Personal Pronouns - Lesson 1

LESSON 1: PERSONAL PRONOUN  Read again the following statements from Quezon’s speech. Note the underlined words. 1. In my boyhood, the dirty portions of the streets of Baler were always cleaned by the owners of the houses facing them. 2. He may be a millionaire and he may have automobiles, a pa...

LESSON 1: PERSONAL PRONOUN  Read again the following statements from Quezon’s speech. Note the underlined words. 1. In my boyhood, the dirty portions of the streets of Baler were always cleaned by the owners of the houses facing them. 2. He may be a millionaire and he may have automobiles, a palace, and a yacht, but he will be just like an animal unless he has ideals and his spirit is satisfied.  The underlined words are pronouns A pronoun is a word used to take the place of a noun in a sentence. There are different kinds of pronouns based on their grammatical function. One kind is the personal pronoun. s A personal pronoun is used to substitute for or represent a person or a thing. Personal pronouns can refer to the speaker (first person), the addressee (second person), or others (third person). Personal pronouns can also be either singular or plural in number, and are categorized based on their function or case. The table below shows the different personal pronouns according to person, case, and number NOUN A noun is a part of speech that names a person, place, thing, or idea. Examples: Person: teacher Place: museum Thing: apple Idea: freedom PRONOUN Is any of a small set of words (such as I, she, he, you, it, we, or they) in a language that are used as substitutes for nouns or noun phrases and whose referents are named or understood in the context.  PERSON FIRST PERSON SECOND PERSON THIRD PERSON Case Singul plural Singula Plural Singul Plural ar r ar Nominated case I WE YOU YOU HE THEY (fuctions as SHE, IT SUBJECT or predicate nouns) Objective case (fuctions as DIRECT ME US YOU YOU HIM, THEM OBJECT, INDIRECT HER, IT OBECTS, OR OBJECTS OF THE PREPOSITION) POSSESSIVE case MY, OUR, YOUR, YOUR, HIS, HER THEIR, (shows possession) MINE OURS YOURS YOURS HERS, THEIRS ITS SUBJECT  Subject is part of a sentence that contains the person or thing performing the action (or verb) in a sentence. A subject is any noun, pronoun or noun phrase that does the action in a sentence. It is most often found in the beginning of a sentence. Jennifer walked to the store. subject - "Jennifer" verb - "walked." After lunch, I will call my mother. subject - "I” verb is - "will call." DIRECT OBJECT  Direct object is a word or phrase that receives the action of the verb. The students eat cake Direct object – cake Verb – eat cake is what's being eaten. He likes me Direct object - me Verb - likes INDIRECT OBECTS  indirect object is the word or phrase that receives the direct object. The teacher gave the students cake. Indirect object - students Direct object - cake, and the students are the ones who eat it. OBJECTS OF THE PREPOSITION The object of a preposition is the noun or pronoun that follows the preposition in a sentence. The small brown bird flew into the oak tree. (object of preposition = tree) I keep my shoes under my bed. (object of preposition = bed) On the auditorium’s stage, Sam performed magic tricks. (object of preposition = stage) Preposition are single word prepositions that express relationships of time, place, direction, manner, or other relationships. They are the most basic and commonly used type of preposition. IN, ON, AT, OVER, UNDER, WITH, BY, FROM, TO, THROUGH, ABOUT, FOR DUING, AFTER, BEFORE, AND SINCE. USAGE: Simple prepositions are followed by a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase (object of the preposition) to indicate the relationship between the object and other elements in the sentence. They establish connections of location, time, direction, possession, manner, and more. Location and Place: Simple prepositions such as "in," "on," and "at" are commonly used to indicate location or place. example: "in the park," "on the table," "at the office.“ Time: Simple prepositions are also used to indicate time relationships. example: "during the party," "after the game," "before the meeting," "at noon." Direction: Simple prepositions like "to," "from," "into," "out of," and "through" indicate movement or direction. example: "go to the store," "come from work," "jump into the pool," "walk out of the room," "run through the forest."  Other Relationships: Simple prepositions can indicate relationships of manner, means, and more. example: "with a smile," "by car," "from the book," "to help," "through hard work."  