EVS II U-I Kranti PDF

LALA LAJPAT RAI COLLEGE OF COMMERCE & ECONOMICS, MUMBAI ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES SEMESTER-II 2021-22 STUDY/REFERENCE MATERIAL UNIT-I KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 1 UNIT-I WASTE MANAGEMENT WASTE: ANY SUBSTANCE WHETHER SOLID ,LIQUID OR GASEOUS, FOR WHICH NO USE CAN BE FOUND BY THE ORGANISM OR SYSTEM THAT PRODUCES IT AND FOR WHICH A PROPER METHOD OF DISPOSAL HAS TO BE DEVISED, IS CALLED AS WASTE. IN SIMPLE WORDS, WASTES ARE THE MATERIALS WHICH ARE RESIDUES OR LEFTOVERS FROM HUMAN ACTIVITIES. KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 2 …CONTD THE AMOUNT OF WASTE GENERATED DEPENDS ON THE FOLLOWING FACTORS: 1. THE LEVEL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. 2. THE STANDARD OF LIVING OF PEOPLE. 3. THE LEVEL OF INDUSTRIALIZATION & URBANIZATION. 4. THE SIZE OF POPULATION. THE TRADITIONAL RURAL SOCIETIES PRODUCR LESS WASTE COMPARED TO MODERN URBAN SOCIETIES. THE WASTE PRODUCED BY RURAL SOCIETIES IS ORGANIC IN NATURE. MOST OF THE WASTE PRODUCED BY URBAN SOCIETIES IS TOXIC AND NONBIODEGRADABLE. KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 3 SOURCES OF WASTE MAJOR SOURCES OF WASTE ARE AS FOLLOWS 1. DOMESTIC: IT INCLUDE HOUSEHOLD GARBAGE LIKE, SPOILED FOOD, VEGTABLE WASTE, PAPER, OLD NEWSPAPER, PLASTIC, BAGS, CLOTH PIECES, LEFTOVEER MEDICINES, BROKEN GLASS, METAL PIECES,ETC. 2. INDUSTRIAL & COMMERCIAL: INDUSTRIAL WASTE INCLUDE A VARIETY OF WASTE PRODUCED FROM DIFFERENT INDUSTRIES WHICH INCLUDE SOLID, LIQUID AND GASEOUS WASTE. KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 4 DOMESTIC WSATE https://img2.pngio.com/municipal-solid-waste-png-transparent-png-transparent-png-image-solid-waste-png-860_479.png KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 5 INDUSTRIAL WASTE: https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/b/industrial-pollution-environment-cartoon-vector-air-water-soil-production-concept-working-plant-factory-emitting-smoke-145838533.jpg KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 6 …CONTD 3. BIOMEDICAL: WASTE COMING FROM HOSPITALS, PATHOLOGICAL LABS, CLINICS, NURSING HOMES, ETC IS CALLED AS BIOMEDICAL WASTE. IT INCLUDE SYRINGES, NEEDLES, COTTON, COTTON SOILED WITH BLOOD, LEFTOVER MEDICINES AND TABLETS, GLOVES, TUBES, BOTTLES, ETC. IT ALSO INCLUDE ANATOMICAL WASTE LIKE SURGICALLY REMOVED BODY PARTS AND BODY FLUID. BIOMEDICAL WASTE IS HIGHLY INFECTIOUS AND TOXIC IN NATURE. KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 7 BIOMEDICAL WASTE: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/thumb/msid-61668342,imgsize-73658,width-400,resizemode-4/61668342.jpg https://image.slidesharecdn.com/bmwanduniversalprecautions-190719062411/95/biomedical-waste-management-and-universal-precautions-21-638.jpg?cb=1563517487 KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 8 …CONTD 4. AGRICULTURAL: AGRICULTURAL WASTE INCLUDE PLANT RESIDUE LIKE STALKS, DRIED GRASS, DRIED AND WET LEAVES, HUSK,ETC. AGRICUTURAL WASTE IS ORGANIC IN NATURE AND COMPLETELY BIODEGRADABLE. SOME PART OF THIS WASTE IS ALSO USED AS FODDER FOR ANIMALS. 