room. The heat from this fire ruptured gas transportation pipelines from other platforms-which added to Restore automatic fire protection systems to service the fire and ensuing damage. as soon as they are available. Take special precautions The fire water pumps had been placed in the "manual" position when they are out of service for repair or testing and return them to service as sOon as possible! since divers were in the sea earlier during the day and no one activated the system during the emergency. Emergency evacuation routes from the crew's living quarters were blocked Know enmergency evacuation routes for all types of by smoke and fires. emergencies and hazard locations. Incomplete Maintenance Activity + Poor Shift Turnover = Disaster AIChE © 2004. All rights reserved. Reproduction for non-commerical, education purposes is encouraged. However, reporductioon for the purpose of resale by anyone other than CCPS is strictly prohibited. Contact us at ceps [email protected] or 212-591-73 19 ICC - Process Safety Beacons - |107  Case study from MIC Inckdence : Poisonous,Toxic Methyl Iso oynate leakage Storage tank due to excessive pressurization & bursting of ruptue disk & safety valve. Plant at BHOPAL Place of Incidence: Union Carbide Dec,1984 Date & Time of Incidence : 3° water/ moisture either through one of Cause of Incidence : Entry of sysem of pressurizing the slip bind of the valve or through N2 storage Tank. initiated polymerization reaction which is exothermic The water of pressurization which leads into bursting resulting in to excessive leaked & about 40 MT of MIC 'rupture disk &the safety valve side atmosphere. through the scrubber vent in to the out disabilities Casualties: Around 3000 fatalities &more than 2,50,000 Design criteria. In built Safety ystems : Storage Tank of 60MT. Capacity, Partially underground, (a) flanges & valves. Provided with Insulated with minimum Pressure gauge & Temp. indicator. Safety valve, Rupture disk, to been provided to all the flange joints & valves (b)A slip blnd had to the system. prevent any water entering n pressurizing system is being ussd for transferring of (o) Nitrogen Liquid to theussr plant. are afery vaive reieas & Rupture dik rlease flare. (d )The vent, unit & also to the scrubber connected to the caustic provided to transfer the liquid in case of any (e)A stand by tank is Leakage.  :2: Additional Safety Systems: In all Following five additional Safety sysems were provided (1) Vent Scrubber : The safety valve , the rupture disk &the storage vents are connected to the sorubber with caustic circulation. (2)Fare stack : The above vent lines are also connected to the common Flare Stack. At the top of the flare an automatic Ignition lamp is provided to bum the stack gas emissions (3) Water curtain:This is a device to shoot a jet of water Some 12 to 15 mtrs. into the air ,thus creating a water curtain around MICStorage tanks. (4) Refrigeration System : There were 30MT.of Freon Refrigeration systern , designed to circulate coolant Brine (10 to -15 degree centigrade) through cooiing coil in the MIC Storage Tanks. (S) Stand by Tak : Stand by Tank of60 MT.capacity Is being provided to transfer the material in case of any Leakage  :3: System failure which lead in to major leakage & disaster All the above additional safety systerns failed to operate during emergency. sCrubber unit was (1)At the time of incidence,the caustic Under mainten ance & hence un soubbed gas directly released through the vent & the safety/ rupure disk out let in tothe Atmosphere cool air engulfng many parts of the Town (2) The pipeline cormecting thestorage vent & afety maintenance & valve/tupture disk release was removed for could not reach to was not re installed due to which gas the flare. commission at the 3)The refrigeration system was out of time of Incidence the product MIC (4) The stand by tank was also filled with Completey. water to the height of (3)Water cúrtain which was jetting a of about 12-15 mtrs. could not reach up to the height Scn1bber vent at 30 mtrs. Were over held to or any (6)No practice drilis imock driiis were held to update the public awareness programmes squad. knowledge & skills of emergency management were in ade quate & not tested (7) The above safety devices Or maintained perio dically  :4: Lesson to be kearnt to avoid mishaps. (1) Proper Siting of the pant & the lay out away from human habitation. (2) Maintain minimum or NO inventory ofextremely hazardous chemicals like MIC. (3) Periodic Inpection, maintenance &operation of safety systems and upgra ding redundancy Plan of (4) The hazardous Plants should be equipped with whole series Indicators, gauges , recorders with range of inbuilt alam systems of adequate size & capacity. Providing Interlocks which automatically shutdown oritical Parts Plants before condition go out of control. (5) Periodic review ,rehearsing & updating On site emergen cy control Plan ,conducting regular drills & developing Public awareness. Hazardous Waste Management Dr Suresh Nadgouda  What is a hazardous waste Hazardous waste is a waste with properties that make it dangerously capable of having a harmful effect on human health and environment Examples include drain cleaners, paints, fuels, pesticides, medical wastes, some types of cleaning chemicals, consumer electronics , etc. Hazardous waste is generated by nearly all the industries.  