It's important to note that simple prepositions are typically short words, but they play a crucial role in expressing relationships and adding clarity to sentences. Understanding their usage and common examples will help you use them effectively in your writing and communication. POSSESSIVE a pronoun indicating possession, for example mine, yours, hers, theirs. Replace the underlined noun in the sentence with a personal pronoun. Write your answer on the blank. ____1. Elisha wrote a paper about patriotism for her social studies class. ____ 2.She impressed her teacher and classmates with her ideas. ____ 3.The inspiration for Elisha's paper was the speech of Manuel L. Quezon. ____ 4. She believes in Quezon's definition of true patriotism. ____ 5. After all, how can one claim to be patriotic unless he or she shows patriotism through actions? ____ 6. Kindness and a sense of responsibility are key values of patriotism. ____ 7. Sadly, patriotism is only a carelessly thrown word for many people. ____ 8. Daniel read Elisha's take on patriotism and liked it. ____ 9. Do you truly show patriotism in your actions? ____ 10. What would other people who know you say? ANSWER KEY: 1. SHE 2. THEM 3. HER 4. HIS 5. IT 6. THEY 7. THEM 8. HE 9. IT 10. THEY “THEY” is used as a pronoun to refer to multiple items or concepts. Since “kindness and sense of responsibility” are to distinct concepts (making them plural), “THEY” is the appropriate pronoun to refer to both. For example, if you were to replace “kindness and sense of responsibility” with a pronoun in sentence, you would use “they: because it correctly reflects the plural nature of the two concepts. Informational Listening Watch the video "The True and the False Self." Complete the statements below after watching the video. https://youtu.be/A02Ucd6monym 1. conceptualized the psychological theory of the True and the False Self. 2. The True Self is by nature and 3. is the capacity to behave according to the demands of external reality. 4. During Winnicott's therapy sessions with his patients, one of them smashed a another stole his ; and a third shouted at  PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT WHAT CAME BEFORE THE PRONOUN ANTE – MEANS BEFORE PRONOUN - A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun in a sentence. Pronouns help avoid repetition and make sentences clearer and less cumbersome. 1. Personal Pronouns - A personal pronoun is a word used to replace a person's name in a sentence. I went to the store. She is reading a book. They are playing soccer. 2. Possessive Pronouns - A possessive pronoun shows ownership or possession This is my book. The house is hers. The car is theirs. 3. Demonstrative Pronouns - A demonstrative pronoun points to specific things or people. This is my favorite shirt. Those are not the right documents. 4. Relative Pronouns - A relative pronoun connects a clause to a noun and gives more information about it The person who called you is here. The book that you lent me was excellent. 5. Indefinite Pronouns – An indefinite pronoun refers to non specific people or things. It doesn’t point to a particular person or thing. Examples: Someone, anyone, everything, and nothing. Everyone is invited to the party. Somebody left their umbrella.  Each type of pronoun serves a different function, but they all help in referring to something without repeating the noun.  QUICK QUESTION 1. WHAT IS THE POV? 2. WHAT IS THE CASE? 3. PLURAL OR SINGULAR? 4. MALE OR FEMALE?  PRONOUN – ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT Pronoun-antecedent agreement is a grammatical rule that requires pronouns to match their antecedents (the nouns they refer to) in number (singular or plural), gender, and sometimes person. Number Agreement: Singular: If the antecedent is singular, the pronoun must also be singular. Example: The student finished his homework. (Here, "student" is singular, so "his" is used.) Plural: If the antecedent is plural, the pronoun must also be plural. Example: The students finished their homework. (Here, "students" is plural, so "their" is used.) Gender Agreement: Pronouns should agree in gender with their antecedents. Example: Jessica said she would come. ("Jessica" is a female, so the pronoun "she" is used.) Person Agreement: Person agreement means a pronoun and its noun must match in person: first, second, or third. For example, "I" (first person) Incorrect: Sarah said she would bring their book. Correct: Sarah said she would bring her book. In the correct sentence, "her" matches "Sarah" (both are third person). matches with "my," not "her.“ Examples of Correct Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement: Singular Antecedent: The cat lost its collar. ("Cat" is singular, so "its" is used.) Plural Antecedent: The dogs chased their tails. ("Dogs" is plural, so "their" is used.) Examples of Incorrect Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement: The girl lost their book. (Here, "girl" is singular, so it should be "her" instead of "their.") The team won their match, and the coach was thrilled. (If "team" is considered a single unit, you might use "its" instead of "their" for the pronoun. But if you view the team as a group of individuals, "their" is acceptable.) Correct pronoun-antecedent agreement helps ensure clarity and correctness in writing and speech. IT IS IMPORTANT FOR PRONOUNS AND ANTECEDENTS TO AGREE TO AVOID MISCOMMUNICATION!!! USE PRONOUNS THAT AGREE WITH THE ANTECEDENTS IN PERSON, NUMBER, AND GENDER. Are you Gina's friend? Is _____ here? ACTIVITY 1: 1. The dog wagged (its / his) tail happily. 