Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

Introduction to the Human Body

• Anatomy is the scientific study of the body's structures.
• Physiology is the study of the body's chemistry and physics, focusing on its functions.
• Anatomy is the study of the internal and external structures.
• Anatomy can be gross or microscopic.
• Gross anatomy examines large structures.
• Microscopic anatomy examines structures needing magnification.

Chapter Objectives

• Students will distinguish between anatomy and physiology.
• They will identify several branches of each.
• Students will describe body structure, from simplest to complex.
• Define homeostasis and explain its importance.
• Use anatomical terminology to identify key body structures.

Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

• The section introduces general details about anatomy and physiology.

Anatomy

• Anatomy involves dissecting structures within the body.
• Gross anatomy examines large structures.
• Microscopic anatomy examines structures needing magnification.
• These subdivisions include areas dealing with individual organs or organ systems.

Gross Anatomy

• Gross anatomy involves examining relatively large structures.
• Several approaches include surface anatomy, regional anatomy, and systemic anatomy

Microscopic Anatomy

• Microscopic anatomy examines structures requiring magnification.
• Cytology studies body cells.
• Histology studies tissues.

Subdivisions of Anatomy

• Gross anatomy examines large structures, such as the brain.
• Microscopic anatomy examines smaller structures, like cells within the brain.

Physiology

• Physiology covers the functions of the body.
• It is more complex than anatomy.
• Physiology studies how structures work together.
• It is closely linked to anatomy.
• Physiology examines organs or organ systems.

Structural Organization of the Human Body

• This section details the organization of the human body.

Levels of Organization

• Chemical level - atoms and molecules.
• Cellular level - cells, the basic units.
• Tissue level - tissues made of similar cells.
• Organ level - organs formed by tissues.
• Organ system level - systems made of multiple organs.
• Organism level - the whole human being.

Integumentary System

• Organs include skin, hair, and nails.
• Functions of the integumentary system include external support and protection.

Skeletal System

• Organs include bones, cartilage, and joints.
• Its functions include internal support, organ protection, framework for movement, and mineral storage.

Muscular System

• Organs include skeletal muscles and tendons.
• Functions include locomotion, support (internal and external), and body heat production.

Nervous System

• Organs include the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
• Functions include detecting sensory information, processing information, and directing responses.

Endocrine System

• Organs include various hormone-secreting glands.
• Functions include hormone secretion controlling bodily processes.

Circulatory System

• Organs include the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
• Functions consist of nutrient transport, waste removal, and body temperature regulation.

Lymphatic and Immune System

• Organs include lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, and tonsils.
• Functions include returning fluid to the blood, defending against pathogens, and providing immunity.

Respiratory System

• Organs include lungs, trachea, larynx, and nasal passages.
• Functions consist of gas exchange, oxygen delivery, and carbon dioxide removal.

Digestive System

• Organs include salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, and gallbladder.
• The digestive system breaks down food and releases nutrients, vitamins, and water into the body.

Urinary System

• Organs consist of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
• Functions include controlling water balance, filtering blood, and removing waste products.

Reproductive System- Male

• Organs include testes, scrotum, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, epididymis, and penis.
• Functions include sperm production and delivery, and sex hormone production.

Reproductive System- Female

• Organs include ovaries, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands.
• Its functions include egg production, hormone secretion, copulation, and fetal/infant support.

Homeostasis

• Maintaining a stable internal environment is crucial.
• A series of three components (receptor, control center, effector) are necessary to achieve this.
• Homeostatic mechanisms employ negative and positive feedback processes.

Homeostatic Regulation

• Homeostasis is achieved through negative and positive feedback mechanisms.
• Negative feedback loops reverse the initial stimulus.
• Positive feedback loops increase the initial stimulus.

Positive Feedback

• A mechanism creating a self-amplifying cycle.
• An example is childbirth.

Anatomical Terminology

• Used to accurately identify body structures and directions.

Anatomical Position

• This standardized position allows for consistent use of anatomical terms.

Directional Terms

• Terms used to describe locations relative to other structures.
• These include superior/inferior, cranial/caudal, posterior/anterior, dorsal/ventral, right/left, lateral/medial, proximal/distal, and superficial/deep.

Regions of the Human Body

• Detailed definitions of body regions (e.g., frontal, cephalon, thoracic, lumbar, abdominal...).

Body Planes

• Sagittal plane divides the body into left and right halves.
• Frontal plane divides the body into front and back halves.
• Transverse plane divides the body into top and bottom halves.
• These are used for descriptive purposes.

Body Cavities

• The body has many cavities (e.g.; cranial, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic).
• The cavities contain internal organs.

Serous Membranes

• Body cavities are lined with membrane layers.
• Functions include fluid secretion and prevention of friction.

Abdominal Regions and Quadrants

• Dividing the abdominal region into sections (nine regions or four quadrants).
• Used for identifying areas of pain or abnormality during medical diagnosis.

Citation

• The source of the images and text used in the slides.