Linguistics Theory - Types of "It" PDF

THEORY - ESTRUCTURAS LINGÜÍSTICAS - - - - - -. Preparatory SUBJECT (when I don't want to mention the subject, convey an impersonal idea, when there is a very long subject followed by a short predicate and therefore is grammatical and unbalanced) **It** has been a mistake *to give them...

THEORY - ESTRUCTURAS LINGÜÍSTICAS - - - - - -. Preparatory SUBJECT (when I don't want to mention the subject, convey an impersonal idea, when there is a very long subject followed by a short predicate and therefore is grammatical and unbalanced) **It** has been a mistake *to give them the possibility to vote*.. Preparatory DO (when the DO is too long and followed by a short OC; to anticipate a DO that will come later on in the sentence): IT + OC + real DO in EP= Scientists believe **it** crucial *to consider the possibilities*. (to check if it is a prep DO: change 'it' by the real subject in extra position) -IT can anticipate: infinitival phrases (It is impossible to understand this topic), gerundial phrases (It is surprising seeing everyone so happy), noun clause (It was thought that the vaccine worked), noun phrases (It was shocking the frustration of the players) - Can function as: noun clause (I wondered *how he did it*); noun phrase (He brought *the cake*); pronoun ( I told *you*/ She mentioned *them*); infinitval phrase (He remembered *to call her*); gerundial phrase (You should stop *wasting your time*) ! DOs can NEVER be prepositional phrases. Semantically, they can be: - - - - -. when turning to [Passive Voice]: IO can be PASSIVE SUBJECT, or the DO can be the PASSIVE SUBJECT (Peter was given the book; The book was given to Peter) Can function as: **BEFORE** the DO= prepositional phrase (I gave the book *to you*) **AFTER** the DO= noun phrase (I gave *the president* the book); noun clause (I gave *who I thought was the president* the book); gerundial phrase = giving the action an animate approach (I gave *reading* a chance); pronoun = (I gave *him* a book) - -. [Theme]: the topic of our discourse (what are you going to talk about; sth that we know/ old information). [Rheme]: the new information; what is said about the topic (usu in the predicate) E.g: There is *a book* on the desk prep there real s sc Can anticipate: - - - - -. Possible verbs: verb 'to be'; seem/appear/look/feel; *verbs of sense* (taste, smell = It smells bad, It tastes delicious); *verbs expressing change/process* (turn, get, run, grow = turn pale, get crazy, run mad, grow old); stand, remain, stay, lie + adj.Categories: gerundial phrase (The idea was studying at home); infinitival phrase (The idea was to study); noun phrase (He was the president); prepositional phrase (The book was on the shelf); adverbial phrase (The man is there); nominal phrase (The books are mine); adjectival phrase (The book is blue); present participle (Her hobby is painting); noun clause (The idea was that he would come later); past participle phrase (The window was broken) - E.g: She looked at me *terrified* (VT)/She lived in London *alone* (VI) h/pr VTCP DO quasi-pred h/pr VICP AA of place quasi-pred -. Verbs: verbs of "calling" or "naming" (Susan calls them stupid); verbs of feeling (They like their coffee hot); verbs of physical perception (I saw the man running); verbs of mental perceptions (I thought him guilty); "have" or "get" (I got my hair dyed = even if they can't be turned into the passive); miscellaneous group: find, leave, keep, push, make, help, put, paint (You must keep the ball rolling/ She left the door open). Categories: ALL expect adverbial cl and relative cl !!: gerund (I was caught *lying*); infinitival (We can't allow them *to do that*); noun phrase (I made him *president of the company*), noun clause (You can call it *what you want*) , prepositional phrase (They will set the prisoners *at liberty/* I kept my mind *at ease*), present participial phrase (I can hear him *giving orders*), past participial phrase (I got my car *towed*), adverbial phrase (She set the prisoners *free*), adjectival phrase (I painted the wall *blue*), nominal phrase (I considered the cake *mine*) - SEMI-AUX: auxiliaries + -ing/ infinitive E.g: She [wants to] leave h/pr semi-aux/ MV semi-modal - - aspectual semi-aux MV - - a. b. How to tell when both are transitive? If the pronoun is placed: -IN BETWEEN-\> phrasal verb. -But AT THE END-\> prepositional verb E.g: [Look at] **it** = prep; [Take] **it** [off] = phrasal - a. E.g: cut it down; put up with. ALWAYS followed by a DO. b. c. - - - - - **Semantically**: Manner, Place, Time, Result, Condition,.... Quirk's classification; - - - **Morphologically**: a\) a- (prefix): away / ahead / aloud b\) --ly: quickly / slowly / loudly c\) -- wards: downwards / upwards d)- wise: crabwise / actor-wise e\) Combination with: some / every/ any / no f\) Adverbial particles: up, out, down, etc. g\) Miscellaneous: yesterday / now/ just **Syntactically**: functions (post-modifier of an adjective/adverb; pre-modifier of a noun; SC; OC; Adv Adj of.../ Adv Comp of.../ Atypical subject; Complement of a preposition **Category**: comparative / superlative (e.g: hard/ fast/ quickly) (not necessarily in all adverbs); has no number or gender;.When it is only one syllable = -er/-est (fat- fatter = double t because it is a consonant preceded by a vowel).More than one syllable = most/more (expensive, careful) **Position**:\ *at the end* = He works hard (functions as an adverb here); hard-worker (functions as an adjective modifying a noun) *middle* = I always visit my friend *front* = Never have I seen... (emphasis = fronting) *AA of different types*: manner -\> place -\> time *AA of the same type*: from most specific to least - - - - - - - - - - - - - -