Environmental Science Chapter on Air Pollution

False (B)

Volcanic eruptions, coal-fired power plants, and industrial processes.

<p>high</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbon monoxide (CO) = Transportation Nitrogen oxides (NOx) = Combustion processes Sulfur oxides (SOx) = Volcanoes and coal-fired power plants Hydrocarbons (HC) = Incomplete combustion of fossil fuels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stricter vehicle inspection regulations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Removal of SOx gases from fuel gases, 2. Removal of sulfur from fuel burning, 3. Use of low sulfur fuels, 4. Substitution of other fuel energy sources.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nature of the project (A), Proximity to sensitive areas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>disposal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ambient air quality after the project is established can be predicted if baseline information on existing air quality is available.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Land = Displacement and diversion of forest/agricultural land Water = Groundwater depletion and competition for surface water Air = Ambient air quality changes and potential pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Baseline air quality data (A), Meteorological data (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The use of recycled water is preferable in case of cooling tower, green belt, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure the water meets prescribed standards. (B), To prevent contamination of the primary effluent treatment plant. (C), To make the wastewater reusable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The species of flora and fauna endemic to the area and the potential disruption to migratory routes of birds and mammals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>leaching</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muffer = Noise reduction Greenbelt = Pollution control and aesthetics Effluent treatment plant = Water quality improvement Proper lining of solid waste disposal = Preventing groundwater contamination Indigenous species in greenbelt = Ecological and economic benefits</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transporting hazardous materials through congested areas poses a significant risk to public safety and the environment in case of an accident.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rail, road, and pipeline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A leak in the pipeline connecting the storage vent and safety valve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scrubber unit, safety valve/rupture disk, refrigeration system, water curtain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>risk assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintain minimum or NO inventory of extremely hazardous chemicals = Proper Siting of the plant &amp; the lay out away from human habitation Periodic review, rehearsing &amp; updating On site emergency control Plan, conducting regular drills &amp; developing Public awareness = Maintain minimum or NO inventory of extremely hazardous chemicals Periodic Inspection, maintenance &amp; operation of safety systems and upgrading redundancy Plan = Periodic review, rehearsing &amp; updating On site emergency control Plan, conducting regular drills &amp; developing Public awareness The hazardous Plants should be equipped with a whole series of Indicators, gauges, recorders with a range of inbuilt alarm systems of adequate size &amp; capacity. Providing Interlocks which automatically shutdown critical Parts of Plants before conditions go out of control. = Periodic Inspection, maintenance &amp; operation of safety systems and upgrading redundancy Plan</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drain cleaners, paints, pesticides</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Investing in advanced technological solutions for hazardous waste management (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Color of the chemical (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhalation and skin absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>target organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Toxicity = The amount of a substance required to cause harm Dose = The amount of a substance that enters the body Duration = The length of time exposure to a substance occurs Sensitivity = How an individual's body reacts to a substance compared to others Route of exposure = How a substance enters the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intentional consumption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>surface area</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The amount of a substance administered or absorbed, usually expressed in milligrams of substance per kilogram of the exposed organism (mg/kg).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skin absorption = Lipid-soluble materials are easily absorbed Ingestion = Moist and efficient absorption in the digestive tract Injection = Less common, but possible through wounds or punctures Absorption into eyes and ears = Moist surfaces, but less common than other routes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The minimum dose that causes a specific effect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The human body has defense mechanisms, particularly in the liver and kidneys, that break down toxic substances into nontoxic forms that can be eliminated. These mechanisms allow the body to handle low doses of toxins without experiencing harmful effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Key substances contributing to air pollution include CO, NOx, HC, SOx, and particulates.

CO is mainly produced by vehicle transportation (64%), forest fires (16.9%), and industrial processes (9.6%).

The major sink for CO pollution is soil microorganisms, which can remove it quickly.

Devices in vehicles that reduce pollutants in exhaust gases through chemical reactions.

SOx refers to gases like SO2 and SO3, produced primarily from volcanic activity and coal combustion.

To control SOx, methods include using low sulphur fuels and other energy sources.

NOx are gases (NO and NO2) formed during combustion, especially at high temperatures.

Techniques include engine modifications, substitute fuels, and new power sources to minimize pollutants.

Choosing a location to minimize displacement and land use impact.

Determining the width of green belts based on project nature and sensitive areas.

Soil quality is vital for disposal of effluents and waste.

The ability of soil to allow water flow, crucial for waste disposal design.

Existing air quality data needed to predict post-project air conditions.

Gathering weather data to assess air quality variations post-project.

Project water use influences both groundwater and surface water levels.

Utilizing recycled water helps minimize fresh water demand in projects.

A chemical that is harmful in tiny amounts.

Elements determining a chemical's hazard: toxicity, route of exposure, dose, duration, reaction, and sensitivity.

The way in which a substance enters the body: inhalation, ingestion, or absorption.

Toxic effects occurring after short-term exposure (hours to days).

Toxic effects that persist after prolonged exposure (months to decades).

The primary organ most affected by toxic exposure.

Second most important exposure route; chemicals pass through the skin into the bloodstream.

Reduced response to a chemical after repeated exposure.

Regulations ensuring discharged water meets safety and environmental criteria.

Initial processing of wastewater to remove solids before further treatment.

Assessment of how projects affect local plant and animal life.

Solid waste that poses a risk to health or the environment.

Techniques used to minimize sound pollution in an area.

Creation of vegetative areas to reduce pollution and enhance aesthetics.

Movement of essential supplies to a production facility or site.

Methods used to manage and discard waste materials safely.

Chemicals can be either water-soluble or lipid-soluble, affecting their absorption through the skin.

Ingestion is the third most common route of exposure, usually unintentional through habits or environment.

The surface area of intestines is increased by villi, which help absorb nutrients into the bloodstream efficiently.

Injection is less common; hazards include outdoor work or contact with contaminated surfaces.

Dose refers to the amount of a substance administered, typically expressed in mg/kg of body weight.

The lowest exposure level of a toxic substance that results in a measurable effect, known as the threshold.

The human body can detoxify substances via organs, particularly the liver and kidneys, to eliminate toxins.

An event where unsound gas was released into the atmosphere due to maintenance issues with the scrubber unit.

Waste with properties harmful to human health and the environment, like chemicals and medical waste.

Failures that occurred when safety equipment, like pipelines and valves, were not properly maintained or reinstalled.

Practices conducted to prepare for emergencies; absent in the incident described.

The water curtain couldn't reach the scrubber vent height during the incident, failing to contain the gas release.

Periodic checks and upkeep of safety devices to ensure they work correctly; lacking in the incident.

Keeping minimal or no stock of extremely hazardous materials like MIC to prevent accidents.

Initiatives aimed at educating the public on safety and emergency responses; deemed inadequate in this case.