Sources of hazardous wastes Hazardous waste (HW) is generated from manny sources ranging from manufacturing process waste, batteries and some may come in many forms like solids, liquids, gases and sludges. It includes Clinical waste Waste oils, hydrocarbon water mixtures, emulsions Waste from production, formulations Waste resulting from surace treatmet of metals, plastics Residues arising from industrial easte disposal operations Waste which can contain such compound like Cu, Cd, Pb, Hg, Asbestos Househod waste or residues arising from incineration of household waste  Concerns about HW Causes mass life and material damage and loss Causes environment damage, Solid, water and air pollution. Affects ground and surface drinking water sources Causes long term irreversible health risks High concern of transboundary movement of toxic waste Causes massive toxic health damage  Characteristics of HW Explosive Flammable, eg. Solvent wastes Corrosives, eg. Acid batteries Toxic Ecotoxic Infectiouses substances, eg. Medical waste containing microbial culture Radioactive, eg. Uranium waste, Cobalt Bioaccumulates, eg Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), Dioxins  HW control methods Reduction at source 1. Technology efficiency 2. Material substitute 3. Good management practices Waste avoidance Waste minimization Water recycling, Direct reuse, Reclamation Waste treatment Waste disposal  Hazardous Waste (HW) treatment methds 1. Physical methods Drying Screening Grinding Evaporation Sedimentation Filtration 2. Chemical methods Oxidation Reduction Hydrolysis  Hazardous Waste (HW) treatment methods contd … 3. Biological methods Composting Aerobic and Anaerobic decomposition Activated sludge Enzyme treatment 4. Thermal methods Incineration Boiling Autoclaving UV treatment Microwave use  Hazardous Waste (HW) treatment metnod contd.. Chemical methhods Convert HW in to a non toxic form reduces the hazard of a particular waste Chemical methods are, Neutralization, precipitation, Oxidation, Reduction Chemical oxidation is used to destroy cyanide molecules with oxidising agent Reduction method is used to convert hexavalent chromium in to trivalent chromium Anodic electrolysis is used to destroy cyanide from spent strip of plating solutions  Incineration Able to achieve 99.99% destruction & removal efficiency of hazardous components in waste Primary products CO2, Vapour and ash Sulpur bearing waste gives of SO2, CO2 & H2O when incinerated Bio products of incineration sometimes are more harmful Two types of incinerators – Injection system and Rotary klins  Hazardous Waste (HW) disposal methods 1. Land farming – Treated waste can be used as fertilizer 2. Deep well injection 3. Surface impediment _ Encapsulation. This method involves arresting or demobilising the movement or migration of waste in a hard core clay soil, thermoplastic polymer, non corrosive metallic drums etc. 4. Ocean dumping Option of dumping would be based on economics and potential pollution risks  3R’s of waste management 1. Source Reduction: Use of molar proportions of raw materials in process and monitoring material balance, Packing material suppliers should do away with more layers of packaging 2. Reuse: eg. Use of a sub standard product batch in small portions(say 10%) without affecting quality in subsequent production rather than scrapping it as waste, computer accessories like ribbons, cartridges are made using reused. 3. Recycle: It includes collecting, sorting and processing the discarded material which are used as new material for new product. Eg E waste  Transportation of Hazardous Waste to TSDS Tipper truck for Hazardous waste transportation Special vehicle approved for HW transportation by Pollution control board. Should have label on all three sides indicating Hazardous waste  HW Land fill liner system Land fill liner is composite layer typically made of geomembrane and compacted clay, used to prevent land fill leachates in to surrounding environment Liner system for HW landfill  Hazardous Waste (HW) management strategy contd.. Class I landfill should include Double liner Leachate collection Leachate detection system Surface water control mechanism Impermeable cover system Class II landfill should include Single liner Leachate collection Surface water control system Impermeable cover system Thanks INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE Dr. Suresh Nadgouda  Industrial hygiene Industrial hygiene is the science of anticipating, recognizing, evaluating, and controlling workplace conditions that may cause workers' injury or illness. IH Cycle Puzzle to be slolved EHS!!!!!!  Occupational Health Occupational health deals with all aspects of health and safety in the workplace and has a strong focus on primary prevention of hazards. The health of the workers has several determinants, including risk factors at the workplace leading to cancers, accidents, musculoskeletal diseases, respiratory diseases, hearing loss, circulatory diseases, stress related disorders and communicable diseases and others.  Occupational Disease Occupational disease: Any illness associated with a particular occupation or industry.  Occupational Disease Factors affecting: Biological Chemical Physical and psychological factors that are present in the work environment.  Occupational medicine Occupational medicine is concerned with the effect of all kinds of work on health and the effect of health on a worker’s ability and efficiency.  Occupational Disease Occupational diseases are essentially preventable and can be ascribed to faulty working conditions. The control of occupational health hazards decreases the incidence of work-related diseases and accidents and improves the health and morale of the work force, leading to decreased absenteeism and increased worker efficiency.  