ESS 101 Lecture 12 Energy Supply PDF

ESS101. Intro to Environmental and Sustainability Sciences Energy Lecture Part A Energy Supply and Link to Energy to the Natural Environment Alen Gasparian Amirkhanian AUA Akian College of Science and Engineering American University of Armenia  ENERGY a)Energy Supply Over...

ESS101. Intro to Environmental and Sustainability Sciences Energy Lecture Part A Energy Supply and Link to Energy to the Natural Environment Alen Gasparian Amirkhanian AUA Akian College of Science and Engineering American University of Armenia  ENERGY a)Energy Supply Overview b)Energy Demand Overview c)Lowering Demand: Case for Energy Efficiency Thermal comfort Insulation & weatherization Lighting Passive solutions Heat-island effect Refrigerant management  Heat Transpor Electricity (for thermal comfort, industry, cooking, t etc.) What energy services do we get from these energy sources? Primary Energy Sources Coal Gas Oil Nuclear Hydro Biomass Wind Solar Geothermal Tidal Wave  Առաջնայինից մինչ օգտակար էներգիա From Primary to Useful Energy Հանածո վառելիք Fossil fuels Ոչ վարականգնվող Առաջնային Երգրոտային Վերջնական Օգտակար Non-renewable Primary energy Secondary energy Final energy Useful energy Gasoline, CNG, LNG Լույս Oil Gas Coal Electricity, heat, fuels Անցած Electricity delivered to end user հեռավորություն Ջեռուցում Nuclear Սարքերի կորուստ Heat Equipment losses Hydropower* Biofuel Wind* Charcoal Հաղորդման ցանցում կորուստ Վարականգնվող Renewable Biomass* Hydrogen Transmission loss Solar* Փոխակերպման կորուստ Geothermal* Transformation loss Tidal/Wave (n/a) Դեկարբոնացում Decarbonization  Հայաստանի էներգետիկ բալանսը, 2020թ. Armenia’s Energy Balance (2020) 94% ներկրված Աղբյուր | Source: International Energy Agency (IEA) Sankey Chart for Armenia  What is the total energy supply worldwide? https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/energy-statistics-data-browser What percentage is: Fossil fuel: ___________ Nuclear: ___________ Hydropower: ___________ Renewable: ___________ What is all the energy worldwide used for (by sector)? https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/energy-statistics-data-browser Rank the sectors from highest to lowest energy users (include the measure):  Transport Growth and Fossil Fuels 2002* 90.25 2007* 131.63 cars cars per 1000 In 5 years per 1000 populatio simple annual growth rate populatio n n Pop = 6,238,398,548 1.2% Pop = 6,619,730,159 Pass. cars = 563,019,387 11.0% Pass. cars = 871,341,523 In 2023, there are an estimated 1.47 billion cars in the world** Source: (*) World Bank 2010 (World Development Indicators & Global Development Finance). (**) https://www.thedrive.com/guides-and-gear/how-many-cars-are-there-in-the-world 95% of the fuel for transport is fossil fuel  World Energy Consumption Going Forward Projections by the International Energy Agency suggest that world marketed energy consumption may increase by 50 percent in the next 28 years or so (from 2007 to 2035) The growth in demand is going to come primarily from developing countries. IEA’s estimations suggest that the total energy demand in the non-OECD countries may increase by 84 percent, compared with an increase of 14 percent in the OECD countries But this growth is expected to be supported by using fossil fuels. Renewable energy, however, will also grow substantially  The Electrical Grid Generation Transmission Distribution End Use This is done mostly through Electricity is transmitted at Before electricity gets to the Energy (and electricity) centralized but also high voltages (110 kV or end user, it is “stepped statistics generally distributed means above) to reduce the down” in voltage aggregates end users into 4 energy lost over long categories: Generally, the more distances Often this is a separate Residential centralized the production, service provided by Commercial the more affordable the Power is usually transmitted different companies or Industrial energy produced through overhead power public agencies Transportation lines but rarely it can go E.g., concentrated solar underground In the figure above the The use by the energy plants would provide more distribution network are all industry is accounted affordable electricity than Transmission networks the customers in the green for separately PV panels on houses offer safety and redundancy zone except “secondary customers  Electricity Generation Technologies Two main ways of electricity generation Technologies Technologies that that require do not require burning burning Non- Non- renewable Renewable renewable Renewable Wind Coal Biogas Nuclear Geothermal Petroleum Hydro Biomass Gas Solar PV Solar Thermal Tidal Wave Natural resource extraction from the earth crust -- Coal Non-renewable & Burning Natural resource extraction from the earth crust – Oil and Gas Non-renewable & Burning With burning solutions, how do we generate electricity? Non-renewable & Burning With burning solutions, how do we