2. My brother said (he / they) would join us later. 3. The students forgot (their / its) textbooks at home. 4. Each person must bring (his or her / their) own lunch. 5. The teacher explained (her/his / them) plan to the class. 6. Karen and Mike are excited about (their / her) trip. 7. Someone left (their / his or her) umbrella in the room. 8. This book is really interesting; (it / this) explains a lot. 9. The cat enjoyed (its / their) new toy. 10. The committee will announce (its / their) decision next week. Answer Key: 1. The dog wagged its tail happily. 2. My brother said he would join us later. 3. The students forgot their textbooks at home. 4. Each person must bring his or her own lunch. 5. The teacher explained his/her plan to the class. 6. Karen and Mike are excited about their trip. 7. Someone left his or her umbrella in the room. 8. This book is really interesting; it explains a lot. 9. The cat enjoyed its new toy. 10. The committee will announce its decision next week. In the context of pronoun-antecedent agreement, where the antecedent is "someone," which is singular and gender-neutral, the correct choice between "their" and "his or her" depends on the guidelines you follow: "Their": This is now widely accepted as a singular, gender-neutral pronoun and is often preferred for its simplicity and inclusiveness. It effectively matches the singular, gender-neutral antecedent "someone." "His or her“ This choice is more traditional and clearly specifies both gender possibilities, which is grammatically correct but can be less fluid and more cumbersome. INTERPRETING GRAPHS AND CHARTS A graph is visual representation of data. GRAPH  BAR GRAPH A bar graph presents data using vertical or horizontal bars. This type is helpful in making a comparison of values of different categories. The longer the bar, the higher the value of category. A bar graph uses bars to compare quantities. Each bar’s height or length represents the value of the category it stands for. For example, if you have a bar graph showing favorite fruits, each bar represents a fruit, and the height of the bar shows how many people prefer that fruit. It’s a clear way to see which categories are larger or smaller at a glance. EXAMPLE:  PIE CHART A pie chart shows how a whole is divided into parts. It is helpful in presenting values or percentages of a part in relation.  Title: Distribution of Daily Activities Slices: Sleeping: 40% Working/Studying: 30% Eating: 10% Exercise: 10% Leisure: 10% EXAMPLE: In this pie chart, the circle is divided into slices representing different daily activities. The size of each slice shows the proportion of time spent on each activity. For instance, the largest slice represents sleeping,  LINE GRAPH A line graph shows the progression of something over time. It is helpful in plotting the changes in values for a particular duration.  Example: Monthly Temperature X-Axis (Horizontal): Months (January to December) Y-Axis (Vertical): Temperature (°C) The line graph might show how the temperature changes each month. For example, the line could rise from January to July, indicating increasing temperatures, and then fall from August to December, showing cooler weather as the year progresses. EXAMPLE:  PICTOGRAPH A pictograph uses icons or images to represent data. Each icon stands for a certain quantity or amount.  itle: Number of Apples Sold Icons: Each apple icon represents 2 apples. Data: Store A: 4 icons (8 apples) Store B: 3 icons (6 apples) Store C: 5 icons (10 apples)  In this pictograph, each apple icon stands for 2 apples. Store A’s 4 icons show they sold 8 apples, Store B’s 3 icons show 6 apples, and Store C’s 5 icons show 10 apples. According to Greek philosopher Aristotle, there are three modes of persuasion to convince an audience: ETHOS, PATHOS, and LOGOS ETHOS, PATHOS, LOGOS  Refers to the credibility of the speaker. It is often established by the speaker education, experience, and/or profession. - Ethos can also be seen in the clothes that the speaker wears. ETHOS Refers to the access to emotion and values. A speaker would appeal PATHOS Refers to the use of logic, reasoning, evidence, or facts to back up claims. A speaker should provide logical arguments to sway the audience to agree with him or her. LOGOS  Ethos, Pathos, and Logos are three modes to persuade an audience to don a certain action or believe in a certain idea. ETHOS – EXPERT PATHOS – PUSO LOGOS - LOGIC  - Ethos is established through one’s credentials, experience, occupation, and even attire. - Pathos appeals to the emotional responses of the audience. - Logical reasoning and facts are among the best ways to establish logos.  