Public health Public Health: Is not related to occupation. It is related to the environment in the society; where factors like air, noise, water, sanitation etc may influence his health. First Priority!  Hazard v/s Risk A hazard is the source of danger or injury. A hazard includes any chemical or material that has the ability or a property that can cause an adverse health effect or harm to a person under certain conditions. Risk, on the other hand, is the probability or chance that exposure to a chemical hazard will actually cause harm to a person or cause an adverse effect.  Types of job hazards Air Contaminants / Chemical Hazards They include dusts, fumes, mists, aerosols, gases and fibers. Dusts are solid particles that are formed through mechanical processes such as crushing, grinding, drilling, abrading or blasting. Fumes are formed when material from a volatilized solid condenses in cool air. When the solid particles resulting from the condensation react with air to form an oxide.  Chemical hazards Mist is applied to a finely divided liquid suspended in the atmosphere. Mists are generated by liquids condensing from a vapor back to a liquid or by breaking up a liquid into a dispersed state such as by splashing, foaming or atomizing. Aerosols are also a form of a mist.  Chemical hazards Gases are formless fluids, like welding gases such as acetylene, nitrogen, helium, and argon; and carbon monoxide. Hydrogen sulfide which is formed wherever there is decomposition of materials containing sulfur under reducing conditions. Liquids change into vapors and mix with the surrounding atmosphere through evaporation.  Routes of entry of chemicals Inhalation Ingestion Absorption through skin I  Route of entry in body Air contaminants such as dust fumes, vapors, gases and smoke etc enter through lungs. Through skin: phenol, nitrobenzene, lead compounds Ingestion through mouth: Infected food, Salmonella, unhygienic ally prepared food.  Common Chemicals found in industries Affect humans through inhalation 1. Benzene, Methane, Propane 2. Sulphuric acid, Hydrochloric acid 3. Ammonia, Carbon Monoxide Toxic chemicals: potassium Cyanide, Hydrogen Sulphide  Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) H2S - deadliest manure gas. Clear & colorless gas. Heavier than air. It tends to "pool" near the ground. Smells like"rotten egg odour". It causes respiratory paralysis causing asphyxia, unconciousness and death  Hazards of H2S H2S H2S in large amounts Accumulates in blood Bloodstream Respiratory centre paralyzed H2S oxidised Asphyxia  Hazards of H2S H2S H2S in large amounts Diaphragm paralysis Rotten egg odor not sensed - Anosmia Pt. unconscious Respiratory arrest Drowsiness & confusion With O2 supply / CPR Asphyxia & death  How much is safe? The OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) is 10 ppm hydrogen sulfide. The acceptable maximum peak, for 10 minutes only, once during an 8 hour day. This is applicable in confined spaces like tanks, silos, tunnnels, sewers etc.  Carbon Monoxide (CO) Poisonous, colorless and odorless gas. CO is a bit lighter than air. Forms as a product of combustion of organic matter (gasoline, kerosene and oil) under conditions of restricted oxygen supply, which prevents complete oxidation to carbon dioxide (CO2). OSHA standards for CO exposure is 50 ppm  Carbon Monoxide Poisoning carboxyhaemoglobin re reduces O2 carrying c capacity of blood HEART BLOOD STREAM BRAIN DISPLACES OXYGEN  Respiratory Irritants Carbon Monoxide,Sulphur dioxide, Nitrous oxide and dioxide, Halogens, ammonia etc.  Chemical effect on lungs Silica – Silicosis Asbestos – Asbestosis Cotton Fibre – Byssinosis Coal Dust – Coal Miner’s Pneumoconiosis Iron & iron oxide – Siderosis Carbon Monoxide – Angina / respiratory failure  Chemical Pneumonitis Pneumonitis means oedema of lungs (swelling) with inflammation. It is caused by the inhalation of gases like NH3, Cl, SO2, HCL, Methane, H2S, gasoline. Chemical Pneumonitis  Asphyxia Lack of oxygen supply to the cells and tissues leading to cellular suffocation and damage. Asphyxiants: Nitrogen, Hydrogen, CO2, Methane. Chemical asphyxiants: CO, H2S, Hydrogen Cyanide  Chemical Effects on Blood System Carbon Monoxide – alteration in Hb form Nitro and amino compounds - chemical cyanosis Organophosphorus pesticides – blood thinners Lead and Arsenic – Toxic anemia  Chemical effects on CNS Methyl Alcohol – delirium, altered sensorium Mercury – sensory and motor paralysis Lead – motor paralysis  Chemical effects on Liver and kidney Hepatotoxic: Organo phosphorus compounds Carbon tetrachloride Renal Toxins: Mercury Oxalates Polycarboxylic compounds  Skin Affections Mercury – corrosions of skin, pigmentations Lead – contact dermatitis Hydrogen Sulphide Sulphur dioxide Male and female reproductive system Carbon disulphide, lead and propane compounds cause decrease in sperm count and infertility. Narcotics, tranquilizers – abortion Lead and mercury - infertility  Physical hazards Noise Hazards: temporary or permanent deafness – sound above 90 decibels. Nonauditory effects – disturbed sleep, speech, fatigue, irritability. Auditory effects: Deafness  Temperature Hazards High and Low Temperatures are Hazards Burns Frostbite Heat Stress, cramps and stroke Wearing Protective clothing can increase the heat stress on a worker  HEAT STRESS - SYMPTOMS If the body can’t cool itself through sweating, heat exhaustion or heat stroke