5. NUCLEAR: WASTE COMING FROM NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS. THIS INCLUDE TRACES OF URANIUM, THORIUM AND OTHER RADIOACTIVE MINERALS AND METALS. KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 9 AGRICULTURAL WASTE: https://www.google.com/url? sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fvertiver.com%2Fblog%2F2019%2F06%2F&psig=AOvVaw371Jw0OD-nBN9IyOpwrSPs&ust=1617093796778000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCJjzm7WO1e8CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAa https://i.ytimg.com/vi/XuJS4ZTZYZc/maxresdefault.jpg KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 10 …CONTD 6. MINERAL: WASTE IN THE FORM OF HEAVY METAL RESIDUE AND TOXIC METALS LIKE LEAD, CADMIUM, ARSENIC, ETC. THIS WASTE IS FOUND IN MINING AND QUARRYING AREAS. https://www.austockphoto.com.au/imgcache/uploads/photos/compressed/mining-dump-truck-dumping-tailings-austockphoto-000016333.jpg?v=1.3.0 https://www.wencomine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Hauler-5000-Dumping-1007x1024.jpg KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 11 CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE ON THE BASIS OF IT’S STATE: 1. SOLID WASTE 2. LIQUID WSATE 3. GASEOUS WASTE ALL THESE CATEGORIES OF WASTE ARE GENERATED BY NUMBER OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES LIKE INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL, DOMESTIC, ETC. ON THE BASIS OF IT’S MOISTURE CONTENT: 1. DRY WASTE 2. WET WASTE KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 12 CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE: https://image.freepik.com/free-vector/factory-industry-polluting-teh-water-scene_18591-64080.jpg https://thecsrjournal.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/dry-and-wet-waste.jpg KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 13 ON THE BASIS OF IT’S HARMFUL NATURE: 1. HAZARDOUS WSTE: THE WASTE WHICH IS HIGHLY TOXIC AND HARMFUL TO HUMANS, ANIMALS AND PLANTS AND ENVIRONMENT. THESE WASTES ARE SOMETIMES HIGHLY INFLAMMABLE, CORROSIVE OR EXPLOSIVE AND REACT WHEN EXPOSED TO CERTAIN THINGS. EXAMPLES: INDUSTRIAL WSATE, BIOMEDICAL WASTE,ETC. 2. NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE: THESE WASTE ARE NON TOXIX AND NOT HARMFUL. EXAMPLE: HOUSEHOLD WASTE, MUNICIPAL WASTE, CONSTRUCTION WASTE, ETC KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 14 ON THE BASIS OF IT’S DEGRADABILITY: 1. BIODEGRADABLE WASTE: THE WASTE WHICH CAN BE DEGRADED/ DECOMPOSED BY MICRO-ORGANISMS. THIS IS ALSO CALLED AS ORGANIC WASTE. EXAMPLES: AGRICULTURAL WSATE, ANIMAL WASTE, VEGETABLE WASTE, KITCHEN WASTE, ETC. 2. NON-BIODEGRADABLE WASTE: WASTE WHICH CANNOT BE DEGRADED BY ANY MEANS. THIS WASTE INCLUDE SYNTHETIC MATERIALS. EXAMPLES: PLASTIC, NYLON, THERMOCOL, RAYON, ETC. KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 15 E-WASTE: THE ELECTRONIC INDUSTRY HAS EMERGED AS FASTEST GROWING SEGMENT IN INDIA AND IN THE WORLD. I.T. SECTOR HAS SEEN FAST GROWTH IN RECENT TIMES. IN TERMS OF GENETRATION OF E-WASTE, MAHARASHTRA RANKS FIRST IN INDIA FOLLOWED BY TAMIL NADU, ANDHRA PRADESH, UTTAR PRADESH, WEST BENGAL, DELHI, KARNATAKA, GUJARAT, MADHYA PRADESH AND PUNJAB. MUMBAI HAS HIGHEST GENEATION OF E- WASTE, FOLLOWED BY DELHI, BENGALURU, CHENNAI, KOLKATA, AHMEDABAD, HYDERABAD, PUNE, SURAT AND NAGPUR. KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 16 E-WASTE: https://img.dtnext.in/Articles/2018/Nov/201811210158197056_Tamil-Nadu-grapples-with-ewaste-challenge_SECVPF.gif KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 17 EFFECTS OF