LESSON 3 IMPROVEMENT OF THE SELF REFLEXIVE PRONOUN l A reflexive pronoun is formed by combining a personal pronoun with –self or selves. REFLEXIVE PRONOUN Personal pronouns refer to specific people or things and can be classified into subject, object, and possessive forms. Here are some examples: Subject Pronouns: PERSONAL PRONOUN A personal pronoun is a word used to replace a specific noun (usually a person or thing) in a sentence. They help indicate who is speaking, who is being addressed, or who or what is being talked about. Personal pronouns include subject pronouns (I, you, he, she, it, we, they), object pronouns (me, you, him, her, it, us, them), and possessive pronouns (mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs). First Person Second Person Third Person Himself Myself Yourself Herself ourselves yourselves Itself Oneself Themselves  Reflexive pronouns are pronouns that refer back to the subject of the sentence. They are used when the subject and the object of the verb are the same person or thing. In English, the reflexive pronouns are: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves. Reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and the object of a sentence are the same. Here are some examples: myself - I taught myself how to play the guitar. yourself - You should believe in yourself. himself - He completed the project by himself. herself - She enjoyed the party all by herself. itself - The cat groomed itself. ourselves - We can organize the event ourselves. yourselves - You all should prepare yourselves for the exam. themselves - They took care of themselves during the trip.  Example: Sentence: She taught herself how to play the guitar. Explanation: Here, "herself" refers back to "she," indicating that the subject (she) is also the one performing the action on herself.  Reflexive pronouns can also emphasize the subject, as in: Example: I did it myself. In this case, "myself" emphasizes that I did it without help from anyone else.  In conclusion, reflexive pronouns are important because they clarify who is doing what in a sentence, add emphasis, and show actions done to oneself. They also help improve the flow of language, making communication clearer and more interesting. PROSODIC FEATURES OF SPEECH  INTO THE WOODS Listen to the song "Your Fault" from the musical Into the Woods. Then answer the questions below. https://youtu.be/XyoQAL7JDT0  DISCRIMINATIVE LISTENING The type of listening you just used is called discriminative listening, which is considered the most basic type of Iistening where you distinguish one sound from the other. Babies practice the most be listening when they try to distinguish their mother's voice from the voices of other people. Discriminative listening also allows you to tell the emotional state of a person through the subtleties heard in his or her voice. Through discriminative listening, listeners can observe prosody o voiced features of speech. Prosody has these elements:  PITCH Pitch is the highness and lowness of voice. Some people naturally have high voices while other have low voices.  INTONATION Intonation is the pattern of the rise and fall of the voice. Notice that there is a rising intonation a the end of a question and a falling intonation at the end of a statement.  VOLUME Volume is the loudness or softness of the voice. It is usually an indicator of emotions, such as anger or timidity  JUNCTURE Juncture refers to the pauses made in speech. Try saying "what are melons" and "watermelons," You can distinguish the two expressions primarily because of the presence or lack of pauses.  STRESS Stress refers to the emphasis placed on certain sounds or words when speaking. Putting stress on certain sounds can help listeners distinguish one word from the other, such as the word address.  TEMPO Tempo refers to the rate or the speed by which someone is speaking. You may have observed that some people speak faster than others. In many cases, tempo is also tied with the speaker's emotional state. For instance, a slow tempo could indicate boredom or calmness, while a fast speech rate could indicate excitement or panic. An effective public speaker should know how to use the prosodic features of his or her voice to convey meaning. By using proper intonation, the speaker can keep the audience interested. By keeping the voice modulated and loud, the speaker can keep the audience awake. By observing juncture, the speaker can ensure that the audience understands what is being said. By using stress, the speaker can direct the audience toward the salient points of the speech. Finally, by using an ideal tempo, the speaker can make sure that the audience is engaged and can comfortably follow the flow of the speech.  