can occur. Heat exhaustion symptoms: – headache, dizziness, weakness, confusion, vomiting, fainting, pale clammy skin  Heat Stroke Symptoms: – hot red skin that looks sunburned – inability to think straight, seizure, unconsciousness – dry pale skin with no sweating – Treatment: Move to cool area, elevate legs, remove heavy clothing, drink cool water, apply wet cloth to skin  Ionizing Radiation X-ray radiation – affects skin, blood causing leukemia, abortion Non ionizing radiation:Light illumination And UV rays Infrared radiation – hot furnaces  Ionizing radiation Ionizing (or ionising) radiation is radiation composed of particles that individually carry enough energy to liberate an electron from an atom or molecule. Ionizing radiation includes cosmic rays, alpha, beta and gamma rays, X- rays, and in general any charged particle moving at relativistic speeds.  Non-ionizing radiation is described as a series of energy waves composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields travelling at the speed of light. Non-ionizing radiation includes the spectrum of ultraviolet (UV), visible light, infrared (IR), microwave (MW), radio frequency (RF), and extremely low frequency (ELF). Lasers commonly operate in the UV, visible, and IR frequencies.  Biological hazards Affection of bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites etc in sewers, grain godowns, food, unhygenic food processing units.  Ergonomic Hazards The science of ergonomics studies and evaluates lifting, holding, pushing, walking, and reaching. Some problems arise from poorly designed job tasks. Any of those conditions can cause ergonomic hazards such as excessive vibration and noise, eye strain, repetitive motion, and heavy lifting problems.  Ergonomic Hazards Improperly designed tools or work areas also can be ergonomic hazards. Repetitive motions or repeated shocks over prolonged periods of time as in jobs involving sorting, assembling, and data entry can often cause irritation and inflammation of the tendon sheath of the hands and arms, a condition known as carpal tunnel syndrome. Quick Exercise RISK ASSESSMENT! 1. Identify the hazard 2. Identify the hazard 3. Identify the hazard 4. Identify the hazard 5. Identify the hazard 6. Identify the hazard 7. Identify the hazard 8. Identify the hazard 9. Identify the hazard 10. Identify the hazard 11. Identify the hazard 12. Identify the hazard 13. Identify the hazard 14. Identify the hazard Introduction to prevailing EHS laws B Tech 2nd Year Dr Suresh Nadgouda 23.12.2024  DEFINITIONS SAFETY : “Freedom from unacceptable risk of harm” RISK : “The probable rate of occurrence of a hazard causing harm,and the degree of severity of harm” HAZARD : “A potential source of harm” HARM : “Physical injury or damage to health or property” INTENDED USE : “Use of a product or a process in accordance with the specifi- cation & instructions provided by the supplier” Dr Suresh Nadgouda 2  Definitions-Environment Ecology – it is the study of the relations of organisms in their environment In generic sense it is aggregate of surrounding things. In specific sense , it is a thin layer of life supporting system called biosphere, divided in to physical and biological environment. Environment – ecologically environment refers to sum of all the external conditions and influences affecting lifeand development of organisms Environment pollution – Reduction in the quality of environment due to disposal of residuesor disposal of anysubstances inexcess  Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT) PGCTM Course Environment Protection Act Environmental Protection Act, 1986 and Rules thereof Chemical Weapon Convention Act, 2000 and the Chemical Convention Appeals Rules 2005 Central Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 and Rules 1989 Indian Railway Act and Red Tariff Rule (No.20) 1992 and amended 2005 Public Liability Insurance Act, 1981 and Rules thereof The Factories Act, 1948 Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989 Hazardous Waste (Management, Handling and Trans-boundary Movements) Rules, 2008 The Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning Preparedness and Response) Rules, 1996.  Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT) PGCTM Course Legislations The Factories Act, 1948 : Safety in Manufacturing Activity (includes Chemical Plants)  Act is in enforcement since 1881 and enforced by State Governments  Specific provisions for certain operations such as Solvent Extraction Plants, Agro-chemicals  Industrial Hygiene, Occupational Health The Factories Act,1948 Chapter Title I Preliminary II The Inspecting III Health IV Safety IV - A Provisions relating to hazardous processes V Welfare VI Working hours and wages VII Employment of young person VIII Annual leave and wages IX Special provisions X Penalties and procedures XI Supplemental Dr Suresh Nadgouda 6 The Factories Act,1948 In addition F. A. has three schedules Schedule Title First List of Industries involving Hazardous processes (29 industries) Second Permissible Levels of certain chemicals Substances in Work Environment (116) Third List of Modifiable Diseases (29) Dr Suresh Nadgouda 7 Routes of Exposure Inhalation Ingestion Absorption Injection Symptoms of Possible Overexposure Eye discomfort Breathing difficulty Dizziness Headache Nausea Vomiting Skin irritation GOODS CLASSES & DIVISIONS Dr Suresh Nadgouda 10 GOODS CLASSES & DIVISIONS Dr Suresh Nadgouda 11 Purchasing Manager’s Conference 2000 BASF Product Stuardship in the raw materials purchasing division Safety matrix:Product risk Category C E T+ T C F+ Explosive Very Toxic Toxic Corrosive Extremely flammable Category B Xi O N Xn F Irritant Oxidizing Enviromentally Harmful to Highly Dr Suresh Nadgouda harmful health flammable 12  ISO 14000 and EMS system ISO 14001: 2004 - Environment management system OHSAS 18001: 2007 - Occupational health and safety management system  Benefits of ISO 14000  Benefits which can be gained over one or more years.  