E-WASTE: 1. LEAD: (FOUND IN CIRCUIT BOARDS, GLASS PANELS, GASKETS IN COMPUTER MONITORS, ETC) CAN CAUSE DAMAGE TO NERVOUS SYSTEM, CIRCULATORY SYSTEM, KIDNEY,ETC. AFFECTS BRAIN DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN. 2. CADMIUM: (FOUND IN CHIP RESISTORS AND SEMI-CONDUCTORS) GETS ACCUMULATED IN KIDNEY AND LIVER LEADS TO NEURAL DAMAGE CAN CAUSE MALFORMATIONS OF AN EMBRYO OR FOETUS. KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 18 …CONTD 3. MERCURY: (FOUND IN RELAYS ,SWITCHES AND PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS) CAN CAUSE CHRONIC DAMAGE TO BRAIN LEADS TO RESPIRATORY AND SKIN DISORDERS. BIOACCUMULATION IN AQUATIC ORGANISMS LIKE FISHES. 4. HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM: (FOUND IN GALVANIZED STEEL PLATES, DECORATORS, ETC) CAN LEAD TO ASTHMATIC BRONCHITIES CAN CAUSE DNA DAMAGE. KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 19 PLASTIC WASTE: THE SYNTHETIC MATERIALS LIKE POLYETHYLENE, POLIVINYL CHLORIDE, POLYSTYRENE ARE USED TO MAKE PLASTIC. IT CAN BE FORMED INTO FIBRES OR THIN TRANSPARENT FILMS. THIS IS POPULAR AS A DURABLE MATERIAL AND AS A PACKAGING MATERIAL. IT IS USED ON HIGHER EXTENT BECAUSE ITS CHEAP AND EASY TO USE AND DURABLE. ITS DURABILITY AND NON-BIODEGRADIBALITY IS MAKING IT A PROBLEM IN THE ENVIRONMENT. ITS DISCARED EASILY AND REMAINS IN THE NATURE FOR LONGER PERIODS OF TIME. KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 20 PLASTIC WASTE: https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/pile-plastic-waste-white-background-consists-bottles-boxes-glasses-garbage-pollution-illustrati-illustration-paper-198421488.jpg KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 21 PROBLEMS OF PLASTIC WASTE: ANIMALS EAT PLASTIC AND OTHER MATERIALS FROM THE DUMPING GROUNDS AND ROAD- SIDE DUMPING. THESE CASES HAVE INTENSIFIED IN RECENT CORONA PANDEMIC DUE TO MASKS AND GLOVES DUMPED AT THESE SITES. PLASTIC WASTE IS INCREASING EVERYWHERE AND DISTURBING AESTHETIC BEAUTY OF THE AREA. IT IS LEADING TO SOIL POLLUTION AND LAND DEGRADATION. THE AMOUNT OF WASTE IN WATER BODIES IS INCREASING VERY FAST. AQUATIC ANIMALS INCLUDING MARINE ORGANISMS ARE AFFECTED BADLY DUE TO PLASTIC POLLUTION IN WATER. THOUSANDS OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS ARE DYEING EVERY YEAR DUE TO PLASTIC IN WATER. KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 22 PROBLEMS OF PLASTIC WASTE: https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/large/2020-06-15/0.81744700_1592221126_simply-put-12th-june.jpg KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 23 PROBLEMS OF PLASTIC WASTE: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/be/e5/a3/bee5a3913d1da352333aa4f248275562.jpg https://media.istockphoto.com/vectors/ocean-pollution-concept-vector- id1211795608?k=6&m=1211795608&s=612x612&w=0&h=qLv_7zd5m7obPkyBut6yTuK4QOQEih6YWUmihIyhUPU= KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 24 MANAGEMENT OF PLASTIC WASTE: COLLECTION OF PLASTIC WASTE SEPARATELY. REDUCE, REUSE AND RECYCLE OF PLASTIC SHOULD BE DONE PROPERLY. COLLECTED PLASTIC SHOULD BE SENT TO RECYCLING UNITS. USAGE OF PLASTIC SHOULD BE DISCOURAGED AND MORE OF PAPER OR CLOTH BAG SHOULD BE USED. INNOVATION IN PLASTIC RECYCLING SHOULD BE DONE LIKE MAKING PLASTIC ROADS AND OTHER NOVEL STRATEGIES SHOULD BE EVOLVED. OTHER SUBSTITUTES SHOULD BE