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Which principle is NOT one of the basic principles in bioethics?
Hippocrates is known for being the father of modern technology.
False
What is the primary focus of medical ethics?
The ethical evaluation of scientific-practical studies in medicine and health.
The physician's guilds in the time of Hippocrates were called __________.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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What is the main focus of Medical Ethics?
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Bioethics is synonymous with Medical Ethics.
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What type of codes provide guidance for medical actions and are often supported by sanctions?
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Medical Ethics has been influenced significantly by developments in __________.
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Which of the following is considered an example of a national medical ethics code?
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Match the following ethical topics with their descriptions:
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Medical Ethics codes are always easy to publish.
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Under what circumstances can an individual's information be shared without consent?
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The Universal Declaration of Human Rights claims that health services are a privilege rather than a right.
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What role does a healthcare professional play when a patient cannot speak for themselves?
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The first international organization related to health was established in _____.
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Match the following health-related issues with their descriptions:
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Which principle requires that patients' rights and decisions regarding medical care are respected?
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The Principle of Utility is primarily concerned with the distribution of medical resources.
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What is the principle that emphasizes fair distribution of medical resources according to need?
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The principle that involves informing the patient of their health status and obtaining their consent is called the _______.
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Match the following principles with their descriptions:
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What do legal regulations in many countries determine regarding health care?
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The Principle of Justice implies that not all patients receive the same quality of medical resources.
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Name the oldest principle of health professional ethics.
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Before any medical procedure, consent must be obtained to respect the patient's _______.
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Which ethical principle might be invoked if a patient's treatment plan conflicts with their personal beliefs?
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Study Notes
Ethics in Health and International Organizations
- Hippocrates is considered the father of medicine, who practiced medicine and passed down medical knowledge through guilds called Asclepiads. The Hippocratic Oath, taken by young physicians joining the guilds, remains relevant today with some changes.
- Bioethics is a field of ethics that emerged due to the complex issues arising from advancements in medicine and biology. It explores scientific results and their ethical implications, focusing on life ethics.
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Basic Principles of Bioethics
- Beneficence: Aims to benefit the patient.
- Non-maleficence: Avoids harming the patient.
- Respect for Autonomy: Respects the patients' right to participate in decisions about their medical care.
- Justice: Ensures fair distribution of medical resources based on need.
- Medical Ethics is a discipline that focuses on the ethical evaluation of scientific studies in the field of medicine and health. It aims to provide solutions to moral dilemmas related to human life.
Differences Between Bioethics and Medical Ethics
- Bioethics is broader than medical ethics and deals with ethical issues arising from the development of biological sciences in general.
- Medical Ethics primarily focuses on issues related to medical practice.
- Bioethics does not require acceptance of traditional values, which are fundamental to medical ethics.
Medical Ethics Codes
- These are sets of rules designed by official or informal authorities to guide medical actions.
- Examples include declarations of the World Medical Association on international medical ethics, patient rights, and therapeutic abortion.
- National and official codes like those from the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Turkey on drug research and patient rights exist.
Factors Influencing Medical Ethics
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Human Rights: Developments in human rights have significantly influenced medical ethics, especially in a diverse world with numerous moral traditions. International human rights treaties provide a framework for medical ethics beyond national and cultural boundaries.
- Physicians may need to address health issues arising from human rights violations such as forced migration or torture.
- Legal Regulations: Medical ethics is closely related to law. Legal regulations determine how physicians should behave in ethical issues related to healthcare delivery and scientific research.
- Access to Healthcare: The debate on whether receiving healthcare is a human right influences access to healthcare in various countries.
Basic Principles of Medical Ethics
- Respect for Autonomy: Requires respecting patients' autonomous choices and obtaining informed consent before any procedure or treatment. It's a primary principle, unless overridden by a more important ethical principle.
- Beneficence: The healthcare professional acts to benefit the patient's life, relieve pain, and treat them.
- Non-maleficence: A parallel to beneficence, it ensures no harm is caused to the patient.
- Justice: Ensures medical resources are distributed fairly and justly based on need.
- Professional Confidentiality: Protects the privacy of the patient's information, only sharing it with their consent or if legally obligated.
- Compliance with the Truth: Adherence to moral and legal truth, requiring healthcare personnel to be honest and accurate in their documentation and investigations.
- To Be A Spokesperson: If a patient is unable to speak for themselves, a healthcare professional should act as a spokesperson to protect their interests.
Issues Related to the Beginning and End of Life
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Beginning of Life:
- Contraception
- Assisted reproductive techniques
- Prenatal genetic screening
- Termination of pregnancy
- Newborns with severe anomalies
- Research topics
- End of Life: Various ethical considerations arise during the end-of-life stages.
International Organizations and the Right to Health
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948): Recognizes access to health services as a human right.
- International Public Health Organization (IPO): The first international health organization established in 1907, closed in 1952 due to the resignation of founding members.
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World Health Organization (WHO): Founded in 1948 by the United Nations. Its main principle is to ensure that all people and nations achieve the highest level of health.
- Headquarters in Geneva.
- More than 200 members.
- Regional councils cover Europe, Southeast Asia, Africa, the Eastern Mediterranean, America, and the Pacific.
- Turkey is a member of this organization.
WHO's Duties
- Strengthening health institutions in countries.
- Fighting infectious diseases by providing vaccines, serum, and medicines.
- Conducting research on maternal and child health and family planning.
- Promoting mental health.
- Developing public health education programs.
- Supporting scientific research related to health.
- Assisting countries in utilizing clean water resources.
- Developing epidemiology and statistical services.
United Nations International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
- Established: 1945.
- Purpose: Support national efforts to improve children's health, nutrition, education, and overall well-being.
- Headquarters: New York.
- Turkey became a member in 1960.
UNICEF's Duties
- Develop maternal and child health programs for rural areas.
- Train health personnel in villages and encourage villagers to protect health facilities.
- Provide training on prenatal and postnatal nutrition and vaccination.
- Organize and support teacher training.
- Support the construction of schools & print textbooks.
- Organize and disseminate family planning and nutrition programs.
United Nations Education Scientific And Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
- Founded: 1946.
- Purpose: Contribute to world peace through international cooperation in education, science, and culture.
- Turkey became a member in 1946.
UNESCO's Duties
- Increase global literacy rates.
- Raise education levels in countries and ensure international peace.
- Train teachers for basic and technical education.
- Support significant arts events.
- Assist in research for the development of art-related communication tools (theater, cinema, television, and press).
- Protect existing cultural assets.
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