Greatly reduced absenteeism.  Improved productivity.  Savings through better plant maintenance.  Reduced compensation claims and accident insurance.  Corporate image enhanced.  Improved client / supplier relationships.  Higher worker moral, motivation and concentration at work.  Improved worker retention. Thanks Introduction to prevailing EHS laws B Tech 2nd Year Dr Suresh Nadgouda 23.12.2024  DEFINITIONS SAFETY : “Freedom from unacceptable risk of harm” RISK : “The probable rate of occurrence of a hazard causing harm,and the degree of severity of harm” HAZARD : “A potential source of harm” HARM : “Physical injury or damage to health or property” INTENDED USE : “Use of a product or a process in accordance with the specifi- cation & instructions provided by the supplier” Dr Suresh Nadgouda 2  Definitions-Environment Ecology – it is the study of the relations of organisms in their environment In generic sense it is aggregate of surrounding things. In specific sense , it is a thin layer of life supporting system called biosphere, divided in to physical and biological environment. Environment – ecologically environment refers to sum of all the external conditions and influences affecting lifeand development of organisms Environment pollution – Reduction in the quality of environment due to disposal of residuesor disposal of anysubstances inexcess  Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT) PGCTM Course Environment Protection Act Environmental Protection Act, 1986 and Rules thereof Chemical Weapon Convention Act, 2000 and the Chemical Convention Appeals Rules 2005 Central Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 and Rules 1989 Indian Railway Act and Red Tariff Rule (No.20) 1992 and amended 2005 Public Liability Insurance Act, 1981 and Rules thereof The Factories Act, 1948 Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989 Hazardous Waste (Management, Handling and Trans-boundary Movements) Rules, 2008 The Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning Preparedness and Response) Rules, 1996.  Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT) PGCTM Course Legislations The Factories Act, 1948 : Safety in Manufacturing Activity (includes Chemical Plants)  Act is in enforcement since 1881 and enforced by State Governments  Specific provisions for certain operations such as Solvent Extraction Plants, Agro-chemicals  Industrial Hygiene, Occupational Health The Factories Act,1948 Chapter Title I Preliminary II The Inspecting III Health IV Safety IV - A Provisions relating to hazardous processes V Welfare VI Working hours and wages VII Employment of young person VIII Annual leave and wages IX Special provisions X Penalties and procedures XI Supplemental Dr Suresh Nadgouda 6 The Factories Act,1948 In addition F. A. has three schedules Schedule Title First List of Industries involving Hazardous processes (29 industries) Second Permissible Levels of certain chemicals Substances in Work Environment (116) Third List of Modifiable Diseases (29) Dr Suresh Nadgouda 7 Routes of Exposure Inhalation Ingestion Absorption Injection Symptoms of Possible Overexposure Eye discomfort Breathing difficulty Dizziness Headache Nausea Vomiting Skin irritation GOODS CLASSES & DIVISIONS Dr Suresh Nadgouda 10 GOODS CLASSES & DIVISIONS Dr Suresh Nadgouda 11 Purchasing Manager’s Conference 2000 BASF Product Stuardship in the raw materials purchasing division Safety matrix:Product risk Category C E T+ T C F+ Explosive Very Toxic Toxic Corrosive Extremely flammable Category B Xi O N Xn F Irritant Oxidizing Enviromentally Harmful to Highly Dr Suresh Nadgouda harmful health flammable 12  ISO 14000 and EMS system ISO 14001: 2004 - Environment management system OHSAS 18001: 2007 - Occupational health and safety management system  Benefits of ISO 14000  Benefits which can be gained over one or more years.  Greatly reduced absenteeism.  Improved productivity.  Savings through better plant maintenance.  Reduced compensation claims and accident insurance.  Corporate image enhanced.  Improved client / supplier relationships.  Higher worker moral, motivation and concentration at work.  Improved worker retention. Thanks Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules 2000 Dr Suresh A Nadgouda  Typical noise levels Areas Noise levels dB Whisper 20 Conversation 40 Lathe machine, Printing press 80 Cotton Spinning 90 Weaving machines 90 – 100 Riveting, Boiler room 100 -110 Diesel engine room 125 Pneumatic drill, aero plane 130 Jet engine 140 Normal speech audible 20 feet. Whisper 3-4 feet. Beginning of shift and end of shift 10 db deficient. NIHL – Earliest changes at 4000 Hz. NHIL – Important frequency is 4000Hz. Occupational importance 4000 Hz. Speech zone frequency is 500 – 2000 Hz. High zone frequency is 3000 – 8000 Hz. Speech frequency is affected later. More than 4000 Hz. Frequency cell excess damage. 2000 – will damage. 3000 – can cell damage. 