USED INSTEAD OF PLASTIC. KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 25 INNOVATIVE USE OF PLASTIC: https://www.prakati.in/wp-content/uploads/use-of-Plastic-for-Roads-Construction-1.jpg https://www.constructionworld.in/assets/uploads/s_abf714782df0f684f6fd1d794aa2446b.JPG KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 26 ECO-FRIENDLY SUBSTITUTES FOR PLASTIC: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/E_WtT1Y_BQY/hqdefault.jpg https://3blaws.s3.amazonaws.com/images/Combo-059170.jpg KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 27 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IS THE COLLECTION, TRANSPORT, PROCESSING, RECYCLING OR DISPOSAL OS WASTE MATERIALS. THE TERM USUALLY RELATES TO THE WASTE PRODUCED CBY HUMAN ACTIVITIES AND IS UNDERTAKEN TO REDUCE IT’S EFFECT ON HUMAN HEALTH, ORGANISMS AND ENVIRONMENT. WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES CAN BE DIFFERENT IN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, URBAN AND RURAL AREAS AND ALSO FOR RESIDENTIAL AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES. KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 28 …CONTD MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS AND INSTITUTIONAL WASTE IN METROPOLITAN AREAS IS USUALLY THE RESPONSIBILITY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES, WHILE MANAGEMENT FOR NON-HAZARDOUS COMMERCIAL AND INDISTRIAL WASTE IS USUALLY THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE GENERATOR. https://telanganatoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Waste-management-2.png KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 29 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT METHODS: DISPOSAL METHODS: 1. LANDFILLS: LANDFILLS IS VERY COMMON METHOD OF WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MOST OF THE COUNTRIES. THIS METHOD INOVOLVES BURYING OF WSATE IN THE GROUND. EARLIER, LANDFILLS WERE OFTEN ESTABLISHED IN QUARRIES, MINING OR BORROW PITS. THIS METHOD HAS ITS OWN DISADVANTAGES IN TERMS OF HYGIENE, SANITATION AND POLLUTION. PROPERLY OR SCIENTIFICALLY DESIGNED AND WELL MANAGED LANDFILLS CAN BE RELATIVELY HYGENIC. KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 30 LANDFILLS: https://imechewebresources.blob.core.windows.net/imeche-web-conten t/images/ default-source/pe-news/shutterstock_597557036.jpg?s fvrsn=2fc38d12_0 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/ 1/15/Monta%C3%B1a_d e_basura_junto_al_lago_Managua.jpg/1200px-Monta%C3%B1a_de_basura_junto_al_lago_Managua.jpg KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 31 …CONTD 2. INCINERATION: THIS IS A METHOD OF WASTE MANAGEMENT WHERE COMBUSTION OF WASTE IS INVOLVED. IN THIS METHOD THERMAL TREATMENT IS GIVEN TO THE WASTE WHICH IS NOTHING BUT BURNING OF WASTE. THIS METHOS ALSO HAS ITS OWN DISADVANTAGES AS IT CAN LEAD TO AIR POLLUTION. BUT HEAT, GAS OR STEAM PRODUCED BY INCINERATORS CAN BE UTILISED TO GENETARE ELECTRCITY. THIS METHOD IS RECOGNIZED AS A PRACTICAL METHOD OF DISPOSING HAZARDOUS WASTE. KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 32 INCINERATION: https://st4.depositphotos.com/6741230/38404/v/1600/depositphotos_384045758-stock-illustration-waste-recycle-plant-vector-illustration.jpg KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 33 RECYCLING METHODS: THE PROCESS OF RECOVERING OR EXTRACTING