generate electricity? Non-renewable & Burning Biomass Renewable & Burning Biogas Renewable & Burning Nuclear power Non-renewable, Non-burning  Hydro electric Water flow Renewable, Non-burning Wind Wind Renewable, Non-burning Solar Photovoltaic (PV) for Electricity Renewable, Non-burning Solar Thermal Collector for Heating Water or Space Non-burning Solar Thermal for Electricity How do we get steam from solar thermal energy? Non-burning Energy and Environmental Issues Resource extraction and impact on land (hence biodiversity, water resources, etc.) Emissions of SO2 (sulfur dioxide) and NOx (Nitrogen oxides) which lead to acid rain Carbon Dioxide and other green house gases: Climate change Carbon Dioxide: Ocean acidification  SO2(sulfur dioxide), NOx (nitrogen oxide) – acid rain  Total CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuels (million metric tons) ֆոսիլաին վառելիքներից գոյացած ածխածին երկօքսիդի արտանետումնեիի քանակը (միլ. տոննա) % of '07 % of '07 World World Rank Country Total Region Total 1 China 21.3% Asia Pacific 39.2% 2 US 18.7% North America 21.9% 3 Russian Federation 5.1% Europe & Eurasia 21.7% 4 India 5.1% Middle East 4.9% 5 Japan 4.0% Africa 3.7% 6 Germany 2.5% South & Central America 3.4% 7 Canada 1.7% 8 United Kingdom 1.7% 9 South Korea 1.5% 10 Iran 1.5% 2007 rce: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center; http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ 2006 data tables and 2007 estimates  In the period 1950 to 2007, CO2 emission has grown 2.6 faster than population growth. Աշխարհի բնակչության և CO2-ի արտանետման տարեկան աճը Simple Annual Growth Rate (1950-2007) CO2-ի Բնակչություն արտանետում Population CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuel  Total CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuels (million metric tons) ֆոսիլաին վառելիքներից գոյացած ածխածին երկօքսիդի արտանետումնեիի քանակը (միլ. տոննա) % of '07 % of '07 World World Rank Country Total Region Total The Keeling Curve of 1 China 21.3% Asia Pacific 39.2% atmospheric 2 US CO2 concentrations. 18.7% North America 21.9% 3 Russian Federation 5.1% Europe & Eurasia 21.7% 4 India 5.1% Middle East 4.9% 5 Japan 4.0% Africa 3.7% 6 Germany 2.5% South & Central America 3.4% Today’s 7 Canada 1.7% 8 United Kingdom 1.7% concentration of 9 South Korea 10 Iran 1.5% 1.5% CO2 = 387ppm Pre-industrial concentration of CO2 = 280ppm 2007 Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center; http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ 2006 data tables and 2007 estimates for the main graph. Other info from various sources. Greenhouse Gases Climate change  Climate Change Human activity has increased the concentration of gases that trap heat in the atmosphere-- greenhouse gases. There are changes in global temperature. Scientists have observed that some changes are already occurring: Sea level rise Shrinking glaciers Changes in the range and distribution of plants and animals Trees blooming earlier Lengthening of growing seasons Ice on rivers and lakes freezing later and breaking up earlier Thawing of permafrost Regional climate disruptions, with impact on water All regions of the world show an overall net negative impact of climate change on water resources and cycle freshwater ecosystems. Loss ofAreas in which glacial runoff is projected freshwater to decline are likely to face a reduction in the supplies value of the services provided by water resources. The beneficial impacts of increased annual runoff in other areas are likely to be tempered in some areas by negative effects of increased precipitation variability and seasonal runoff shifts on water supply, water quality and flood risks (IPCC, 2007) Ocean Acidification Ocean acidification  Let’s watch a video on ocean carbon absorption and ocean acidification http://youtu.be/HrIr3xDhQ0E  Environmental issues with each source of energy Nuclear energy – We use the nuclear reaction to generate heat and use the heat to generate steam to make electricity generators work. What else do we get when we use nuclear energy? Radioactive waste END  Heat (for thermal Electricity comfort, industry, Transport cooking, etc.) Energy Sources (Coal, gas, oil, hydro, nuclear, biomass, wind, solar, etc.)  Heat (for thermal Electricity comfort, industry, Transport cooking, etc.) Energy Sources (Coal, gas, oil, hydro, nuclear, biomass, wind, solar, etc.)  Heat (for thermal Electricity comfort, industry, Transport cooking, etc.) Energy Sources (Coal, gas, oil, hydro, nuclear, biomass, wind, solar, etc.)  Heat Transpor Electricity (for thermal comfort, industry, cooking, t etc.) ~x% fossil fuel Energy Sources Coal Gas Oil Nuclear Hydro Biomass Wind Solar Geo- Tidal wave thermal Source: International Energy Agency, 2022 data  Heat Transpor Electricity (for thermal comfort, industry, cooking, t etc.) Energy Sources Coal Gas Oil Nuclear Hydro Biomass Wind Solar Geothermal Tidal wave Source: International Energy Agency, 2007 data