6000 – cells escp Dip indicate of NIHL. Legal Requirement As per factory Act 1948 in every factory suitable engineering control or administration measures should be taken to protect workers from being exposed to sound levels exceeding the maximum permissible limits. The permissible exposure in the case of continuous or impulsive (impact ) noises are as given below. Noise : a) Auditory ill effects - Temporary hearing loss & Permanent hearing loss. b) Non Auditory ill effects - Speech interference, Variation in blood pressure, Dilation of pupil, Disease like peripheral vascular disturbance, Vascular neuropathy, myopathy etc.  Permissible noise exposure Duration per day, Hours slow dBA Permissible exposure in case of continuous noise response 8 90 Total time exposure ( continuous or a Sound pressure level in decibels per number of6short term exposure ) 92 day in hours 8 4 90 95 6 92 4 3 97 95 3 2 97 100 2 100 1½ 1 1/2 102 1 105 ¾ 1 105 107 ½ ½ 110 ¼ 115 1/4 115 No exposure in excess of 115 db is to be permitted. For No anyexposure in excessfalling period of exposure of 115in dBA is toany between be figure permitted and the next higher or lower Forasany figure periodinofcolumn indicated exposure abovefalling in between permissible any figures sound pressure and level next is to be higher determined or lowerbyfigure extrapolation on a proportionate as indicated in the column basis. above, permissible sound pressure Level is to be extrapolation on a proportionate basis  Other legislations dealing with noise pollution Amendment brought to Air act 1981 in 1987specifically extended the provisions of the Air act including increased penalties and the issuance of injunction by magistrate to noise pollution. The definition of Air pollution is expanded to include noise Apart from the above other central Govt statues like M V act, Railways act, The aircraft act, F Act contain provisions to tackle noise pollution Local Municipal legislations and the Police act also regulates certain activities the create noise Rules framed by certain states eg, Bihar, Orissa, Delhi etc, regulates use of horn and need for adopting silencers  Objective of the Rules To regulate and control noise producing and generating sources with the object of maintaining the ambient air quality standard in respect of noise  Noise Pollution (regulation and control) Rules 2000 8 Rules and one schedule Rule 1 : Short title and commencement Rule 2 : definitions Rule 3 : Ambient air quality standards in respect of different area/ zones Rule 4 : Responsibilities as to enforcement of Noise pollution control measures Rule 5 : Restrictions on the use of loud speakers/ Public address system Rule 6 : Consequences of any violation in silence zone/ area Rule 7 : Complaints to be made to the authorities Rule 8 : Power too prohibit etc. continuance of music sound or noise Schedule : ambient air quality standards in respect of noise Classification of zones under the rules 1. Industrial Zone 2. Residential Zone 3. Commercial Zone 4. Silent Zone Noise Pollution (Regulation & Control) Rules, 2000 Area Category of Limits in dB(A) Leq code Area/zone Day-time Night-time (A) Industrial Area 75 70 (B) Commercial 65 55 Area (C) Residential Area 55 45 (D) Silence Zone 50 40  Section 5 -Restriction on use of loudspeaker and other public address system Rule 7- Complaint to the authority Rule 6- Penalty for violation  Silence zones The rule defines 100 meters surrounding hospitals, educational institutions and court as a silence area and impose penalty for doing the following acts 1. Playing music or sound amplifiers 2. Beating drums or tom-tom or blowing horn either musical or pressure or trumpet or beating or soundings any instrument 3. Exhibiting any mimetic, musical or other performances to attract crowd Rule is silent on dos and don’ts in industrial, commercial and residential areas and the punishment in case of violations  Right to Religious practices v. Right to clean and Healthy Environment Church of God (Full Gospel) in India V K.K.R.M.C. Welfare Association 2000 SCC 282 Minority institution, during its prayer services, made use of drums and loudspeakers in the early hours of morning.  In Dhannlal V Chittar Singh case: the court issued injunction restraining the defendant from operating a floor mill close to the plaintiff's house on grounds of noise pollution. The court deduced the principle governing the nuisance caused by constant noise However, in case of Ram Ratan V Munna Lal, the addition of two power looms in the locality where several such loomshad already been working, was held to be any serious addition to the existing noise. State of Bombay v Narasu Appa Mali AIR 1952 Bom. 82 Ganesh and Navratri festivals and the use of loudspeakers during night. Court orders the strict implementation of Environmental Acts Nobody can object on celebration of festivals, but their means of celebration must not disturb the peace and tranquility of the neighborhood.  P. A Jacob v Superintendent of Police, 1996, Bom Fundamental right to freedom of speech guaranteed under Art. 19(1)(a) did not include the right to use a loudspeaker. But this right cannot be restricted absolutely without justification and reasonable cause, and any activity within reasonable limits should be allowed as a matter of reasonable exercise of right.  NOISE POLLUTION and FIRE WORKS Free Legal Aid Cell v. Government of NCT of Delhi AIR 2001 Delhi 455 The Hon'ble court directed that: 1. Separate courts regarding noise pollution may be established 2. All District Magistrates should be empowered to issues prohibitory orders under sec. 144 of Cr.P.C to limit the hours for the use of loudspeakers. 