VALUE OR RESOURCE FROM WASTE IS CALLED AS RECYCLING. SOME MAJOR METHODS OF RECYCLING ARE DISCUSSED AS FOLLOWS: 1. PHYSICAL RECYCLING: THE METHOD IN WHICH WASTE IS RECYCLED IN ITS ORIGINAL PHYSICAL FORM IS CALLED AS PHYSICAL RECYCLING. IN THIS METHOD, NO ANY TREATMENT IS REQUIRED FOR REUSE. IT INCLUDES COLLECTION OF EVERYDAY WASTE MATERIALS AND REUSING THEM. EXAMPLES: BEVERAGE CANS, GLASSS JARS, PET BOTTLES, CANS, ETC. KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 34 PHYSICAL RECYCLING: https://media.is tockphoto.com/vectors /canned-food-in-metal-tin-and-glass-jar-vector-set-vegetables-fruits-vector-id1010074638 https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/b/ detergent-bottles-cleaning-sup plies-products-bleach-bottle-plastic-detergents-containers- cartoon-vector-hou sehold-sanitary-144428506.jpg KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 35 …CONTD 2. BIOLOGICAL RECYCLING: THIS IS A METHOD IN WHICH, WASTE IS DECOMPOSED OR DIGESTED BIOLOGICALLY. THIS IS SIMPLY THE PROCESS OF BIOLOGICAL COMPOSTING OF WASTE. WASTE MATERIALS WHICH ARE ORGANIC IN NATURE, LIKE GREEN WASTE, PLANT MATERIALS, FOOD WASTE, ANIMAL WASTE AND AGRICULTUAL WSATE CAN BE DECOMPOSED IN THIS MANNER. THIS IS A VERY GOOD METHOD IN WHICH WE GET RID OF WASTE AND ALSO WE GET USEFUL RESOURCE OUT OF IT. EXAMPLES: COMPOSTING, BIO- GAS PLANTS, ETC. KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 36 BIOLOGICAL RECYCLING: https://www.cleanwateraction.org/si tes/defaul t/fil es/images/event s/composting-container-istock-curtoi curto.jpg https://qrius.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Floati ngDrum.jpg KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 37 …CONTD 3. AVOIDANCE AND REDUCTION METHOD: THIS IS A METHOD WHICH INVOLVES PREVENTION OF WASTE MATERIALS BEING GENERATED. THE METHOD OF AVOIDANCE INCLUDE REUSE OF OLD AND SECOND-HAND PRODUCTS BY REPAIRING THEM, INSTEAD OF BUYING NEW ONES. THIS WILL REDUCE WASTE. EFFECTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS: 1. REDUCE : THIS MEANS REDUCE THE GENERATION OF WSATE. REPAIRING, REUSING AND SHARING THE THINGS CAN REDUCE THE WASTE. KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 38 …CONTD 2. REUSE: THIS MEANS USING THE SAME MATERIAL AGAIN AND AGAIN IN ITS PRESENT FORM. 3. RECYCLE: THIS INVOLVES REPROCESSING OF WASTE WHICH CONVERTS IT INTO USABLE FORM. THIS IS RECOVERING VALUE FROM WSATE. 4. REFUSE: THIS MEANS REFUSE USE OF ANY THING, ANY MATERIAL WHICH IS HARMFUL TO ENVIRONMENT. KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 39 …CONTD 5. RETHINK: THIS MEANS RETHINK BEFORE YOU GENERATE WASTE. RETHINK BEFORE YOU THROW SOMETHING, WHETHER IT CAN BE RREUSED OR RECYCLED ANYHOW. WE SHOULD RETHINK ABOUT OUR HABITS AND ACTIONS. 6. REGULATE: WE NEED TO REGULATE OUR OWN ACTIVITIES SO THAT NO OR VERY LESS WASTE IS GENERATED. THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT IN OUR MODERN LIFESTYLE. 