Discriminative listening allows one to distinguish different sounds. Prosody refers to the voiced aspect of speech that has nothing to do with words. To become an effective speaker, one must learn about the prosodic features of speech. Enhanced Communication: Understanding prosody helps improve both speaking and listening skills, making interactions more effective and meaningful. Emotional Expression: Prosody conveys emotions and intentions, enabling speakers to express feelings more clearly and listeners to interpret them accurately. Language Proficiency: For language learners, mastering prosodic features is crucial for sounding natural and comprehensible, as well as for understanding native speakers. Improved Comprehension: Recognizing prosodic cues aids in understanding the speaker’s message, especially in complex or nuanced conversations. Public Speaking: Effective use of prosody can enhance public speaking skills, making presentations more engaging and impactful. Social Interaction: Prosody plays a role in social cues and interactions, helping navigate conversations and relationships more smoothly. Overall, learning prosodic features enriches communication and fosters better connections with others.  In conclusion, prosodic features of speech such as pitch, stress, intonation, rhythm, tempo, pausing, and loudness are essential elements that enrich verbal communication. They help convey meaning, emotion, and intent, allowing speakers to express nuances that enhance understanding. By recognizing and interpreting these features, listeners can grasp not just the words being spoken, but also the underlying emotions and contexts, making prosody a vital aspect of effective communication.  INTENSIVE PRONOUNS Intensive pronouns are pronouns used to emphasize a noun or another pronoun. They are formed by adding "-self" or "-selves" to certain personal pronouns (e.g., myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves). Intensive pronouns do not change the meaning of a sentence; they simply add emphasis. They are different from reflexive pronouns, which are used when the subject and the object of a verb are the same.  EXAMPLE: I made this cake myself. (emphasizes "I") She completed the project herself. (emphasizes "she") We did it ourselves. (emphasizes "we") Personal Pronouns These pronouns represent specific people or things. They can be subjects or objects in a sentence. Examples include: Subject pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they Object pronouns: me, you, him, her, it, us, them Example: She gave him a book. Reflexive Pronouns These pronouns refer back to the subject of the sentence. They are used when the subject and the object are the same. Examples include: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves Intensive Pronouns These pronouns also include the same forms as reflexive pronouns but are used for emphasis. They do not change the meaning of the sentence. Example: She herself completed the project. Function: PERSONAL PRONOUNS refer to specific people or things, REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS reflect back to the subject, and INTENSIVE PRONOUNS emphasize the subject. Meaning: Reflexive pronouns indicate that the subject is performing an action on itself, while intensive pronouns serve to add emphasis without changing the meaning of the sentence.  Understanding these distinctions helps clarify how pronouns function in sentences!  The function of an intensive pronoun is to emphasize the person or thing performing the action.  Unlike reflexive pronouns, intensive pronouns are nonessential to the overall meaning of the sentence and can be omitted. 1.“I built this castle myself, strong and tall.” 2.“She herself found the hidden treasure beneath the old tree.” 3.“They painted the mural themselves, each stroke a testament to their passion.” 4.“You should take pride in what you accomplish by yourself.” 1. Intensive Pronoun: myself Explanation: The use of "myself" emphasizes the speaker's personal effort and involvement in building the castle. 2. Intensive Pronoun: herself Explanation: "Herself" highlights that she took the initiative to find the treasure, underscoring her personal achievement. 3. Intensive Pronoun: themselves Explanation: "Themselves" emphasizes that they were responsible for painting the mural, showcasing their active participation and dedication. 4. Intensive Pronoun: yourself Explanation: "Yourself" emphasizes that the listener should take personal pride in their individual accomplishments, reinforcing self- acknowledgment. Activity: Fill in the Blanks with Intensive Pronouns Complete each sentence with the appropriate intensive pronoun: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves. 1. The team completed the project by ______. Answer: themselves Explanation: "Themselves" emphasizes that the team completed the project without help from others. 