Anatomy and Physiology Introduction PDF

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY Chapter 1 Unless otherwise noted, the images and text used in this PowerPoint are from: Betts, J. G., Young, K. A., Wise, J. A., Johnson, E., Poe, B., Kruse, D. H., Korol, O., Johnson, J. E., Womble, M., & DeSaix, P. (2022). Chapter 9: Joints. In Anatomy and Physi...

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY Chapter 1 Unless otherwise noted, the images and text used in this PowerPoint are from: Betts, J. G., Young, K. A., Wise, J. A., Johnson, E., Poe, B., Kruse, D. H., Korol, O., Johnson, J. E., Womble, M., & DeSaix, P. (2022). Chapter 9: Joints. In Anatomy and Physiology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-introduction  What is anatomy? Physiology? Anatomy is the scientific study of the body’s structures. Or form. Physiology is the study of the chemistry and physics of the body. Or function. Credit: “WriterHound”/Wikimedia Commons Chapter Objectives: After this chapter, you will be able to: ❑Distinguish between anatomy and physiology, and identify several branches of each ❑Describe the structure of the body, from simplest to most complex, in terms of the six levels of organization ❑Define homeostasis and explain its importance to normal human functioning ❑Use appropriate anatomical terminology to identify key body structures, body regions, and directions in the body OVERVIEW OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY SECTION 1.1  Anatomy Anatomy – The study of the internal and external structures of the body, and the physical relationships among body parts. ▫A cutting open ▫Study of FORM May be divided into: ▫Gross anatomy ▫Microscopic anatomy  Gross Anatomy Gross anatomy – The examination of relatively large structures and features, usually visible with the unaided eye Several approaches: ▫Surface anatomy ▫Regional anatomy ▫Systemic anatomy  Microscopic Anatomy Microscopic anatomy – The examination of structures that can not be seen without magnification. May be divided into: ▫Cytology – The study of cells ▫Histology – The study of tissues  Subdivisions of Anatomy Compared Gross and Microscopic Anatomy (a) Gross anatomy considers large structures such as the brain. (b) Microscopic anatomy can deal with the same structures, though at a different scale. This is a micrograph of nerve cells from the brain. LM × 1600. (credit a: “WriterHound”/Wikimedia Commons; credit b: Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School © 2012)  Physiology Physiology – The study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life. ▫More complex and difficult to study than anatomy ▫Study of FUNCTION May be divided into: ▫Individual organs or organ systems Closely interrelated with anatomy STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY SECTION 1.2  Levels of Organization 1. Chemical level 2. Cellular level 3. Tissue level 4. Organ level 5. Organ system 6. Organism  Integumentary System Organs – Skin, accessory structures, hair, and nails Functions – External support, protection of the body, temperature regulation, barrier for immune function  Skeletal System Organs – Bones, cartilage, joints Functions – Internal support, protection of organs, flexible framework for body movement, forms blood cells, and mineral storage  Muscular System Organs – Skeletal muscles, and tendons Functions – Locomotion, support, and body heat production  Nervous System Organs – Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves Functions – Detects and processes sensory information, directs responses to that stimuli by coordinating activities of other organ systems  Endocrine System Organs – Hormone secreting glands – thyroid gland, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, pineal gland, pancreas, testes and ovaries Functions – Secretion of hormones, which act as signals for other parts of the body, regulating body processes  Circulatory System Organs – Heart, blood, and blood vessels Functions – Transport of nutrients to cells, and waste products from cells, homeostasis of body temperature  Lymphatic and Immune System Organs – Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus gland, bone marrow, and tonsils. (Immune cells). Functions – Returning extracellular fluid to the blood, houses immune cells, provides protection against infection and disease, transports lymph, absorbs and transports fats.  Respiratory System Organs – Lungs, trachea, larynx, and nasal passages Functions – Gas exchange (O2 and CO2) between air and circulating blood  Digestive System Organs – Salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, and gallbladder Functions – Intake, breakdown, and absorption of food in order to acquire nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water, as well as the elimination of feces  Urinary System Organs – Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra Functions – Controls water balance in the body, filters the blood to remove nitrogenous wastes, eliminates excess water, salts, and waste products, controls pH, and electrolyte balance  Reproductive System – Male Organs – Testes, scrotum, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, epididymis, and penis Functions – Production and delivery of sperm (gametes), production of sex hormones  Reproductive System – Female Organs – Ovaries, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands Functions – Production of egg (gamete), secretion of sex hormones, copulation, and support of fetus/infant Homeostasis SECTION 1.5  Homeostasis Homeostasis – Maintenance of an internal “steady state”, keeping an internal condition within a set range Three components for homeostatic systems ▫ Receptor ▫ Control center ▫ Effector Two types of homeostatic systems ▫Negative feedback change goes in the opposite direction ▫Positive feedback Change goes in the same direction Homeostatic Regulation  Positive Feedback Positive Feedback Loop Normal childbirth is driven by a positive feedback loop. A positive feedback loop results in a change in the body’s status, rather than a return to homeostasis. Anatomical Terminology SECTION 1.6  Anatomical Position Anatomical Position –Standard positioning (or viewing) of the body, used for consistency. The body is: ▫ Standing upright (or laying down face up) ▫ Feet at shoulder width, parallel, with toes forward ▫ Upper limbs are held out to each side, with the palms facing forward  Directional Terms 1. Superior/inferior 2. Cranial/caudal 3. Posterior/anterior 4. Dorsal/ventral 5. Right/left 6. Lateral/medial 7. Proximal/distal 8. Deep/superficial Directional Terms Applied to the Human Body Paired directional terms are shown as applied to the human body.  Directional Terms Lateral/medial Lateral away from midline Medial closest to midline Example The thumb is lateral to the pinky The sternum is medial to the elbows  Directional Terms Proximal/Distal use when referring to the same limb Proximal closest to the attachment points Distal furthest from the attachment point Example The shoulder is proximal to the wrist The digits are distal to the elbow  Directional Terms Deep/Superficial used when discussing internal body structure Superficial closest to body surface Deep furthest from body surface Example The Lungs are deep to the thoracic cage The skin is superficial to the muscles  Directional Terms Superior/inferior Cranial/Caudal Example: The cranium is superior to the abdomen The feet are inferior to the hips. The neck is cranial to the chest The pelvis is caudal to the abdomen.  Directional Terms Posterior/Dorsal refers to the back side of body Anterior/Ventral refers to the front of body Example: The scapula is posterior to the sternum The umbilicus is anterior to the lumbar area Regions of the Human Body  Body Planes Planes of the Body The three planes most commonly used in anatomical and medical imaging are the sagittal frontal (or coronal), and transverse plane.  Body Planes Planes of the Body Sagittal Splits the body into right and left Frontal/Coronal splits the body into anterior and posterior Transverse splits the body into superior and inferior Sagittal Coronal/Frontal Transverse Body Cavities  Serous Membranes Cavities Parietal layer closet to the body wall Visceral layer closest to the organ Cavity fluid filled space between the layers  Abdominal Regions and Quadrants Regions and Quadrants of the Peritoneal Cavity There are (a) nine abdominal regions and (b) four abdominal quadrants in the peritoneal cavity Citation Unless otherwise noted, the images and text used in this PowerPoint are from: Betts, J. G., Young, K. A., Wise, J. A., Johnson, E., Poe, B., Kruse, D. H., Korol, O., Johnson, J. E., Womble, M., & DeSaix, P. (2022). Chapter 9: Joints. In Anatomy and Physiology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-introd uction