7. RESEARCH: CONSTANT RESEARCH IS REQUIRED TO FIND OUT NEW WAYS OF REUSE AND RECYCLE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT. KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 40 EFFECTS OF IMPROPER WASTE MANAGEMENT: 1. UNAVAILABILITY OF LAND: WHEN WASTE IS NOT DISPOSED PROPERLY, THE LAND WHERE WASTE THROWN CANNOT BE USED FOR ANY OTHER USEFUL PURPOSE. WHEN WASTE OR GARBAGE IS THROWN ON STREETS, PAVEMENTS AND ROADS, IT MAKES THE ROAD NARROW AND OBSTRUCTS THE MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE, VEHICLES. AREAS WHERE GARBEGE IS DUMPED IN UNSCIENTIFIC MANNER, THAT AREA CANNOT BE USED FOR ANY RECREATIONAL, SPORTS, COMMERCIAL OR ANY OTHER PUBLIC ACTIVITY. KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 41 …CONTD 2. LAND POLLUTION: AS WASTE MATERIALS INCLUDE MANY TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS OR CHEMICALS, IT LEADS TO SOIL POLLUTION. THE ACCUMULATION OF CHEMICALS OR TOXINS IN THE SOIL LEADS TO LAND POLLUTION AND DEGRADATION. 3. WATER POLLUTION: WHEN WASTE OR GARBAGE IS DISPOSED IMPROPERLY ANYWHERE, IT CAN FIND ITS WAY INTO NEARBY WATER BODIES, LEADING TO WATER POLLUTION. MANY TIMES WE FIND THAT WASTE DISPOSAL IS DONE NEAR SOME WATER BODIES. THIS IS HARMFUL FOR AQUATIC ORGANISMS. KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 42 …CONTD 4. LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY: TOXIC OR HAZARDOUS WASTE CAN LEAD ADVERSE IMPACT ON ORGANISMS OR DESTRUCTION OF NATURAL HABITATS. LAND POLLUTION AFFECTS PLANTS AND TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS, WHEREAS WATER POLLUTION CAN HAVE ADVERSE IMPACT ON AQUATIC ORGANISMS. HOT WATER RELEASED FROM THERMAL POWER PLANTS OR TOXIC WASTE RELEASED FROM INDUSTRIES CAN KILL SOME PLANTS AND ANIMALS. KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 43 …CONTD 5. SOCIAL IMPACT: IMPROPER DISPOSAL OF WASTE IN RESIDENTIAL AREAS AND LOCALITIES LEADS TO POOR HYGIENE AND SANTATION OF THAT AREA. THIS KIND OF DUMPING LEADS TO GROWTH OF VARIOUS INSECTS, MICROBES, PATHOGENS, FLIES, MOSQUITOES, ETC AND HENCE CAN LEAD TO SPREAD OF NUMBER OF DISEASES IN THE AREA. SUCH KIND OF IMPROPER DUMPING ALSO LEADS TO PROBLEMS LIKE BAD ODOUR AND AFFECTS THE AESTHETIC BEAUTY OF THAT AREA. KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 44 …CONTD 6. BIO-ACCUMULATION: THE PROCESS IN WHICH TOXIC CHEMICALS, PESTICIDES OR HEAVY METALS LIKE MERCURY, LEAD, CADMIUM, ETC, GETS ABSORBED BY OR GETS ACCUMULATED IN PLANTS, MICROBES OR ORGANISMS, IS CALLED AS BIO-ACCUMULATION. BIO-ACCUMULATION OCCURS BECAUSE THESE TOXINS OR WASTE COMPOUNDS RAE NEITHER METABOLISED NOR EXCRETED AND GETS STORED IN THE TISSUES OF THE ORGANISMS. THE PROCESS OF BIO-ACCUMUATION IS HARMFUL FOR THESE ORGANISMS. KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 45 …CONTD 7. BIO-MAGNIFICATION: WHEN THE TOXIC COMPOUNDS ACCUMULATED IN THE BODIES OF ORGANISMS GETS CONCENTRATED WHEN THEN MOVE FROM ONE ORGANISM TO THE OTHER, THE PHENOMENON IS CALLE AS BIO-MAGNIFICATION. IN A FOOD CHAIN, WHEN ONE ORGANISM IS EATEN UP BY THE OTHER, THE ACCUMULATED TOXINS ARE PASSED ON TO THAT HIGHER LEVEL ORGANISM AND THE CONCENTRATION OF THAT TOXIN INCREASES. THE TOP CONSUMER CAN RECEIVE THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF CONCENTRATION OF THAT TOXIN AND MAY PROVE FATAL. EVEN HUMAN BEINGS CAN BE AFFECTED BY BIO- MAGNIFICATION. KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 46 FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT INVOLVS FOLLOWING SIX ELEMENTS: 1. GENERATION: WSATE IS GENERATED ON SITE DUE TO SOME ACTIVITIES. 2. ON-SITE HANDLING & STORAGE: ON-SITE PREPARATION AND HANDLING IS REQUIRED FOR REUSE, RECYCLE AND DISPOSAL OF THE WASTE. 