Ethical Principles in Health and International Organizations PDF

Ethical Principles in Health and International Organizations Onur TURAN Lecturer, PT, PhD (c) Ethical Principles in Health and International Organizations Learning Outcomes; 1. Defines the ethical principles in health. 2. Explains international organization of ethics. ...

Ethical Principles in Health and International Organizations Onur TURAN Lecturer, PT, PhD (c) Ethical Principles in Health and International Organizations Learning Outcomes; 1. Defines the ethical principles in health. 2. Explains international organization of ethics. Hippocrates Hippocrates; He is an Ionian physician who is called the father of medicine. He was raised by his father, who was a physician, and practiced medicine in many places. In the age of Hippocrates, physicians gathered in guilds called "Asclepiads". Medicine was passed down from father to son. When young physicians were admitted to the guild, they would take the famous "Hippocratic Oath", which is still valid today but with some changes. Bioethics Bioethics is the field of ethics that develops by; Examining the comprehensive problems caused by the developments in medicine and biology, Scientific results depending on various technological developments, on the ethical plane. It is also understood literally as "living ethics". Therefore, bioethics is an ethical discussion that deals with the whole life. Basic Principles in Bioethics 1. The principle of benefit, 2. The principle of non-maleficence, 3. The principle of respect for autonomy, 4. Principle of justice. Biomedical Ethics In addition to the medical actions carried out on humans, it is possible to include medical studies carried out on animals as well, and to some extent shift from human-centered to living- centered. It can be considered as an intermediate stage of transition from medical ethics to bioethics. Medical Ethics It is the discipline that aims to ethically evaluate scientific-practical studies in the field of medicine and health and find a solution to moral dilemmas. Its general subject is human life. In the most general sense, the evaluation of medical practices and attitudes as good or bad, right or wrong, and the attempt to base these evaluations on certain principles constitute the field of medical ethics. Medical Ethics Unlike bioethics, medical ethics; Conducts an ethical investigation from the perspective of human life and health, Inferences about what is true, defensible, and valid It tries to reveal it in line with certain principles. Difference Between Bioethics and Medical Ethics Medical Ethics is closely related to, but not synonymous with, Bioethics (biomedical ethics). While Medical Ethics focuses primarily on issues arising from the practice of medicine, Bioethics is a very broad subject that deals with moral issues that arise with the development of biological sciences more generally. Bioethics also differs from Medical Ethics in that it does not require acceptance of certain traditional values, which are fundamental to Medical Ethics. What Are Medical Ethics Codes? It is a set of rules prepared by official or informal authorities on a national or international scale to guide medical action. The main reason why ethical codes are valid is that they are adopted by the audience they lead because they meet a need. In addition, the fact that national and official codes are sometimes supported by sanctions is also effective in gaining validity. What Are Medical Ethics Codes? Some of the declarations of the World Medical Association, an informal, international organization, such as those on international medical ethics, the rights of subjects, patient rights, and therapeutic abortion can be cited as examples of medical ethics code. The regulations of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Turkey on drug research and patient rights are national and official codes of medical ethics. https://etik.saglik.gov.tr/TR,5636/saglik-etigi.html What Are Medical Ethics Codes? Although such medical ethics codes are published, the decision- making process is not always easy during the publication of these codes. Some questions are relatively easy to answer. For example; Should a physician obtain consent to enroll his patient in a clinical trial? However, some are much more difficult to solve, especially if there is no widely accepted attitude or if all options are problematic. For example; How to optimally allocate limited healthcare resources? What Affected Medical Ethics? Recently, medical ethics has been greatly influenced by developments in human rights. In a pluralistic and multicultural world with many moral traditions, international human rights treaties can provide an acceptable basis for medical ethics beyond national and cultural boundaries. What Are Medical Ethics Codes? Moreover, physicians may have to deal with health problems arising from human rights violations such as forced migration or torture. They are also strongly influenced by the debate about whether receiving health care is a human right; because the answer to this question in each country largely determines who has access to healthcare. What Affected Medical Ethics? Medical ethics is also closely related to law. In many countries, there are legal regulations that determine how physicians should behave in ethical issues arising in healthcare delivery and scientific research. Basic Principles of Medical Ethics Within the framework of medical ethics, some basic ethical principles are more strongly adopted and used more frequently because they can guide medical actions more frequently. These principles have been systematized in different compositions by different authors. However, some common accepted principles have been adopted. Principle of Respect for Autonomy To respect patients' rights and ensure their participation in decisions regarding medical care. The autonomous choices of the patient or the individual receiving the service should be respected. Before starting any procedure or treatment, the patient should be informed, and consent should be obtained. Principle of Respect for Autonomy It is a primary and distinct principle. It is a principle that must be followed unless another ethical principle of greater weight or importance arises. Principle of Utility The oldest principle of health professional ethics is the principle of beneficence. Thanks to this principle, the healthcare professional supports the patient's life and relieves his pain and suffering by treating him. In any case, it is beneficial to the patient. The parallel principle to the principle of beneficence in medical ethics is the principle of non-malevolence. For example, this principle is generally used in deciding how to use the money allocated for health. Communication and Consent It is to inform the patient about his health status, diagnosis, treatment method to be applied, and the consequences and risks if he does not accept the recommended treatment. The lighting provided should be appropriate to the social, psychological and educational status of the patient. Information should be given in a way that can be understood by the patient. Principle of Justice "Law is needed a day for every person…" The principle of justice requires that medical resources be distributed fairly and fairly according to need. With this moral principle, the tools, equipment and technical equipment resources used in treatment and care are distributed in accordance