3. Use of firecrackers in religious festivals, marriages, processions etc., shall be properly regulated 4. It shall be the duty of the area SDM's to see that Noise Control Rules are strictly adhered to and any default in this regard will be treated as misconduct, liable for disciplinary action besides action for disobeying court's order.  GIDC Housing Association v State of Gujarat 1997 Guj. 221 Writ petition by residents complaining about noise pollution caused by an Iron and steel factory. Since the housing colony was within the Industrial estate and was established after the factory, The court held that the residents had come to the place of nuisance, hence cannot complain. The Company on the other hand should stick to standards for noise emission u/EPA  Health-Marriage hall, hospitals and use of loudspeakers Sayeed Maqsood Ali v The State of M. P AIR 2001 MP 220 Cardiac patient, near an Eye Hospital and by the side of a Dharmashala. In the vicinity of the petitioners house there are hospitals and educational institutions and Government Higher Secondary school. The Dharmashala run by the State, accommodates various categories of people and many a religious function are held throughout the year. The Dharmashala also is given on rent for the purpose of holding marriages and other functions. In the Dharmashala, loudspeakers are utilized where music is played at a very high pitch creating disturbance to the petitioner and other persons residing in the said locality.  Noise pollution (regulation and Control) Amendment Rules 2002 New provision added in 2002 giving power to the concerned authority to permit use of loud speaker or public address systems during night hours (10 pm to 12 midnight)on or during any cultural or religious festivals for a period not exceeding 15 days in all during a calendar year. Validity of this Amendment was challenged in the Kerala HC After dismissal of the same by HC in Kerala, the aggrieved petitioner appealed in before the Supreme Court of India Noise interferes with the fundamental right of citizens live in peace and to protect themselves with the forced audience thus is violative of Article 21 of the constitution  Supreme Court’s verdict ‘Having look in to the diversity of culture and religion in India, we think that a limited power of exemption from the operation of the the Noise rules granted by the central government in exercise of its statutory powers cannot be held to be unreasonable. The power to grant exemption is conferred on the State Government. It cannot be further delegated. The power shall be exercised by reference to the State as a unit and not by reference to District, so as to specify different dates for different districts’ It can be reasonably expected that the State government would exercise the power with due care and caution and in public interest. Further under the impugned Rule there is no scope provided to the State Government to widened the exemption either by increasing the number of days or increasing the duration beyond 2 hours The State government to specify in advance the number and particulars of days on which the exemption is operative The exemption when granted shall not apply to silence zones. Thanks Pasadena Tx polyethylene plant disaster Dr Suresh Nadgouda What happened October 23, 1989, 1pm Release of extremely flammable that occurred during regulay maintenance operations on one of the plants polyethylene reactors. More than 85000 lbs of highly flammable gases ( Isobutane, ethylene, Hexene and Hydrogen) were released instantaneously through a open valve which caught fire leading to several explosions 23 dead, 314 injured $715.5 mio worth prpperty damage, $ 717 mio worth business lost How it happened During routine maintenance operations, isolation valves were closed and compressed air hoses that actuates them were physically disconnected as a safety measure, the air connections for opening and closing. The valves were identical and were improperly reversed when reconnected.As a result valves would have been open when the swith in the control room was in ‘Valve closed position’. This passed the rector content in air during actual operations. That was followed by explosion of 20000 US gallons Isobutene tank followed by another poly ethylene reactor. Lessons learnt OSHA’s investigation concluded that failure to train workers properly is the main factor in the explosion Thanks  Seveso Disaster Dr Suresh Nadgouda  What Happened On July 10, 1976 a chemical reactor at ICMESA plant in Meda, Italy exploded The explosion released a cloud of chemicals that included sodium hydroxide, ethylene glycol, sodium trichloro phenol and dioxin The cloud drifted over an of about 18 sq km The cloud caused immediate health issues for people animals and plants Chloracne cases diagonised in Children Decreased male and female fertility noticed associated with TCDD levels  The chemical in the reactor over heated and reacted unexpectedly, causing the explosionThis released an aerosol cloud containing TCDD along with other chemicals inclusive of ethylene glycol The poison killed 3000 farm animals and pets  Chemical events Batch was stopped for week end before the complete removal of ethylene glycol from the reaction mixture by distillation Reduced power consumption acros plant to dramatic drop on Turbine Consequent in temp ofof exhaust steam to 300 degrees C. This heated portion of metal wall of reactor With stirrer not working this led to localised heating. Exothermic reaction stated. PSV eventually oped and released the toxic gas  Lessons learnt The best known consequence of the Seveso disaster was the impulse that gave to the creation of European Community’s Seveso Directives, a new system of Industrial regulations. Companies started focussing on Risk Management and safety Thanks  Toxicology Dr Suresh Nadgouda  Toxicology - Definitions Toxicity: The ability of a substance to cause harm or adversely affect an organism, Toxicology: The science and study of harmful chemical interactions on living tissue.  