3. COLLECTION: THIS INVOLVES PHYSICAL COLLECTION OF WASTE FROM THE SOURCES. KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 47 …CONTD 4. TRANSFER & TRANSPORT: IT IS THE BULK TRANSPORTATION OF COLLECTED WASTE TO PROCESSING UNITS AND DISPOSAL FACILITIES. 5. PROCESSING & RECOVERY: THIS INVOLVES THE ACTIVITY OF RECOVERY OF WASTE FOR REUSE AND RECYCLE AND PREPARATION FOR DISPOSAL OF WASTE. 6. DISPOSAL: AFTER PROCESSING AND RECOVERY, WASTE IS SENT FOR ITS FINAL DISPOSAL. LANDFILLS AND INCINERATION ARE TWO COMMON DISPOSAL FACILITIES. KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 48 FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: https://lh3.googleus ercontent.com/ proxy/1A3FOLKN3pvSldJVLprbs 6Fxo1QMK6IxcVCXINOAz2YHCoVam31hinPmfPPv_JszQ_6z26Y5OrUc5Cz7OD6Z8RbXyJHfXPo4GTiReYaihGAe9vU8 KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 49 CURRENT PRACTICE OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN URBAN AREAS: WASTE IS COLLECTED FROM STREETS/SWEEPINGS BY CIVIC BODY. HOUSEHOLD WASTE IS COLLECTED, TRANSFERD AND STORED IN COMMUNITY BINS. THIS WASTE IS RECOVERED BY HOUSEHOLD AND ITINERANT BUYERS. WASTE FROM COMMUNITY BINS IS THEN TRANSPORTED TO TRANSFER STATIONS. RAG PICKERS WORK ON THESE TRANSFER ATATIONS TO COLLECT REUSABLE AND RECYCLABLE WASTE. RAG PICKERS AND ITINERANT BUYERS SEND THE RECYCLABLE WASTE TO RECYCLING DEALERS/UNITS. FROM TRANSFER STATION, WASTE IS SENT TO DUMING GROUNDS/ DISPOSAL SITES, WHICH ARE THE FINAL DESTINATION. KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 50 CURRENT PRACTICE OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN URBAN AREAS: https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1001074215002995-gr8.jpg KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 51 ROLE OF CITIZENS IN WASTE MANAGEMENT: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SERIVCES ARE PROVIDED BY CIVIC BODIES. ROLE OF CITIZENS IS VERY IMPORTANT TO REDUCE THE TREMENDOUS BURDEN ON CIVIC AUTHOTITIES IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT. ITS RESPONSIBILITY OF EVERY COTIZEN TO SHARE THIS WORK IN URBAN AS WELL AS IN RURAL AREAS. 1. AVOID LITTERING OF WASTE IN PUBLIC PLACES. 2. SEGREGATION OF WASTE AT SOURCE, IN DOMESTIC ACTIVITIES AS WELL AS OTHER ACTIVITIES. WET WSATE AND DRY WASTE SHOULD BE COLLECTED SEPARATELY. KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 52 …CONTD 4. BIODEGRADABLE WASTE OR WET WSATE OR GREEN WASTE WHICH IS COLLECTED SEPARATELY, CAN BE RECYCLED BY DOING COMPOSTING. 5. COMPOSTING CAN BE PRACTICED AT ANY LEVEL, STARTING FROM INDIVIDUAL LEVEL TO SOCIETY LEVEL OR INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL ALSO. 6. PAPER WASTE CAN BE COLLECTED SEPARATELY AND IT CAN BE USED FOR MAKING RECYCLED PAPER. 7. OTHER REUSABLE OR RECYCLABLE MATEIALS LIKE PLASTIC, CANS, METAL PIECES WHICH ARE COLLECTED SEPARATELY CAN BE SENT TO KABADIWALAS/RADDIWALAS FO ITS PROPER RECYCLING. 8. CLEAN-UP DRIVES AND AWARENESS CAMPAIGNS SHOULD BE CONDUCTED IN SCOOLS, COLLEGES, SOCIETIES, ETC KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 53 REFERENCES: ABILITY ENHANCEMENT COURSE (AEC), ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, FYBCOM, SEMESTER-II, SHETH PUBLISHERS PVT. LTD. A REVIEW ON CURRENT STATUS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WSATE MANAGEMENT IN INDIA- SCIENCE DIRECT. KU- EVS SEM-II LLC 2021-22 54

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