with the principle of equality by determining the individual needs of the patient. Principle of Justice People have the right to receive necessary health care fairly and in the best way, regardless of their ethnic origin, political beliefs, nationality, gender, religion or personal characteristics, or relationship with someone. Even people convicted of a crime have the same right as others to receive necessary medical care. Honesty and Integrity Principle These two principles require the patient and his family to tell the truth and be honest. People have the right to know the truth about themselves. In this way, relationships between healthcare personnel, patients and their families are established in an honest and reliable environment. If the medical staff does not gain the trust of the patient, the expected success of the treatment cannot be achieved. Loyalty / Keeping Your Promise Principle It is a moral principle used to mean that an individual believes in and commits to someone other than himself and remains faithful to his promise. Keeping the promise ensures that the relationship between the healthcare personnel and the patient is in an atmosphere of trust. Loyalty / Keeping Your Promise Principle Keeping one's word is not just for professional practices, patient-staff relations or teacher-student relations; It is a virtuous behavior that is valid and important in all areas of our lives. Therefore, unfulfilled promises should not be made, and promises made must be kept. However, if there is a very important excuse that will prevent the promise from being fulfilled; The promised person must be contacted in advance, excused and his/her consent obtained. Professional Confidentiality The Hippocratic Oath states, "I will not disclose my patient's information to anyone and will keep them secret." Healthcare personnel must keep confidential all information they learn about patients in the healthcare institution. The staff ensures that the physical, mental and social privacy of the individual they serve is protected. Professional Confidentiality The information shared by the individual it serves about himself or his family cannot be shared with other individuals without the consent of the individual, unless there is a legal obligation and an obligation that threatens the life of the individual or third parties. It pays attention to the confidentiality of the records and takes measures to prevent access to the records by people who are not directly involved in the patient's care and treatment. Principle of Compliance with the Truth It is the principle of adherence to moral and legal truth. With this principle, healthcare personnel are guided towards the truth by behaving rationally, investigating the truth and documenting the service. Health personnel question any event that does not fit their logic, investigate until they find a satisfactory answer to their questions, defend the information they believe to be true, and try to prove the truth. To Be A Spokesperson If the patient cannot speak and decide on his own behalf and there is no one who can speak on his behalf; is to act as a spokesperson to protect the patient's interests until these skills return. While doing this spokesperson, it should be done in the way defined by the patient, not as defined by the health professions. Issues Contraception Related to Assisted reproductive techniques Prenatal genetic screening the termination of pregnancy Beginning Newborns with severe anomalies Research topics of Life  Issues Related to the End of Life International Organizations and the Right to Health The 'Universal Declaration of Human Rights', published in 1948, sees benefiting from health services as a human right. 1970 1948 This declaration, developed in 1970, revealed the necessity of increasing the effectiveness of health organizations in countries to ensure this right to everyone. IPO (International Public Health Organization) It is the first international organization related to health. It was founded in 1907. It was closed in 1952 with the resignation of the founding members.  It was established by the United Nations in 1948 after World War II. One of its main principles is to ensure that all people and nations reach the WHO (World highest level of health, regardless of race, nationality, religion and gender. Health It is headquartered in Geneva and has more than 200 members. It has regional councils and organizations for European, Southeast Asian, Organisation) African, Eastern Mediterranean, American and Pacific countries. Türkiye is also a member of this organization. WHO (World Health Organisation) Duties; Strengthening the health institutions of countries. Fighting infectious diseases, providing vaccines, serum and medicines. To carry out studies on maternal and child health and family planning. Giving importance to mental health. Creating and developing public health education programs. To conduct, develop and support scientific research related to health. To support countries in utilizing clean water resources. To develop epidemiology and statistical services. UNICEF (United Nations International Children Emergency Fund) It was established in 1945 to support national efforts to improve the health, nutrition, education, and general well-being of children. Its headquarters is in New York. UNICEF (United Nations International Children Emergency Fund) Duties; To prepare maternal and child health programs to be taken to rural areas. To train health personnel in villages and to encourage villagers to protect health facilities. To provide training on prenatal and postnatal nutrition and vaccination. To organize and support training for the training of teachers. To support the construction of schools and the printing of textbooks. To organize family planning and nutrition programs and to disseminate them. Türkiye became a member in 1960. UNESCO (United Nation Education Scientific And Culturel Organization) It was founded in 1946 to contribute to world peace by providing international cooperation in the fields of education, science and culture. Duties; To increase the literacy rate in the world. To raise the education levels of countries and ensure international peace. To train teachers who will work in basic and technical education. Supporting important arts events. To assist in research for the development of arts- related communication tools such as theatre, cinema, television and press. To protect existing cultural assets. Red Cross In 1863, 16 countries signed the Geneva Treaty, which determined the regulations to be applied in the treatment of wounded soldiers, which formed the basis of the Red Cross. It was founded in 1919 as a union of Red Cross associations. As a result of the closure of these associations, it continued as the Red Cross in 1982. Purpose; To provide assistance in disasters such as flood, earthquake and fire. Turkish Red Crescent In 1877, it started to work under the name of 'Society for the Assistance of Wounded and Sick Soldiers' under the chairmanship of Marko Pasha. Abdulhamid changed the name of the society to 'Ottoman Crescent Ahmer Society'. After the proclamation of the Republic, its name was accepted as 'Republic of Turkey Red Crescent Society'. Turkish Red Crescent Purposes; To provide assistance in the face of disasters (fire, earthquake) at home and abroad. Dealing with the country's health problems. To assist Member States of the Red Cross where they need it. Thanks Questions?