2. I will handle the presentation ______. Answer: myself Explanation: "Myself" emphasizes that I will take personal responsibility for handling the presentation. 3. The cat groomed ______ for hours. Answer: itself Explanation: "Itself" refers back to the cat, indicating that it performed the action of grooming on its own. 4. She designed the dress ______. Answer: herself Explanation: "Herself" emphasizes that she personally designed the dress, highlighting her involvement in the process. 5. We organized the event ______. Answer: ourselves Explanation: "Ourselves" emphasizes that we took the initiative to organize the event without assistance. 6. He finished the report ______. Answer: himself Explanation: "Himself" emphasizes that he completed the report on his own, without anyone else’s help. 7. You should try to challenge ______ more often. Answer: yourself Explanation: "Yourself" emphasizes that the individual should take personal initiative to push their own limits. 8. The children made the cookies ______. Answer: themselves Explanation: "Themselves" emphasizes that the children made the cookies independently. Summary In each sentence, the intensive pronoun is used to emphasize the subject's role in the action, highlighting their independence or personal involvement. This activity helps illustrate how intensive pronouns add emphasis without altering the fundamental meaning of the sentences. An infographic is a visual representation of information, data, or knowledge, designed to present complex information quickly and clearly. Infographics combine graphics, charts, and text to convey messages in an engaging and easily digestible format. An infographic is a visual representation of information, data, or knowledge, designed to present complex information quickly and clearly. Infographics combine graphics, charts, and text to convey messages in an engaging and easily digestible format. Key Features: Visual Elements: Infographics use a mix of images, icons, charts, and graphs to illustrate key points and data, making the information more appealing and accessible. Concise Information: They distill large amounts of information into concise, focused segments, allowing the audience to grasp the main ideas quickly. Clear Structure: Infographics typically have a clear layout, guiding the viewer through the information logically. They often include headings, subheadings, and bullet points. Engagement: The combination of visuals and text enhances engagement, making it easier for audiences to retain information compared to traditional text-heavy formats. Purposeful Design: Good infographics are designed with a specific goal in mind— whether to inform, persuade, or educate. The design elements are chosen to support this purpose. Examples of Infographics: Statistical Infographics: Present data and statistics visually, such as population growth charts or survey results. Timeline Infographics: Show events in chronological order, like historical timelines or project milestones. Process Infographics: Illustrate steps in a process, such as recipes or how-to guides. Comparison Infographics: Highlight similarities and differences between two or more items, like product features or pros and cons. Uses of Infographics: Marketing: To present product information, sales data, or market research. Education: To simplify complex subjects for students or to summarize key concepts. Journalism: To visualize news stories and statistics, making them more accessible to readers. Social Media: Infographics are widely shared on social platforms to engage audiences and convey messages effectively. 1. List Presents information as a series of items, often numbered or bulleted, to summarize key points. 2. Comparison Shows similarities and differences between two or more items side by side, making it easy to evaluate them. 3. Flowchart Illustrates a process or decision path with shapes and arrows to show steps and connections clearly. 4. Visual Article Combines text and images to tell a story or explain a topic, enhancing understanding through visuals. 5. Map Uses geographic visuals to display data related to locations, showing trends or distributions across areas. 6. Timeline Organizes events in chronological order, highlighting milestones over time in a linear format. 7. Data Visualization Transforms complex data into visual formats like charts and graphs, making it easier to understand patterns and insights. These types help convey information effectively through visual means!  In summary, infographics are powerful tools for communication, effectively blending visual design with informative content to enhance understanding and retention of information.