What is Toxic material ? The toxicity of a substance is its ability to cause harmful effects. These effects can strike a single cell, a group of cells, an organ system, or the entire body. A toxic effect may be visible damage, or a decrease in performance or function measurable only by a test. All chemicals can cause harm. When only a very large amount of the chemical can cause damage, the chemical is considered to be practically non-toxic. When a tiny amount is harmful, the chemical is considered to be highly toxic.  Toxicity - Hazardous A chemical is determined to be a hazard depending on the following factors: toxicity: how much of the substance is required to cause harm, route of exposure: how the substance enters your body, dose: how much enters your body, duration: the length of time you are exposed, – reaction and interaction: other substances you are exposed to at the same time, and, – sensitivity: how your body reacts to the substance compared to other people.  Toxicity Systemic effects are toxic effects in tissues distant from the route of absorption. Target organ is the primary or most sensitive organ affected after exposure. The same chemical entering the body by different routes of exposure dose, dose rate, sex and species may affect different target organs. Interaction between chemicals, or between chemicals and other factors may affect different target organs as well. Acute effects occur after limited exposure and shortly (hours, days) after exposure and may be reversible or irreversible. Chronic effects occur after prolonged exposure (months, years, decades) and/or persist after exposure has ceased. Acute exposure is an exposure of short duration, while chronic exposure is long-term (sometimes life-long) exposure. Tolerance to a chemical may occur when repeat exposures result in a lower response than what would have been expected without pretreatment.  Routes of Exposure Inhalation, Ingestion, Absorption through the skin, Less common : – Injection, – Absorption through eyes and ear canals.  Inhalation Most common route of entry into body, Therefore our area of highest concern, Lungs are designed for efficient gas exchange between the air and bloodstream, Lungs have up to 1000 square feet of exchange area (about 32 feet by 32 feet), Normal day’s breathing volume: 8 cu ft, Therefore great potential for toxins to enter bloodstream. Skin Absorption (2nd most important route) Skin surface area is about 20 square feet (4.5 ft by 4.5 ft), – Compare to 1000 sq ft for lungs. Materials can be absorbed into blood stream just below the skin surface or toxins can be stored in fat deposits. Obviously workers can easily expose their hands into solvents, oils, chemicals, etc., plus these materials can be sprayed or rubbed on other parts of the body. Many chemicals are either soluble in water or in oil (fat, lipid), – The skin easily absorbs lipid-soluble materials Solvents, – Water-soluble materials are not easily absorbed Lipid layer on skin provides a barrier.  Ingestion (3rd most important route) Ingestion is not usually intentional. Unintentional ingestion : – Failure to wash hands and face before meals, – Eating/drinking in areas where airborne hazards exist, – Lighting cigarettes with dirty hands, – Application of cosmetics, – Use of chewing tobacco or gum in contaminated areas.  Ingestion The digestive tract is moist and designed for efficient absorption. Surface area of intestines is greatly increased by small projections (villi), – Thin surfaces, highly vascularized, – Materials easily transferred to bloodstream.  Injection Less common. Possible hazards : – Outdoor work, construction sites, hazardous waste sites, plants, animals, reptiles, insects, abrasions, puncture wounds, cuts.  Absorption into eyes and ears Much less common but possible. Moist surfaces.  Dose - Definitions Dose: The amount of a substance administered (or absorbed), usually expressed in milligrams of substance per kilogram of the exposed organism (mg/kg) Response: The effect(s) of a substance; may be positive or negative  Dose Threshold Definition: Lowest amount or exposure level of toxic substance at which a specified/measurable effect manifests. An important aspect of dose-response relationships is the concept of threshold. For most types of toxic responses, there is a dose, called a threshold, below which there are no adverse effects from exposure to the chemical. The human body has defenses against many toxic agents. Cells in human organs, especially in the liver and kidneys, break down chemicals into nontoxic substances that can be eliminated from the body in urine and feces. In this way, the human body can take some toxic insult (dose that is below the threshold) and still remain healthy. The identification of the threshold beyond which the human body cannot remain healthy depends on the type of response that is measured and can vary depending on the individual being tested. Thresholds based on acute responses, such as death, are more easily determined, while thresholds for chemicals that cause cancer or other chronic responses a